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On November 19, 2020, the annual International Research and Practice Conference Ignatov Readings took place. It was dedicated to the 85th anniversary of the outstanding scientist - Vadim Nikolayevich Makhov - an Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Legal Sciencies, Full Professor, whose life and scientific work have been inextricably intertwined with the RUDN University for more than a quarter of a century. The article is dedicated to Vadim Nikolaevich Makhov - a practitioner with the richest experience, an outstanding scientist, and a talented teacher!

Wrongful convictions have received increased attention from both scholars and the media over the past several decades. Most of the research on this topic has focused on the factors that contribute to wrongful convictions and policy changes that may help prevent future miscarriages of justice. Scholars have also explored the post-release experiences of those who have been exonerated. Less attention has been paid to the advice exonerees would share with those who have been recently exonerated to help them navigate their new lives. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with individuals who were wrongfully convicted in the southern United States to explore this issue. While acknowledging that the post-exoneration transition could be challenging, the participants noted that they would advise those who are newly exonerated that faith, talking to other exonerees, learning how to be patient with the process, and finding a way to enjoy their new lives were important to navigating this process. This study highlights the value of exploring the perspectives of exonerees to increase our understanding of their experiences, while also using their insight to inform policy that will assist the wrongfully convicted after being exonerated and released from prison.

This article presents the chronology of the Symposium on Advanced Wound Care “SAWC 2021 Virtual” that took place May 10–14, 2021. SAWC is an annual event that has been held for more than 30 years and brings together various specialists in the field of wound care: dermatologists, plastic surgeons, orthopedists, nurses, nutritionists, sports medicine doctors, physiotherapists, research doctors. The scientific program of the symposium included 150 reports devoted to both the results of scientific and experimental research and advanced applied medical technologies aimed at improving the results of chronic wounds by various etiology and localization treatment.

Barotrauma—injury induced by changes in pressure—is a widespread challenge for successfully releasing fishes following capture. We used acoustic telemetry to examine the long-term post-release survival and behaviour of four rockfish species (genus Sebastes) suffering from barotrauma following capture using recreational fishing techniques. We placed particular emphasis on examining Cowcod (Sebastes levis) and Bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis), two historically overfished species along the United States West Coast that serve as good model species representing different ecological lifestyles. We show that fish survival was species specific and that 40% of observed mortality occurred more than 48 h post release—a typical time period used in many short-term survivorship studies. Cowcod survival was correlated with fish length, sea surface temperature, and dissolved oxygen concentration at the mean depth of capture. Generalized additive mixed models of Cowcod and Bocaccio behaviour showed that surviving individuals were negatively affected by capture and barotrauma for at least 30 d post-release. Our findings demonstrate the need for extended observations to accurately quantify the mortality of fishes suffering from barotrauma and show how such data can be successfully implemented into fisheries management through engagement between managers, scientists, and the fishing community.

The article presents the chronology of the International Scientific and Practice Congress “Diabetes Mellitus, Its Complications and Surgical Infections” (November 19–21, 2019).

Electronic monitoring has been increasingly used internationally with recent implementation in Australia for those convicted of domestic violence offenses. It is timely and important to gain a better understanding of the physical, psychological, social, and offending-related experiences and impacts of electronic monitoring on this group to inform further implementation. This study describes the experiences of individuals who were subject to a post-release electronic monitoring program for domestic violence in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Semi-structured phone interviews were conducted with 16 men who had recently experienced electronic monitoring. Thematic analysis was used to investigate common themes across participants’ experiences. Demographic and basic quantitative health data were also collected. Five themes were identified: (a) confusion regarding program practices, (b) awareness and pressure of monitoring, (c) social exclusion effects, (d) felt and enacted stigmatization, and (e) “for them not for me.” The findings reveal participants were highly aware of their being monitored, with a mix of positive and negative responses to this cognizance. Being electronically monitored had several flow-on effects on participants’ lives, creating challenges in social spheres across work and personal life. Stigma, both felt and enacted, featured heavily in participants’ responses. Individual factors that may affect program adherence were also identified, including education level and intent to commit a crime. Further quantitative work will be useful for informing a more complete understanding of the relationship between program experiences and outcomes such as reoffending and post-release community integration.

Formerly incarcerated people have a difficult time finding employment upon release. Research has suggested the effectiveness in utilizing one’s social capital and social networks, particularly through family, as a means of securing stable employment post-prison. However, the social connections necessary—maintained via prison visitation—are often weakened due to long-term incarceration and multiple prison stints. Data from the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI) are used to investigate whether individuals were able to find employment within 3 months after release. Results suggest that individuals who have committed serious crimes likely have more strained family relationships; making family members’ willingness to vouch for employment on their behalf, less likely. Implications regarding policy and practice for corrections and reentry are discussed.

This study explores the well-being of women offenders without mental disorders during imprisonment and reentry after having been confined with mentally ill female inmates. We found that this joint confinement causes great distress to the mentally stable female inmates, harming both their mental, physical, and emotional condition and their reentry process and rehabilitation. Our findings led us to conclude that women prisoners should be separated from those with mental disorders or be offered a wide range of psychological and emotional coping tools as well as variety of rehabilitative treatment programs.

In 2016, there were approximately 45,000 juveniles in placement in the United States. Most youth indicate that they plan to live with a family member upon release. Yet, many boys report housing nee...

The Northwest Atlantic (NWA) population of porbeagles Lamna nasus is susceptible to capture in rod-and-reel fisheries and most individuals are discarded alive due to catch and size limits. To estimate post-release survival, pop-off satellite archival tags were attached to porbeagles captured with rod-and-reel. Fourteen tags were deployed, of which 13 transmitted. All sharks for which we had data survived, giving a post-release survival rate of 100%. Following release, 6 individuals remained in surface waters for several hours to days, while 2 individuals immediately resumed normal diving behaviors. For the remaining sharks (n = 5), low tag transmission resolution precluded the detection of fine scale post-release behavior. The duration of initial depth-holding behavior was characterized using a break-point analysis of dive track variance, which suggests porbeagles exhibited a median post-release recovery period of 116 h (10th and 90th percentiles = 68.8 and 280.1 h) following capture and handling. Our preliminary study suggests immature porbeagles are resilient to capture and handling, although more data would provide stronger support for management recommendations.

Parental incarceration has been found to negatively impact families and communities. This study examined characteristics that impact receiving in-person visits among a sample of incarcerated mother...

Over the past thirty years, research on wrongful convictions has mainly spotlighted the causes of wrongful conviction including eyewitness misidentification, false confession, misused forensic evid...

There are numerous factors associated with successful reentry, but one that has not yet been addressed is financial behavior after release. This study used a primary data set collected in the fall of 2017. The theory of planned behavior was applied to investigate post-release financial behavioral intentions of men and women approaching return to society via a work release program in Georgia. Support for the theory of planned behavior was identified; attitude, subjective norms, and perceptions of behavioral control are significant predictors of financial intentions for this sample. Length of incarceration was the most important aspect of incarceration history. Innovative use of a control variable indicated that socially desirable response patterns about key variables were not confounding. This research is valuable to practitioners and policy makers in that it provides insight into planned financial behaviors that could affect the success of the individual's reentry back into society, and it fortifies prior evidence that the theory of planned behavior is a useful analytical framework.

There are unique benefits from advanced/micro-reactor designs and fuel types that offer safety features in the case of an accident that may reduce environmental consequences compared to conventional reactors and fuels. Tristructural isotropic (TRISO) fuel particles are a robust advanced nuclear fuel type that leads to the unique question of how unruptured, activated TRISO particles will interact with humans. TRISO particles are 900 μm in size, and that particle size restricts internal dose assessment to the ingestion pathway. Activity of the TRISO particle was established by High Temperature Engineering Test Reactor simulations. The TRISO particle encapsulation was assumed to be perfect; exploration of internal dose contribution from radionuclides released from encapsulation was not included. The TRISO particle was assumed to be mixed actively within each alimentary tract compartment such that homogenous distribution could be assumed according to the International Commission on Radiological Protection publication 133. The dose assessment results indicate that the rectosigmoid colon had the highest internal organ dose for both reference male (2.1 Sv) and female (2.3 Sv). The internal dose from ingestion of the scenario-specific TRISO particle was 0.25 Sv for the reference male and 0.29 Sv for the reference female, which exceeds the annual occupational effective dose limit of 0.05 Sv in the Code of Federal Regulations, 10 CFR Part 20 Subpart C. Similarly, the annual occupational limit of 0.5 Sv to any one organ would be exceeded for the left colon, right colon, and rectosigmoid colon for both the reference male and female.

A large body of literature has examined the impact of staff behavior in correctional settings on offenders’ likelihood of recidivism. However, gaps remain with respect to how staff behavior is rela...

Light attraction impacts nocturnally active fledgling seabirds worldwide and is a particularly acute problem on Kaua‘i (the northern-most island in the main Hawaiian Island archipelago) for the Critically Endangered Newell’s shearwaterPuffinus newelli. The Save Our Shearwaters (SOS) program was created in 1979 to address this issue and to date has recovered and released to sea more than 30500 fledglings. Although the value of the program for animal welfare is clear, as birds cannot simply be left to die, no evaluation exists to inform post-release survival. We used satellite transmitters to track 38 fledglings released by SOS and compared their survival rates (assessed by tag transmission duration) to those of 12 chicks that fledged naturally from the mountains of Kaua‘i. Wild fledglings transmitted longer than SOS birds, and SOS birds with longer rehabilitation periods transmitted for a shorter duration than birds released immediately or rehabilitated for only 1 d. Although transmitter durations from grounded fledglings were shorter (indicating impacts to survivorship), some SOS birds did survive and dispersed out to sea. All surviving birds (wild and SOS) traveled more than 2000 km to the southwest of Kaua‘i, where they concentrated mostly in the North Pacific Equatorial Countercurrent Province, revealing a large-scale annual post-breeding aggregation zone for fledgling Newell’s shearwaters. While there was reduced survival among birds undergoing rehabilitation, SOS remains an important contribution toward the conservation of Newell’s shearwater because a proportion of released birds do indeed survive. However, light attraction, the root cause of fallout, remains a serious unresolved issue on Kaua’i.

To test the possibility that in-prison behaviour and cognition provide information useful in predicting future desistance from crime, two in-prison variables and nine pre-prison and demographic control variables were correlated with post-prison release success in a group of 1,101 male inmates released from federal prison. A Cox regression proportional hazards survival analysis revealed that fewer disciplinary infractions and lower criminal thinking predicted future desistance, as measured by the absence of post-release arrests or a longer time until first arrest for those who were arrested, net the effects of the pre-prison variables and demographic measures. When disciplinary infractions were subclassified as aggressive (fighting, assault, threatening) or non-aggressive (disobedience, theft, use of intoxicants), only the non-aggressive category achieved significance. Likewise, when criminal thinking was subdivided into proactive and reactive criminal thinking, only the reactive dimension achieved significance. These findings suggest that behaviour and cognition assessed in prison may have value both in predicting desistance upon a person’s release from prison and in clarifying the nature of post-prison release success.

Desistance theorizing has concentrated on the male experience resulting in relatively less knowledge about how criminalized women negotiate nonoffending, particularly from a qualitative perspective. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with eight formerly incarcerated women in Victoria, Australia, this research explores the anticipation of desistance in the context of experiences preceding and following incarceration. The findings highlight how individual-level intentions to cease offending can be eclipsed by historical and ongoing disadvantage and trauma. In emphasizing the gendered socio-structural barriers affecting women’s desistance efforts, this article contributes to a small, yet important, emerging discourse—a form of critical feminist desistance.

Purpose: The purpose of this manuscript is to evaluate the role of regulatory limits and regulatory action on the total impact of nuclear contamination and accidents. While it is important to protect the public from excessive radiation exposures it is also critical to weigh the damage done by implementing regulations against the benefits produced. Two cases: Actions taken as a result of radioactive fallout in Washington County, Utah in 1953 from the atomic bomb testing in Nevada, and the actions implemented post release of radioactive materials into the environment from the damaged nuclear power reactor at Fukushima, Japan, are compared.Materials and methods: The Washington County radiation exposures and doses, resulting from the Nevada nuclear weapons tests, were taken from published reports, papers, and historical records. The protective actions taken were reviewed and reported. Recent publications were used to define the doses following Fukushima. The impact and/or results of sheltering only versus sheltering/evacuation of Washington County and Fukushima are compared.Results: The radiation dose from the fallout in Washington County from the fallout was almost 2-3 three times the dose in Japan, but the regulatory actions were vastly different. In Utah, the minimal action taken, e.g. sheltering in place, had no major impact on the public health or on the economy. The actions in Fukushima resulted in major negative impact precipitated through the fear generated. And the evacuation. The results had adverse human health and wellness consequences and a serious impact on the economy of the Fukushima region, and all of Japan.Conclusions: When evacuation is being considered, great care must be taken when any regulatory actions are initiated based on radiation limits. It is necessary to consider total impact and optimize the actions to limit radiation exposure while minimizing the social, economic, and health impacts. Optimization can help ensure that the protective measures result in more good than harm. It seems clear that organizations who recommend radiation protection guidelines need to revisit the past and current guides in light of the significant Fukushima experience.

The South African sugar industry develops commercial sugarcane cultivars across multiple testing sites, crop-years and replications. The extent of such parameters has not been well quantified for o...

A round table on the topic “Urinary tract infections in women: what a gynecologist needs to know?” was organized within the framework of the 21st All-Russian Science Education Forum “Mother & Child” that was held on September 28–30, 2020, in Moscow. The speakers reported on an increasing incidence of urinary tract infections (UTIs), in particular, cystitis. This is accounted for by the lack of a common diagnostic and treatment approach to this disease among various medical specialties and self-medicating with randomly chosen or low-dose antibiotics. Current recommendations for the prescribing of medications to reduce the symptoms of acute cystitis are addressed. The increase in the prevalence of antibiotic resistance is highlighted. The development and more active implementation of the approaches avoiding the use of antibiotics to prevent UTI recurrences are required. KEYWORDS: cystitis, urinary tract infections, recommendations, immune prophylaxis, cranberry, D-mannose, vitamin D. FOR CITATION: 21st All-Russian Science Education Forum “Mother & Child”. Urinary tract infections in women: what a gynecologist needs to know? (Post-release). Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2020;3(4):282–288. DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2020-3-4-282-289.

Conservation translocation using captive‐bred individuals has become increasingly important for species restoration. Despite advancements in technologies for captive‐breeding, such as gamete cryopreservation, it remains largely unknown if these artificially‐produced offspring can be used to establish a viable wild population. Using an amphibian species with a stable conservation status (Anaxyrus fowleri), we measured the post‐release growth and survivorship of offspring produced from frozen/thawed sperm and projected fecundity and population differences. Cryo‐derived tadpoles and post‐metamorphic toadlets were smaller than their natural counterparts. Model projections show that early‐life differences in growth can scale up to substantial differences in final life fecundity and population trends. Our findings call for greater attention towards the differences between captive‐bred and cryo‐derived individuals compared to their natural counterparts, and the need for more investment into developing cryopreservation technologies that are viable at the population level for conservation translocation.

Asiatic wild ass, or kulan (Equus hemionus kulan) were once a key species of the Eurasian steppes and deserts. In Kazakhstan they went extinct by the 1930s. Early reintroductions have reestablished the species in two protected areas, but the species has reclaimed 2, the 95% Autocorrelated Kernel Density Estimation ranges of the reintroduced kulan were huge and about 10–100 times larger than those in the source populations. The reintroduced mares never reconnected, there was no evidence of successful reproduction, and two of the four collared mares were killed by poachers and one died of natural causes. At least one stallion survived in the wild, but the fate of the other uncollared animals remains unclear. We speculate that the fission-fusion dynamics and low movement correlation of kulan societies and the need for migratory movements harbours the risk that animals released into a novel environment loose contact with each other. This risk is likely enhanced in steppe habitats where movement constraining factors are absent. Further kulan reintroductions to the steppes and deserts of central Kazakhstan should aim to release larger groups and build up the free-ranging population quickly to reach a critical mass, increasing the chance of kulan encountering conspecifics to successfully breed and increase their chances of survival.

A total of 30 cultured [610.6 ± 24.0 mm total length (TL)] and six wild Japanese eels Anguilla japonica collected on site (622.2 ± 133.1 mm TL) were tagged with acoustic transmitters and released into a shallow brackish water lagoon in northeastern Japan in June 2014 and July–October 2014, respectively; their post-release movements in the entire lagoon were monitored by acoustic receivers. We found that the cultured and wild eels had some common features, such as nocturnal activity and the exploitation of a wide range of brackish environments and occasionally river excursions at night from the lagoon. However, the total periods of detection and seaward movement behaviors differed between the cultured and wild eels, with 26 cultured eels no longer being detected within 6 months, whereas four wild eels were detected for >6 months. In total, 12 cultured eels moved into the outer ocean (potentially seaward migration) in October after typhoons passed and in November after the water temperature decreased (13.8 ± 1.2 °C), as opposed to the wild eels. While the contribution of the cultured eels to reproduction after the seaward movement remains unknown, these findings showed that they remained in the lagoon only for a limited time.

The impact of the planthopper Megamelus scutellaris, a biocontrol agent of water hyacinth in South Africa, was assessed using chlorophyll fluorometry in a greenhouse study under two differe...

The placement of inmates in restrictive housing (RH) units has become a staple of corrections policy in recent years. Despite its increased use, research on its continued effects is relatively rare when compared to the breadth of general correctional research. This study contributes to the literature by examining the effect placement in restrictive housing has on offender recidivism post prison release. Subjects include approximately 4000 inmates matched through Propensity Score Matching (PSM) techniques and followed 36 months post-release. The findings reveal that inmates placed in restrictive housing had elevated levels of recidivism and proportionally more new commitments for all crime types than those not placed in restrictive housing. Restrictive housing subjects also displayed shorter time to rearrest than non-RH individuals. The theoretical and policy implications of these findings are discussed.

This research examines the impact of participation in a federal reentry court program on supervision violations, revocations, and re-arrest. We evaluate a federal reentry court that utilize...

Background This article draws on the evaluation of the pilot Drug Recovery Wings (DRWs), which were introduced ten prisons in England and Wales, with the intention of delivering abstinence-focused drug recovery services. The DRW pilots can be seen as representing the extension of the recovery paradigm – so prevalent elsewhere in UK drug policy – to the prison system. This study aimed to provide a detailed account of DRW prisoners’ expectations and experiences in the transition from prison to the community and explore the potential for ‘doing recovery’ in prison and on release. Methods In-depth, qualitative interviews were conducted in prison with 61 prisoners across six of the DRWs. Follow-up interviews six months after release were conducted with 21 prisoners and 26 ‘recovery supports’ (people identified as being close to the prisoners). Data from one, other or both sources was available for 36 prisoners. All interviews were fully transcribed and coded. Results The majority of the 61 had long histories of alcohol and/or opiate dependence, childhood adversity, undiagnosed mental health problems and few educational qualifications. Nonetheless, many had long histories of employment – mostly in manual trades. The majority described themselves as being ‘in recovery’ at the time of the first interview in prison. While one of the main aims of the DRWs was to support prisoners’ recovery journeys into the community, this aspect of their work did not materialize. Professional support at release was largely absent or, where present, ineffectual. Many were released street-homeless or to disordered and threatening hostels and night-shelters. Only three of the 36 were fully abstinent from drink and drugs at time of re-interview, although some had moderated their use. A substantial number had returned to pre-imprisonment levels of use, often with deeply damaging impacts on those around them. Discussion and conclusions This research suggests a fundamental contradiction between recovery and imprisonment. In large part, imprisonment serves to erode recovery capital while, at the same time, making psychoactive substances readily available. Looking to the future, every effort should be made to divert substance users from imprisonment in the first place. Where that fails, the primary aim should be to reduce the erosion of recovery capital during imprisonment: through family support work, providing proper housing, training and education opportunities and ensuring a graduated reintroduction of prisoners into the community.

Co-offending may increase offenders’ criminal capital in ways that impact their subsequent offending behaviour, and while highly theorized, the relationship between co-offending and reoffending has...

The primary focus of the stone fruit rootstock program at Byron, GA, has been the development of disease-resistant rootstocks for peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch). Historically peach tree short life (PTSL), aka bacterial canker complex, and Armillaria root rot (ARR) have been the two most important causes of premature mortality of commercial peach trees in the southeastern United States. Guardian®, a seedling peach rootstock, was cooperatively released in 1993 by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and Clemson University. It has since been widely adopted by the southeastern peach industry. As a result, trees losses to PTSL have declined sharply. However, Guardian, like most other peach seedling rootstocks, is susceptible to ARR. ARR has now moved to the forefront as the primary cause of premature peach tree death in the Southeast. In response to this threat, the USDA-ARS in cooperation with the University of Florida, released ‘Sharpe’, a plum hybrid rootstock in 2007. Despite its broad disease resistance, ‘Sharpe’ proved unsuited for widespread commercial utilization due to its relatively poor cropping performance. In 2011, ‘MP-29’, a semidwarf, clonal, plum × peach hybrid, was released for commercial trial. ‘MP-29’s broad disease and nematode resistance, in combination with its dwarfing ability and excellent productivity, offered great promise for use in this production area and in others suffering from similar issues. Since its release, testing of ‘MP-29’ has continued both in researcher and grower trials. To date, performance has exceeded all expectations.

Little is known about the behavior and migration of deep-sea snappers, as observation of their deep-sea habitats is difficult. Manual acoustic tracking of deepwater longtail red snappers Etelis coruscans was conducted at the Ojika Se Bank, in the waters around the Satsunan Islands, Japan, to investigate their post-release horizontal and vertical behavior. Eight individuals were tagged with transmitters equipped with depth sensors for tracking. At least six of these eight fish survived after release. The fish gradually dispersed from the Ojika Se Bank, and only one-third remained there 33–34 days after release. The fish that remained at the Ojika Se Bank moved horizontally by 2.2 ± 2.0 km daily, but remained near the top of the bank. The fish were distributed in the 168.8- to 288.8-m depth range, and moved vertically by up to 50.0 m between consecutive days. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the daily fine-scale horizontal and vertical movements of any species of deep-sea snapper.

International audience; Translocation is an important tool in restoring biodiversity, particularly when species have been extirpated from an area. In the period just after release, the main objective of conservation managers is to keep as many of the translocated individuals in the release area as possible, in order to maximize the number of founders of the new population. Environmental and intrinsic factors, release conditions and social behaviour are likely to influence an individual's propensity to move away from the release site (known as post-release dispersal); however, few studies have explored the relative importance of these factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate how these four factors affected the post-release dispersal of 169 Iberian ibex translocated from Spain to the French Pyrenees. We modelled the linear distance between the barycentre of each individual ibex's monthly locations and the release site. Our results indicated that most individuals stayed close to the release site, but that inter-individual variability was high. Post-release dispersal was higher for males than females, with male breeders exhibiting higher exploration behaviour than juveniles. Release season played a major role, with dispersal being the lowest in spring and the highest during the rutting period. Dispersal was also found to be lower when conspecifics were present in the release area, probably due to their role as a cue for favourable habitat. These findings can be used by conservation managers to inform translocation strategies in order to enhance success: for example by releasing females and young males in spring and splitting a reintroduction project into successive release operations.

This study examines the relationship between post-release source of income and convictions for different types of crime. Longitudinal data from a sample of formerly incarcerated adults ( n = 10,879) released from Dutch prisons were used. Fixed effects models show that, compared with receiving social benefits, post-release employment is associated with a lower probability of convictions for crime in general, and for property crime. Persons who are not employed and do not receive benefits have a higher likelihood of conviction for any crime, property crime, and violent crime compared with those receiving social benefits. The magnitude of this positive relationship is stronger for those living alone, for women, and for persons older than 25. Results have implications for crime control policies.

Narwhals, iconic Arctic cetaceans, were monitored after routine capture and tagging. Using accelerometry-derived behaviour, most individuals appeared to recover within hours post-release. Some evidence suggests that handling time, sex and the presence of bolt-on satellite tags may have had an effect on changes in behaviour, highlighting the sensitivity of this species., Animal-borne telemetry devices have become a popular and valuable means for studying the cryptic lives of cetaceans. Evaluating the effect of capture, handling and tagging procedures remains largely unassessed across species. Here, we examine the effect of capture, handling and tagging activities on an iconic Arctic cetacean, the narwhal (Monodon monoceros), which has previously been shown to exhibit an extreme response to extended capture and handling. Using accelerometry-derived metrics of behaviour, including activity level, energy expenditure and swimming activity, we quantify the post-release responses and time to recovery of 19 individuals following capture and tagging activities considering the intrinsic covariates of sex and individual size and the extrinsic covariates of handling time and presence of a ‘bolt-on’ satellite telemetry device. From accelerometer-derived behaviour, most narwhals appeared to return to mean baseline behaviour (recovery) within 24 hours after release, which was supported by longer-term measures of diving data. None of the covariates measured, however, had an effect on the time individuals took to recover following release. Using generalized additive models to describe changes in behaviour over time, we found handling time to be a significant predictor of activity levels, energy expenditure and swimming behaviour following release. Individuals held for the longest period (>40 min) were found to display the largest effect in behaviour immediately following release with respect to swimming behaviour and activity levels. We also found some support for relationships between activity levels, energy expenditure and swimming activity and two other covariates: sex and the attachment of a bolt-on configuration satellite tags. Our results indicate that narwhals recover relatively quickly following capture, handling and tagging procedures, but we suggest that researchers should minimize handling time and further investigation is needed on how to mitigate potential effects of bolt-on satellite tags in these sensitive species.

Predation is a key factor in prey population dynamics and could impact population recovery. One common means employed to recover prey populations is that of translocations, but most fail owing to high predation during the early stages. We tested whether conditioned odor aversion can reduce predation during animal translocations by using the predation of the European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus by the red fox Vulpes vulpes as a case study. Following a before-after control-impact design (BACI), we deployed bait stations monitored using camera-traps in two zones to which rabbits were translocated. One week before the rabbits were released, microencapsulated levamisole was added to rabbit baits located in the treatment zones, along with vanilla essence as an odor cue. A total of 148 rabbits were distributed in artificial warrens with the odor cue and 68 of them were fitted with radio collars in order to determine their survival rates. The response to the treatment and translocation as regards subsequent rabbit abundance was evaluated using N-mixture models, while rabbit establishment was evaluated using a warren use index (WUI). The treatment decreased the proportion of baits consumed by foxes, but this decrease was partially compensated by other predators. WUI and rabbit population growth increased significantly more after translocations in the treatment zones than in the control zones. The short-term survival of translocated rabbits was also higher in the treatment zones than in the control zones. Our study showed that conditioned odor aversion reduced rabbit predation by foxes, and had a positive effect on rabbit population growth after translocation, since there was an increase in rabbit survival and warren establishment. This method could be used as a non-lethal tool for the recovery of a key prey when carrying out programs concerning the reintroduction of endangered predators or for other vulnerable species requiring translocations., La depredación es un factor clave en la dinámica de la población de presas y podría afectar a la recuperación de la población. recuperación de la población. Un medio habitual empleado para recuperar las poblaciones de presas es el de translocaciones, pero la mayoría fracasan debido a la elevada depredación durante las primeras etapas. En probamos si la aversión condicionada al olor puede reducir la depredación durante translocaciones de animales utilizando la depredación del conejo europeo Oryctolagus cuniculus por el zorro rojo Vulpes vulpes como caso de estudio. Siguiendo un diseño de control-impacto antes-después (BACI), desplegamos estaciones de cebo monitorizadas mediante cámaras-trampa en dos zonas a las que se trasladaron los conejos. Una semana antes de que los conejos fueran Una semana antes de la liberación de los conejos, se añadió levamisol microencapsulado a los cebos situados en las zonas de tratamiento, junto con esencia de vainilla. zonas de tratamiento, junto con esencia de vainilla como señal de olor. Un total de 148 conejos se distribuyeron en las madrigueras artificiales con la señal de olor y a 68 de ellos se les colocaron con radiocollares para determinar su tasa de supervivencia. La respuesta al tratamiento y la translocación en cuanto a la abundancia posterior de conejos se evaluó de conejos, mientras que el establecimiento de los conejos se evaluó mediante un índice de uso de la madriguera (WUI). índice de uso de la madriguera (WUI). El tratamiento redujo la proporción de cebos consumidos por zorros, pero esta disminución fue parcialmente compensada por otros depredadores. El WUI y el crecimiento de la población de conejos aumentó significativamente más después de las translocaciones en las zonas de tratamiento que en las zonas de control. La supervivencia a corto plazo de los conejos translocados conejos translocados fue también mayor en las zonas de tratamiento que en las de control. Nuestro estudio Nuestro estudio demostró que la aversión condicionada al olor redujo la depredación de los conejos por parte de los zorros, y tuvo efecto positivo en el crecimiento de la población de conejos tras la translocación, ya que se produjo un de la población de conejos tras la translocación, ya que se produjo un aumento de la supervivencia de los conejos y del establecimiento de madrigueras. Este método podría utilizarse como una herramienta no letal para la recuperación de una presa clave cuando se lleven a cabo programas de reintroducción de depredadores en peligro o para otras especies vulnerables que requieran translocaciones.