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Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Learning objectives: To use MRI findings as a retrospective learning resource to improve the performance of CT diagnosing. To emphasize the importance of correlating the findings obtained by MRI and CT. To explain possible sources of error and useful practices to...

Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Learning objectives: To explain the systemic thrombotic complications that can be associate with the evolution of the COVID-19 disease. To show the most frequent imaging manifestations of systemic thrombotic events in order to help radiologists identify them when...

Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Learning objectives: To define the Syndrome of Combined Pulmonary Fibrosis and Emphysema, by reviewing the terminology, definitions, characteristics and imaging features that characterize it. To summarize and simplify diagnostic criteria for CPFE. To illustrate the...

Trabajo presentado en la conferencia "Ocupabilidad y Formación Universitaria en el ámbito de las Biociencias", celebrado en Barcelona (España) el 15 de diciembre de 2022.

Trabajo presentado en el 19th International Congress of Developmental Biology, celebrado en Guia (Portugal) del 16 al 20 de octubre de 2022., Regeneration in mammals is limited to the digit tips. The amputation of the distal tip of the terminal phalanx triggers the formation of an undifferentiated pool of progenitor cells called a blastema that will regenerate the multiple tissues required to restore the missing part. Digit tip regeneration is linked to the presence of the dorsal nail organ, as only amputations that conserve the nail matrix regenerate. However, the regenerative potential of digits without nails has not yet been tested. To evaluate nailless digits, we used dLARM1/2 mutants that develop digits with no nails due to the limb-specific loss of the dorsal limb determinant Lmx1b. We report that dLARM1/2 mutant digits are unable to regenerate, although they form a blastema. To test whether the lack of regeneration was due to the absence of dorso-ventral (DV) polarity, a concept suggested in amphibia, we evaluated Del(27) mutants that also lack DV polarity with nails on both dorsal and ventral aspects of distal phalanges due to ventral overexpression of Lmx1b. Unlike dLARM1/2 mutants, Del(27) mutant digits regenerated indicating that DV polarity is dispensable for regeneration. Interestingly, Lmx1b expression (which continues in the nail dermis postnatally) is detected uniformly in the blastema of WT, but not dLARM1/2 mutant mice. In addition, comparison of dLARM1/2 vs WT blastemal transcriptomes revealed that the mutants had defective pro regenerative processes such as vasculogenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling, while inflammatory pathways were exacerbated. Gene expressions typical of the nail dermis were also lost in dLARM1/2 digit tips, suggesting regulation by Lmx1b. Collectively, our data suggest a direct role for Lmx1b in digit tip regeneration maintaining the nail dermis and promoting a competent blastema.

Trabajo presentado en el 19th International Congress of Developmental Biology, celebrado en Guia (Portugal) del 16 al 20 de octubre de 2022., The dorso-ventral (DV) limb asymmetry is crucial for its function; however, little is known about how it is accomplished during morphogenesis. Lmx1b is the key regulator of DV patterning during limb development as it is both necessary and sufficient to specify dorsal fates, but its regulation remains poorly known. We recently demonstrated a complex autoregulatory mode of transcriptional Lmx1b regulation mediated by two limb-specific enhancers, LARM1 and LARM2. The deletion of both enhancers (dLARM1/2) reproduces the Lmx1b-null phenotype in the limb, while the removal of each enhancer produced a double ventral phenotype restricted to the posterior (dLARM1) or anterior (dLARM2) half of the limb. To investigate the regulatory logic of the Lmx1b locus in detail, we dissected the LARM1 element into its enhancer and silencer sequences and explored the functional contribution of the two Lmx1b-associated lncRNAs. The results confirm the presence of a functional repressor contained in LARM1 and underscore the positional specificity of the LARM sequences. The data suggests that Lmx1b transcription uses different regulatory elements in different positions probably reflecting the integration of the local transcriptional environment. Indeed, published ChIP-seq data showed the Gli3 and Hox13 are significantly enriched in the LARM sequences exposing their interaction with major limb regulators. Finally, considering that the double-ventral limbs of dLARM1/2 mutants fail to support locomotion, even to lift the body weight, we hypothesized that the elaboration of the DV asymmetry by modification of Lmx1b regulation, or its functional targets, had to accompany the fin to limb transition. We have identified orthologs of the LARMs in fishes and all of them show activity in the pectoral fin in zebrafish reporter essays, revealing the deep roots of Lmx1b regulation., Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation Grant PID2020-114525GB-I00 to Marian Ros. Sofía Zdral is supported by a PhD fellowship of the University of Cantabria and Alejandro Castilla Ibeas by a PhD fellowship of the Ministry of Science and Innovation (FSE/AEI/PRE2018-083421).

Trabajo presentado en la 16th International Conference on Limb Development, regeneration, and evolution, celebrada en Cambridge (Estados Unidos) del 08 al 11 de agosto de 2022., The dorso-ventral (DV) organization of limb morphology is crucial for its function but little is known about how it is implemented during morphogenesis. Lmx1b is the key regulator of DV patterning as it is both necessary and sufficient to specify dorsal fates, but its regulation remains poorly known. Recently, we reported that Lmx1b is subject to a complex and autoregulatory mode of transcriptional regulation mediated by two limb-specific enhancers termed LARM1 and LARM2. Interestingly, these enhancers display anterior-posterior (AP) spatial modularity with LARM1 controlling Lmx1b expression in the anterior and LARM2 in the posterior half of the limb. To investigate the regulatory logic of the Lmx1b locus in higher detail, we have dissected the LARM1 enhancer and explored the functional contribution of two Lmx1b associated lncRNAs. The results confirm the presence of a functional repressor and underscore the AP positional specificity of the LARM sequences. Conjointly, the data suggests that Lmx1b transcription uses different regulatory elements in different positions probably reflecting the integration of the local transcriptional environment. Finally, since the double-ventral limbs of dLARM1/2 mutants fail to support locomotion, we hypothesized that the elaboration of the DV axis, possible driven by changes in the regulatory genome, had to accompany the fin transition towards appendages capable of lifting the body weight. In this direction, we have identified orthologs of the LARM sequences from chondrichthyans. All these sequences show activity in the pectoral fin in zebrafish reporter assays, revealing the deep roots of Lmx1b regulation.

Trabajo presentado en el 16th International Conference on Limb Development, Regeneration, and Evolution, celebrado en Cambridge (Estados Unidos) del 08 al 11 de agosto de 2022., Mammalian limb regeneration is restricted to the distal third of terminal phalanges. Amputation of distal digit tips results in blastema formation and restoration of the missing part. This regenerative response has been linked to the presence of the nail, but digits without nails have not been evaluated. Here we interrogate the regenerative ability of the double-ventral digits of dLARM1/2 mutants, which lack dorsal nails due to the limb-specific absence of Lmx1b. We report that these nail-less digits fail to regenerate, supporting the nail requirement. Because the absence of dorso-ventral (DV) polarity could also impair regeneration, as reported in amphibians, we tested the double-dorsal double-nail digits of Del(27) mutants, which lack DV polarity due to the limb-restricted loss of En1. Since Del(27) digits did regenerate, we concluded that DV polarity is not required for digit tip regeneration. We documented continued dorsal expression of Lmx1b postnatally in the wild-type (WT) nail dermis. Moreover, there is uniform Lmx1b expression in WT regeneration-competent blastemas. Transcriptomic comparison between WT and dLARM1/2 mutant blastemas revealed differential up-regulation of gene signatures functionally associated with vascularization and connective tissue remodeling in WT mice. In contrast, the dLARM1/2 non-regenerative blastemas that lack Lmx1b expression show differential up-regulation of genes associated with inflammation and inflammatory processes. Conjointly, our data implicate a direct role for Lmx1b in digit tip regeneration by maintaining the nail dermis and promoting a competent blastema.

Trabajo presentado en The Company of Biologists Workshop Molecular mechanisms of developmental and regenerative biology (EMBO), celebrado en modalidad virtual del 26 al 29 de abril de 2022., The regeneration of the digit tip is an exceptional model of multi-tissue regeneration in mammals, with remarkable potential to advance regenerative medicine. Digit tip regeneration positively correlates with the presence of the nail organ, most likely because of the environment of the nail stem cells, but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. The fact that the nail is a dorsal structure links regeneration with dorso-ventral (DV) polarity. Here, to evaluate the nail function more directly, and to disentangle it from DV positional information, we tested the regenerative ability of double-ventral digits and double-dorsal digits resulting from the limb-specific loss of Lmx1b and of En1 expression, respectively. Our results indicate that DV polarity is not required for digit tip regeneration but that an excessive inflammatory response prevents regeneration in the absence of Lmx1b. The possible causes of the exacerbated inflammation in the absence of Lmx1b are discussed.

El trabajo que presentamos analiza la evolución del tratamiento jurídico de la insolvencia a lo largo de las civilizaciones antiguas más sobresalientes: mesopotámica, griega y romana. Llegado a la civilización romana es obligado profundizar en el estudio de las instituciones directamente relacionadas con el tratamiento de la insolvencia: cessio bonorum, bonorum venditio y bonorum distractio. A partir de ese punto, seguimos en la España medieval para rastrear la impronta de dichas instituciones en la legislación del reino de Toledo; así como en las compilaciones visigóticas y su adaptación en los reinos cristianos, hasta la promulgación de Las Siete Partidas. En el recorrido legislativo analizamos los códigos legales siguientes: Liber Iudiciorum; Fuero Viejo de Castilla; Fuero Real; así como, los posteriores Ordenamiento de Alcalá y Leyes de Toro.La última parte del trabajo se adentra en la Edad Contemporánea, para conocer el procedimiento de quiebra y suspensión de pagos, regulado en las Ordenanzas de Bilbao de 1737 y en los Códigos de Comercio de 1829 y 1885, respectivamente. Finalizamos con el análisis de la Ley, 26 de julio de 1922, de “suspensión de pagos” y la regulación actual que se encuentra en el Real Decreto legislativo 1/2020, de 5 de mayo, por el que se aprueba el texto refundido de la Ley concursal.

[ES] Este TFG se lleva a cabo durante 5 meses de prácticas en la empresa Carpigiani Horeca. Es una empresa que se dedica a la fabricación y comercialización de maquinaria para la hostelería, en concreto, de heladería y granizados. Puesto que la empresa está en pleno crecimiento, se están realizando diversas mejoras que permitan incrementar la productividad y la calidad de los productos. Éste es el objetivo principal del presente trabajo, que se centra en una de las ocho líneas de producción de la planta, donde es especialmente necesario estandarizar los métodos de trabajo en las estaciones, así como equilibrar la línea para una mayor eficiencia productiva. Para conseguir dichos objetivos, primeramente, se expone como es y por qué se ha seleccionado la línea en la que se centra el proyecto. Y a continuación, se lleva a cabo un análisis de la situación inicial, con el fin de definir y categorizar las incidencias que se dan con mayor frecuencia. Estas servirán de punto de partida para la propuesta y aplicación del método de las 5S en dicha línea de producción, que además se estudia aplicar en dos fases sucesivas, una de iteración inicial, y otra más centrada en la estandarización. Dado que la línea está formada por 4 estaciones de trabajo con tiempos de ciclo muy largos, es necesario estimar los tiempos con distintas técnicas complementarias de medición del trabajo, que son debidamente detalladas. Una vez estandarizados los métodos de trabajo y definidos los tiempos de cada tarea, se realizan varias propuestas de re equilibrado de la línea, evaluando pros y contras de cada una y proponiendo plan de implantación para la configuración finalmente elegida, en base a varios criterios que son debidamente definidos. Finalmente, se elabora el correspondiente presupuesto de las acciones realizadas y propuestas., [CA] Aquest TFG es duu a terme durant 5 mesos de pràctiques a l'empresa Carpigiani Horeca. És una empresa que es dedica a la fabricació i comercialització de maquinària per a l'hostaleria, en concret, de gelateria i granissats. Com que l'empresa està en ple creixement, s'estan fent diverses millores que permetin incrementar la productivitat i la qualitat dels productes. Aquest és l'objectiu principal del present treball, que se centra en una de les vuit línies de producció de la planta, on és especialment necessari estandarditzar els mètodes de treball a les estacions, així com equilibrar la línia per a una major eficiència productiva. Per aconseguir aquests objectius, primerament, s'exposa com és i perquè s'ha seleccionat la línia en què se centra el projecte. I a continuació, es fa una anàlisi de la situació inicial, per tal de definir i categoritzar les incidències que es donen amb més freqüència. Aquestes servirán de punt de partida per a la proposta i l'aplicació del mètode de les 5S en aquesta línia de producció, que a més s'estudia aplicar en dues fases successives, una d'iteració inicial, i una altra de més centrada en l'estandardització. Atès que la línia està formada per 4 estacions de treball amb temps de cicle molt llargs, cal estimar els temps amb diferents tècniques complementàries de mesurament del treball, que són degudament detallades. Un cop estandarditzats els mètodes de treball i definits els temps de cada tasca, es realitzen diverses propostes de reequilibrament de la línia, avaluant pros i contres de cadascuna i proposant pla d'implantació per a la configuració escollida, en base a diversos criteris que són degudament definits. Finalment, s'elabora el pressupost corresponent de les accions realitzades i proposades., [EN] This TFG is carried out during 5 months of work experience in the company Carpigiani Horeca. It is a company that manufactures and sells machinery for the hotel and catering industry, specifically ice cream and slush drinks. As the company is growing, several improvements are being made to increase productivity and product quality. This is the main objective of the present work, which focuses on one of the plant's eight production lines, where it is especially necessary to standardize the working methods at the stations, as well as to balance the line for greater production efficiency. In order to achieve these objectives, first of all, it is explained how and why the line on which the project is focused has been selected. Next, an analysis of the initial situation is carried out in order to define and categories the most frequent incidents. These will serve as a starting point for the proposal and application of the 5S method on this production line, which will also be applied in two successive phases, one of initial iteration, and the other more focused on standardization. Given that the line is made up of 4 workstations with very long cycle times, it is necessary to estimate the times with different complementary work measurement techniques, which are duly detailed. Once the working methods have been standardized and the times of each task have been defined, several proposals are made for rebalancing the line, evaluating the pros and cons of each one and proposing an implementation plan for the configuration finally chosen, based on various criteria that are duly defined. Finally, the corresponding budget is drawn up for the actions carried out and proposed.