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Objective(s): Poor solubility and stability of naringenin result in its low bioavailability. Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were investigated as a potential carrier for the controlled delivery of naringenin to HT-29 (human colon adenocarcinoma) and MCF-7 (human breast cancer) cell lines. Materials and Methods: Naringenin was loaded in HNTs at different HNTs: drug ratios (w/w) of 30, 24, 16, 8, and 4, then characterized by SEM (Scanning electron microscope), FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), DSC (Differential scanning calorimetry), and XRD (X-ray diffraction). The effect of naringenin loaded in HNTs on its solubility was investigated by an innovative change in the DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. Cytotoxicity of naringenin and naringenin-loaded HNTs was investigated by MTT assay. Results: At a ratio of 30, the highest encapsulation efficiency (87.7± 5%), and at a ratio of 4, the highest loading capacity was obtained (12± 0.6%). The drug release study indicated prolonged drug release from naringenin-loaded HNTs (67±5% after 24h). Naringenin showed antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH radical with an IC50 value of 400 ±4 µg/mL. Naringenin solubility after loading was considerably increased and subsequently, showed 2.2-fold higher antioxidant activity than the free drug. Cytotoxicity assay indicated the anticancer activity of naringenin was significantly improved after loading. Conclusion: HNTs can be a promising carrier for the delivery of naringenin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a potentially life-threatening immune response, sepsis is often caused by the body's interaction with various microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. This phenomenon is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, posing numerous challenges for medical professionals. Therefore, rapid diagnosis and effective treatment implementation with appropriate antibiotics are crucial for improving treatment outcomes. However, this issue is challenging, as current molecular detection methods are mostly time-consuming, expensive, and reliant on advanced equipment and specialized personnel. Considering that every moment of delay in sepsis diagnosis and treatment increases the likelihood of death, it is imperative to utilize diagnostic devices capable of reducing the time required to identify the onset of infection until appropriate therapy is administered. In this regard, advanced testing tools capable of detecting clinically relevant biomarkers play a significant role. Electrochemical biosensors, offering advantages such as high sensitivity, rapid response, compact size, and low cost, are well-suited to meet clinical needs. This review article examines the current status of electrochemicalbased point-of-care detection platforms and their limitations for diagnosing and monitoring sepsis. It also discusses future directions and solutions to enhance and expand these technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue fever, a mosquito-borne viral infection, poses a significant global health threat, and early diagnosis is crucial for effective disease management. Human infection typically occurs through infected Aedes mosquitoes, such as Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus. The disease spectrum ranges from asymptomatic infection and mild febrile illness (dengue fever) to more severe conditions, such as dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. Dengue fever is characterized by severe headache, high fever, skin rash, muscle and joint pain, nausea, and vomiting. Dengue hemorrhagic fever is marked by high fever, an enlarged liver, hemorrhagic phenomena, shock, and often cardiovascular disorders. Dengue fever is transmitted through urban (human transmission cycle) and sylvatic (animal transmission cycle) cycles. The demand for early detection of this virus has increased to control the spread of infectious diseases and protect humankind from its harmful effects. Various methods can be employed for the laboratory diagnosis of this virus to detect the virus itself, viral nucleic acids, antibodies, or antigens, or a combination of these approaches. Recently, biosensors have emerged as a potential tool for detecting and quantifying viruses, offering fast detection, relative cost-effectiveness, and high sensitivity and selectivity compared to conventional diagnostic methods such as immunological and molecular techniques. Most biosensors employ electrochemical detection techniques with transducers, owing to their easy construction, low cost, ease of use, and portability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of antibiotic‐resistant bacterial infections is a principal threat to global health. Functionalization of nanomaterial with antibiotics is known as a useful method for increasing the effectiveness of existing antibiotics. In this study, vancomycin‐functionalized ZnFe2O4 nanocomposite (ZnFe2O4@Cell@APTES@Van) was synthesized, and its functional groups and particle size were characterized using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscopy. The antibacteria activity of the synthesized nanocomposite was evaluated using minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Cytotoxicity assay was done by 2,3‐bis‐(2‐methoxy‐4‐nitro‐5‐sulfophenyl)‐2H‐tetrazolium‐5‐carboxanilide method. Characterization analyses of synthesized nanocomposite confirmed the binding of vancomysin on the surface of ZnFe2O4@Cell@APTES. Nanocomposite exhibited an aggregated semi‐spherical structure with hydrodynamic radii of ∼382 nm. In vitro antibacterial activity test showed that vancomycin and vancomycin functionalized ZnFe2O4 have no antibacterial effect against E. coli. S. aureus was sensitive to vancomycin and ZnFe2O4@Cell@APTES@Van NPs and ZnFe2O4 NPs did not improve vancomycin antibacterial activity against these bacteria. MRSA is resistant to vancomycin while ZnFe2O4@Cell@APTES@Van NPs was efficient in inhibiting MRSA growth. In summary, this study showed that attachment of vancomycin to ZnFe2O4 NPs was increased its antibacterial activity against MRSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since that pathogenic bacteria are major threats to human health; this research describes the fabrication of an effective and sensitive platform based on graphene oxide/poly deep eutectic solvent/nickel oxide nano particles (GO/PDES/NiO NPs) nanocomposite at the surface of glassy carbon electrode for selective detection of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The DNA aptamers were immobilized on the modified electrode through the EDC/NHS chemistry. Each aptasensor modification step was checked by with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) techniques. The linear dynamic range of the proposed electrochemical aptasensor covered a large variation of S. aureus concentrations from 101 – 108 CFU.mL−1 and a detection limit of 10 CFU.mL−1 under optimum conditions was obtained. Analysis of spiked tap water, lake water and human serum samples revealed high potential of this aptasensor as a sensitive, effective, and label‐free promising tool for S. aureus detection. This is the first time that poly deep eutectic solvents used in live bacteria detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) are overexpressed in a wide range of tumors and are attractive candidates to target in targeted therapies. This study aimed to introduce a novel radiolabeled compound, 177Lu-cetuximab-PAMAM G4, for the treatment of EGFR-expressing tumors. Methods: In this study, the cetuximab mAb was bound to PAMAM G4 and labeled with 177Lu via DTPA-CHX chelator. The synthesized nanosystem was confirmed by different analyses such as DLS, FT-IR, TEM, and RT-LC. Cell viability of the radioimmunoconjugate was assessed over the EGFR-expressing cell line of SW480. The biodistribution of 177Lu-Cetuximab-PAMAMG4 was determined in different intervals after injection of the radiolabeled compound in normal and tumoral nude mice via scarification and SPECT images. Results: The average size of PAMAM G4 and PAMAM-Cetuximab-DTPA-CHX nanoparticles were 2 and 70 nm, respectively. 177Lu-Cetuximab-PAMAMG4 was prepared with radiochemical purity of more than 98%. The survival rates of SW480 cells at 24, 48, and 72 h post-treatment with177Lu-Cetuximab-PAMAMG4 (500 nM) were 18%, 15%, and 14%, respectively. The biodistribution studies showed a significant accumulation of 177Lu-Cetuximab-PAMAM in the EGFR-expressing tumor. Conclusion: According to the results, this new agent can be considered as an efficient therapeutic complex for tumors expressing EGFR receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their effect on human health, rapid, sensitive, and accurate methods for detecting foodborne bacterial pathogens are becoming increasingly important. There are more than 250 types of bacterial foodborne disease, including more than 90% of outbreaks of foodborne illness worldwide, which is considered to be one of the greatest threats to public health. Among the diagnostic methods, electrochemical biosensors have features that make them very efficient in designing and manufacturing biosensors. Potentiometric biosensors have been recognized for their effectiveness in detecting analytes with low cost, ease of use, and simple instrumentation. This article reviews key advances in potentiometric biosensors of foodborne bacterial pathogens. The categorization of different potentiometric biosensors is done on the basis of various foodborne bacterial pathogens involving Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella typhimurium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]