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Plant-based beverage consumption is increasing markedly. Value-added dehulled rice ( Oryza sativa ) germination was investigated to improve beverage qualities. Germinating brown rice has been shown to increase health-promoting compounds. Utilizing green processing, wholesome constituents, including bran, vitamins, minerals, oils, fiber and proteins should should convey forward into germinated brown rice beverages. Rapid visco-analyzer (RVA) data and trends established that brown rice, preheated brown rice and germinated brown rice had higher pasting temperatures than white rice. As pasting temperature in similar samples may be related to gelatinization, RVA helped guide the free-flowing processing protocol using temperatures slightly above those previously reported for Rondo gelatinization. Particle size analysis and viscometric evaluations indicate that the developed sprouted brown rice beverage is on track to have properties close to commercial samples, even though the sprouted brown rice beverage developed has no additives, fortifications, added oils or salts. Phenolics and γ-aminobutyric acid increased slightly in germinated brown rice, however, increases were not maintained throughout most stages of processing. Significantly lower inorganic arsenic levels (113 ng/g) were found in germinated (sprouted) brown rice, compared to Rondo white and brown rice, which is far below the USA threshold level of 200 ng/g.

Rice-derived beverages offer a non-soy, lactose-free, cholesterol and gluten-free food source, which may offer well-balanced nutrition. Brown rice is nutritionally superior to white rice but oil oxidation and rancidity can be problematic regarding organoleptics during processing and storage. Using green technologies, which do not rely upon stabilization, brown rice was sprouted and processed with enzymes to produce preliminary value-added rice beverages. Paddy (rough) Rondo rice was dehulled using a pilot plant dehusker, sorted and cleaned into brown rice (BRR), rinsed, and germinated under various conditions (times and temperatures). Germinated brown rice (GBR) was then assessed (96.7 ± 0.8% germination and coleoptile length 2.24 ± 0.83 mm) prior to developing a method to soften, wet mill, sieve and gelatinize the matrix. Moderate macronutrient catabolism based on proximate analysis (e.g., 27.0%, 30.9% and 28.9% protein, oil and carbohydrate loss, respectively) and significantly decreased phytic acid (71.6%) from BRR → GBR along with processing efficiency were used to establish a germination and processing protocol engaging the natural enzymatic hydrolysis of starch and other biochemical changes. Based on rapid visco analyzer pasting properties in heated BRR, GBR sieving results and observations of stored crude beverages, proteins and oils apparently remained soluble and were conveyed forward into an the enzyme-treated solubilized oligosaccharide matrix, which could be a natural emulsion. A method for germinating and processing brown rice, leading to a completely green process and "free-flowing" soluble matrix to deliver preliminary sprouted brown rice beverages is presented., (© 2020 The Authors. Food Science & Nutrition published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Ara h 1 is a major peanut allergen. Processing-induced modifications may modulate the allergenic potency of Ara h 1. Carboxymethyl lysine (CML) modifications are a commonly described nonenzymatic modification on food proteins. In the current study, we tested the ability of digestive and endolysosomal proteases to cleave CML-modified and unmodified Ara h 1 peptides. Mass spectrometric analyses of the digested peptides demonstrate that carboxymethylation of lysine residues renders these peptides refractory to trypsin digestion. We did not detect observable differences in the simulated gastric fluid or endolysosomal digestion between the parental and CML-modified peptides. One of the tested peptides contains a lysine residue previously shown to be CML modified laying in a previously mapped linear IgE epitope, but we did not observe a difference in IgE binding between the modified and parental peptides. Our findings suggest a molecular mechanism for the increased resistance of peanut allergens modified by thermal processing, such as Ara h 1, to digestion in intestinal fluid after heating and could help explain how food processing-induced modifications may lead to more potent food allergens by acting to protect intact IgE epitopes from digestion by proteases targeting lysine residues.

Background: Electrical cardioversion is an effective procedure for restoring normal sinus rhythm in the hearts of patients with irregular heart rhythms. It is important that the patient is not fully conscious during the procedure, as it can be painful and distressing. The drug used to make patients unaware of the procedure should rapidly achieve the desired level of sedation, should wear off quickly and should not cause cardiovascular or respiratory side effects., Objectives: We aimed to compare the safety, effectiveness and adverse events associated with various anaesthetic or sedative agents used in direct current cardioversion for cardiac arrhythmia in both elective and emergency settings.We sought answers to the following specific questions.• Which drugs deliver the best outcomes for patients undergoing electrical cardioversion?• Does using a particular agent confer advantages or disadvantages?• Is additional analgesic necessary to prevent pain?, Search Methods: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) on 27 March 2014. Our search terms were relevant to the review question and were not limited by outcomes. We also carried out searches of clinical trials registers and forward and backward citation tracking., Selection Criteria: We considered all randomized controlled trials and quasi-randomized and cluster-randomized studies with adult participants undergoing electrical cardioversion procedures in the elective or emergency setting., Data Collection and Analysis: Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data, consulting with a third review author for disagreements. We used standard Cochrane methodological procedures, including assessment of risk of bias for all studies., Main Results: We included 23 studies with 1250 participants that compared one drug with one or more other drugs. Of these comparisons, 19 studies compared propofol with another drug. Seven of these compared propofol with etomidate (four of which combined the drugs with remifentanil or fentanyl), five midazolam, six thiopentone and two sevoflurane. Three studies compared etomidate with thiopentone, and three etomidate with midazolam. Two studies compared thiopentone with midazolam, one thiopentone with diazepam and one midazolam with diazepam. Drug doses and the time over which the drugs were given varied between studies. Although all studies were described as randomized, limited information was provided about the methods used for selection and group allocation. A high level of performance bias was observed across studies, as study authors had not attempted to blind the anaesthetist to group allocation. Similarly, study authors had rarely provided sufficient information on whether outcome assessors had been blinded.Included studies presented outcome data for hypotension, apnoea, participant recall, success of cardioversion, minor adverse events of nausea and vomiting, pain at injection site and myoclonus, additional analgesia and participant satisfaction. We did not pool the data from different studies in view of the multiple drug comparisons, differences in definitions and reporting of outcomes, variability of endpoints and high or unclear risk of bias across studies., Authors' Conclusions: Few studies reported statistically significant results for our relevant outcomes, and most study authors concluded that both, or all, agents compared in individual studies were adequate for cardioversion procedures. It is our opinion that at present, there is no evidence to suggest that current anaesthetic practice for cardioversion should change.