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1. 25. The Weapons Trade

Author

Suzette R. Grillot

Abstract

This chapter provides an overview of the international weapons trade. A history of the global arms trade is offered, highlighting the various ways in which the trade in defence and military equipment has shifted throughout the years until the present day. The chapter outlines the ways in which weapons are illicitly traded and addresses the connections between legal and illicit arms markets. Finally, the chapter addresses the many attempts that have been made in recent years to control the international arms trade, as well as prospects for its future regulation. What emerges is a rather complex picture of the global arms trade that requires attention to numerous facets involving both weapons supply and demand.

Published
2022
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2. Access to antifungal drugs in Madagascar. The situation in 2020

Author

R. Grillot, H.M.R. Ratsimbazafimahefa, and H.S.N. Ravelomampianina

Subjects
Antifungal Agents, Traditional medicine, business.industry, Antifungal drugs, Health Services Accessibility, Infectious Diseases, Mycoses, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Madagascar, Humans, Medicine, business, Poverty, Access to medicines
Published
2021
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3. 24. The Weapons Trade

Author

Suzette R. Grillot

Abstract

This chapter discusses the international weapons trade. It first provides a historical background on the global arms trade and highlights the ways in which the trade in defence and military equipment has shifted throughout the years until the present day. It then examines contemporary trends in the weapons trade and how weapons are illicitly traded. It also shows how the illicit arms trade is connected to the legal arms market and concludes by describing various attempts that have been made in recent years to control the global arms trade, as well as prospects for its future regulation. Three case studies are presented to highlight the main issues surrounding the international weapons trade: the first relates to the use of man-portable air defence systems (MANPADS) in terrorism, the second involves arms broker Victor Bout, and the third deals with the non-governmental organization known as the International Campaign to Ban Landmines.

Published
2018
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4. Buon Giorno, Arezzo : A Postcard From Tuscany

Author

Suzette R. Grillot, Zach P. Messitte, Suzette R. Grillot, and Zach P. Messitte

Subjects
Architecture--Italy--Arezzo, Italian language--Social aspects--Italy--Arezzo, Art, Italian--Italy--Arezzo
Abstract

In the heart of Tuscany stands the city of Arezzo, beckoning those who would know more of the real Italy. A spectacular medieval town of 100,000 residents, Arezzo invites travelers to see its sights and sample its considerable charms. It reserves a special warmth for those who wish to stay a while and truly experience life under the Tuscan sun. In a similar fashion, Buon Giorno, Arezzo invites visitors to make themselves at home. The authors and photographers featured here are kindred spirits—Americans, Europeans, students, and scholars—all touched by Arezzo's magic and eager to share their experience with newcomers.Buon Giorno, Arezzo sketches the city's unique history, from ancient Italy to the present day, with beautifully illustrated forays into its rich tradition of architecture and art—including the masterwork of Renaissance painter Piero della Francesca. Contributors offer insight into Arezzo's language, introducing visitors to speech patterns and accents harking back to the Etruscans, as well as distinct dialects that put the region—the birthplace of Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch), a godfather of the Italian language—at the very “center of the Italian language universe.” Italians are known internationally for their contributions to music, fashion, film, and wine—and Arezzo's significant influence in each of these areas comes to light and life as the authors explore the city's vibrant modern culture and economy. A congenial companion and knowledgeable guide, steeped in history and replete with photographs of Arezzo's visual delights, Buon Giorno, Arezzo is an essential resource for any traveler hoping to immerse themselves in the daily rhythms and cultural depths of this incomparable Italian city.

Published
2016

6. Echinocandins Susceptibility Patterns of 2,787 Yeast Isolates: Importance of the Thresholds for the Detection of FKS Mutations

Author

Desnos-Ollivier, Marie, Bretagne, Stéphane, Lortholary, Olivier, Dromer, Françoise, French Mycoses Study Group, The, Mycologie moléculaire - Molecular Mycology, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre National de Référence Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques - National Reference Center Invasive Mycoses & Antifungals (CNRMA), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie [CHU Saint Louis, Paris], Groupe Hospitalier Saint Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Centre d'infectiologie Necker-Pasteur [CHU Necker], Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Imagine - Institut des maladies génétiques (IHU) (Imagine - U1163), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), This work was supported by Santé Publique France and Institut Pasteur., Members of the French Mycoses Study Group who contributed to the data are, in alphabetical order of the cities, all the French microbiologists and mycologists who sent isolates for characterization of unusual antifungal susceptibility profiles or to contribute to the ongoing surveillance program on the epidemiology of invasive fungal infections in France (YEASTS and RESSIF programs): N. Brieu (CH Aix), T. Chouaki, C. Damiani, A. Totet (CHU Amiens), J. P. Bouchara, D. Chabasse, M. Pihet (CHU Angers), S. Bland (CH Annecy), V. Blanc (CH Antibes), S. Branger (CH Avignon), A. P. Bellanger, L. Millon (CHU Besançon), C. Plassart (CH Beauvais), I. Poilane (Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy), I. Accoceberry, L. Delhaes, B. Couprie, F. Gabriel (CH Bordeaux), J. Dunand, A. L. Roux, V. Sivadon-Tardy (Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne Billancourt), F. Laurent (CH, Bourg en Bresse), S. Legal, E. Moalic, G. Nevez, D. Quinio (CHU Brest), M. Cariou (CH Bretagne Sud), J. Bonhomme, C. Duhamel (CHU, Caen), B. Podac (CH, Chalon sur Saône), S. Lechatch (CH, Charleville-Mézières), C. Soler (Hopital d’Instruction des armées, Clamart), M. Cambon, C. Nourrisson, P. Poirier, D. Pons (CHU, Clermont Ferrand), O. Augereau, I. Grawey (CH, Colmar), N. Fauchet (CHIC, Créteil), A. Bonnin, F. Dalle (CHU, Dijon), P. Cahen, P. Honderlick (CMC, Foch), N. Desbois, C. Miossec (CHU, Fort de France), J. L. Hermann (Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches), M. Cornet, R. Grillot, B. Lebeau, D. Maubon, H. Pelloux (CHU, Grenoble), M. Nicolas (CHU, Guadeloupe), C. Aznar, D. Blanchet, J. F. Carod, M. Demar, (CHU, Guyane), A. Angoulvant (Hôpital Bicêtre, le Kremlin Bicêtre), C. Ciupek (CH, Le Mans), A. Gigandon (Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson), B. Bouteille (CH Limoges), E. Frealle, D. Poulain, B. Sendid (CHU Lille), D. Dupont, J. Menotti, F. Persat, M.-A. Piens, M. Wallon (CHU, Lyon), C. Cassagne, S. Ranque (CHU, Marseille), T. Benoit-Cattin, L. Collet (CH Mayotte), A. Fiacre (CH Meaux), N. Bourgeois, L. Lachaud, P. Rispail, Y. Sterkers (CHU, Montpellier), M. Machouart (CHU, Nancy), F. Gay-Andrieu, P. Lepape, F. Morio (CHU, Nantes), O. Moquet (CH, Nevers), S. Lefrançois (Hôpital Américain, Neuilly), M. Sasso (CHU, Nimes), F. Reibel (GH, Nord-Essone), M. Gari-Toussaint, L. Hasseine (CHU Nice), L. Bret, D. Poisson (CHR Orléans), S. Brun (Hôpital Avicenne, Paris), C. Bonnal, C. Chochillon, S. Houzé (Hôpital Bichat, Paris), A. Paugam (Hôpital Cochin, Paris), N. Ait-Ammar, F. Botterel, R. Chouk (CHU Henri Mondor, Paris), M. E. Bougnoux, E. Sitterle (Hôpital Necker, Paris), A. Fekkar, R. Piarroux (Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris), J. Guitard, C. Hennequin, J.-L. Poirot (Hôpital St Antoine, Paris), M. Gits-Muselli, S. Hamane, C. Lacroix (Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris), S. Bonacorsi, P. Mariani (Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris), D. Moissenet (Hôpital Trousseau, Paris), C. Kauffmann-Lacroix, A. Minoza, E. Perraud, M. H. Rodier (CHU Poitiers), G. Colonna (CH, Porto Vecchio), A. Huguenin, D. Toubas (CHU Reims), S. Chevrier, J. P. Gangneux, F. Robert-Gangneux, C. Guigen (CHU Rennes), O. Belmonte, G. Hoarau, M. C. Jaffar Bandjee, J. Jaubert, S. Picot, N. Traversier (CHU Réunion), L. Favennec, G. Gargala (CHU, Rouen), N. Godineau, C. Tournus (CH, St Denis), C. Mahinc, H. Raberin (CHU, St Etienne), V. Letscher Bru (CHU, Strasbourg), S. Cassaing (CHU, Toulouse), P. Patoz (CH Tourcoing), E. Bailly, J. Chandenier, G. Desoubeaux (CHU Tours), F. Moreau (CH Troyes), P. Munier (CH Valence), E. Mazars (CH Valenciennes), O. Eloy (CH Versailles), E. Chachaty (Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif), and and members of the NRCMA (Institut Pasteur, Paris): A. Bertho, C. Blanc, A. Boullié, C. Gautier, V. Geolier, D. Hoinard, and D. Raoux-Barbot for technical help, and K. Boukris-Sitbon, F. Lanternier, A. Alanio, and D. Garcia-Hermoso for their expertise and contribution to the surveillance programs.

Subjects
Pharmacology, Antifungal Agents, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], yeasts, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, antifungal resistance, Anidulafungin, bacterial infections and mycoses, rare yeast, common yeast, Echinocandins, Lipopeptides, Infectious Diseases, Susceptibility, Caspofungin, Drug Resistance, Fungal, Mutation, Micafungin, polycyclic compounds, FKS mutation, Humans, Candidiasis, Invasive, Pharmacology (medical), MIC distribution
Abstract

International audience; Since echinocandins are recommended as first line therapy for invasive candidiasis, detection of resistance, mainly due to alteration in FKS protein, is of main interest. EUCAST AFST recommends testing both MIC of anidulafungin and micafungin, and breakpoints (BPs) have been proposed to detect echinocandin-resistant isolates. We analyzed MIC distribution for all three available echinocandins of 2,787 clinical yeast isolates corresponding to 5 common and 16 rare yeast species, using the standardized EUCAST method for anidulafungin and modified for caspofungin and micafungin (AM3-MIC). In our database, 64 isolates of common pathogenic species were resistant to anidulafungin, according to the EUCAST BP, and/or to caspofungin, using our previously published threshold (AM3-MIC ≥ 0.5 mg/L). Among these 64 isolates, 50 exhibited 21 different FKS mutations. We analyzed the capacity of caspofungin AM3-MIC and anidulafungin MIC determination in detecting isolates with FKS mutation. They were always identified using caspofungin AM3-MIC and the local threshold while some isolates were misclassified using anidulafungin MIC and EUCAST threshold. However, both methods misclassified four wild-type C. glabrata as resistant. Based on a large data set from a single center, the use of AM3-MIC testing for caspofungin looks promising in identifying non-wild-type C. albicans, C. tropicalis and P. kudiravzevii isolates, but additional multicenter comparison is mandatory to conclude on the possible superiority of AM3-MIC testing compared to the EUCAST method.

Published
2022
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7. Access to antifungal drugs in Madagascar. The situation in 2020.

Author

Grillot R, Ratsimbazafimahefa HMR, and Ravelomampianina HSN

Subjects
Antifungal Agents therapeutic use, Health Services Accessibility economics, Humans, Madagascar epidemiology, Mycoses drug therapy, Mycoses epidemiology, Pharmaceutical Preparations economics, Pharmaceutical Preparations supply & distribution, Poverty, Antifungal Agents economics, Antifungal Agents supply & distribution, Health Services Accessibility statistics & numerical data
Published
2021
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