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Background/aims Kidneys from uncontrolled non heart-beating donors achieve a good level of renal function after transplantation. However, a number of them will never function in the recipient. Our aim was to determine if serum biomarkers associated with platelet activity, inflammation and the nitric oxide system in uncontrolled non heart-beating donors may help to predict no renal function recovery after renal transplantation. Methods Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), nitrite + nitrate and platelet factor-4 (PF4) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits in 88 uncontrolled non heart-beating donors divided according to the renal functionality achieved in the recipients into functional (n = 76) and non functional (n = 12). Results Kidneys from donors with higher IL-6 levels (>900 pg/ml) were functional after transplantation. Serum cGMP levels below 372.3 fmol/l were also associated with kidneys that recovered the renal function. However, serum levels of PF4 showed the best correlation with recovery of renal functional in the recipients since they were significantly lower in the donors whose kidneys functioned after transplantation. Conclusions Serum PF4 levels in uncontrolled non heart-beating donors may be a good predictor for kidneys that never will reach functional recovery. Some serum cGMP, IL-6 and IL-10 levels may simply help identify kidneys that will function after transplantation., Fondo de Investigaciones de la Seguridad Social, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Depto. de Salud Pública y Materno - Infantil, Fac. de Medicina, TRUE, pub

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of dual antiplatelet therapy [clopidogrel + aspirin (ASA)] with respect to ASA on the protein expression of platelets from controlled type-2 diabetic patients with stable coronary ischemia. Patients had been taking ASA (100 mg day) and they were randomized to receive (n = 29) or not (n = 28) 75 mg day clopidogrel for 12 ± 2 weeks in a blind form. Protein expression was analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The protein expression of a limited number of proteins such as actin-binding protein isotypes 2 and 5, lactate dehydrogenase, serotransferrin isotype 4, protein disulfide isomerase-A3 isotype 1, fibrinogen beta chain isotype 5, Ras-related protein Rab-7b isotypes 1 and 6, and immunoglobulin heavy chain was changed after dual antiplatelet therapy. Plasma level of platelet factor 4 (PF4), an in vivo marker of platelet activity, was not different between both groups. These changes suggest lower platelet reactivity after dual antiplatelet therapy in the studied patients. However, the variation in platelet proteome was lower than it would be initially expected, taking into account the apparent clinical beneficial effects of dual antiplatelet therapy. PF4 plasma level was not further decreased in the platelets treated for a longer time than 9-12 months with ASA + clopidogrel, as compared with ASA alone., Fondo de Investigacion de la Seguridad Social, Depto. de Salud Pública y Materno - Infantil, Fac. de Medicina, TRUE, pub

Background Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain why some platelets have a reduced response to aspirin (ASA). Among them, it was reported an increased circulating level of vitamin-D-binding protein (DBP). In addition, nitric oxide (NO) released from mononuclear cells was involved in the antiplatelet effects of ASA. The aim was to analyse the relationship between platelet response to ASA and both NO generation and vitamin-D-binding protein content in mononuclear cells. Materials and methods Mononuclear cells were obtained from patients with stable coronary artery disease that were divided by a platelet functionality test (PFA-100) as ASA-sensitive (n = 23) and ASA resistant (n = 27). Results Both the release of NO (determined by nitrite + nitrate concentration) and the expression of endothelial-type NO synthase (eNOS) were higher in mononuclear cells from ASA sensitive as compared with those from ASA-resistant patients. There was a positive correlation between either the release of NO and the expression of eNOS protein in mononuclear cells with the ability of ASA to inhibit platelet activity. DBP content in mononuclear cells was higher in ASA resistant than in ASA sensitive. The level of DBP content in mononuclear cells was negatively associated with the ability of ASA to inhibit platelets. However, in vitro experiments suggested that there was no association between DBP and NO production by mononuclear cells. Conclusions Mononuclear cells from patients with platelets with lower responsiveness to ASA showed a reduced ability to produce NO., Depto. de Salud Pública y Materno - Infantil, Fac. de Medicina, FALSE, pub

El aumento de portales de comercio electrónico de moda que se viene observando en España desde hace cinco años responde al incremento que la demanda online de este tipo de productos viene experimentando según informe del representante y promotor de la publicidad y del marketing digital en España, la agencia Interactive Advertising Bureau (IAB Spain). En 2016, los españoles gastaron un 8,9% más de presupuesto en compras a través de la red con respecto al año anterior, en media 661,62 euros por persona, lo que supuso un volumen de ventas total entorno a los 5.300 millones de euros. La necesidad de emprender un negocio como alternativa al trabajo por cuenta ajena en situaciones de desaceleración económica, la facilidad de acceso a la tecnología y la posibilidad de iniciar un negocio con escasa inversión monetaria hace que el número de emprendedores de negocios online haya crecido en un 18%. Un aspecto clave para el éxito comercial de los portales de comercio electrónico de moda es el desarrollo de una estrategia de comunicación digital eficaz en la atracción y en la seducción de los usuarios que permita el crecimiento y la subsistencia del propio portal en un entorno ciertamente competitivo. En este estudio se han analizado, desde el bagaje teórico y la reflexión experimental, los aspectos clave del proceso de comunicación que los portales de comercio electrónico de moda deberían considerar para la implantación de una estrategia de comunicación eficaz. En el estudio se han analizado con profundidad los elementos que intervienen en el proceso de comunicación digital: evolución, perfil del comprador, aspectos legales, diseño, canales y el propio contenido de los portales. Para el análisis de estos elementos, se ha tomado como referencia el portal de moda www.zara.com, referente en el segmento de venta online de productos textiles y de moda, y se ha concluido con el establecimiento y propuesta de indicadores clave que permitan la medición de la eficacia de las estrategias, The rise of fashion e-commerce portals in Spain in the past five years comes from an increase in the online demand that these kind of products have had, as we can see in the report made public by the agency “Interactive Advertising Bureau (IAB Spain). In 2016, spanish citizens spent a 8,9% more Year over Year of their budget in online shopping. This mean 661,62€ per capita, or 5.300 million euros of total volume sales in the year. The need of starting a business as an alternative to paid employment in hard economic circumstances, the easy access to technology and the little financial requirements needed to start a business has made online startups to grow 18%. A key aspect for commercial success of the fashion e-commerce portals is the digital communication strategy made to attract users that allows growth and subsistence of the portal in a highly competitive environment. In this study we have analyzed, from a theoretical and experimental point of view the key aspects of the communication process that fashion e-commerce portals have to implement to get an efficient communication strategy. In the thesis some elements that intervene in digital communication have been analyzed in depth: evolution, buyer profile, legal aspects, design, business channels and the content. For the purpose of studying these elements, we have taken as reference the fashion portal www.zara.com because it is leading in online e-commerce in textile products and fashion. We conclude with a set of indicators to measure the effectiveness of digital communication.