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Despite the economic incentives evidenced in the recruitment strategies of the Iranian fertility industry for egg donors, the official discourse put forward by policymakers conveys egg donation as an altruistic act. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in two fertility clinics in Tehran, I center the narratives of paid egg donors to investigate how multiple meanings are attributed to egg donation as a form of labor, demonstrating how reproductive inequalities are perpetuated in this context. Following feminist theorists of reproductive bioeconomies, I argue that Iranian donors experience and articulate their participation in local egg market through the prism of their economic marginality, gendered responsibilities, and religiously informed beliefs, including divine reward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to explore the polysemy of compound and complex sentences through Mandarin conditionals. Focusing on the two basic conditional constructions, i.e., the ruguo construction and the ruguoshuo construction, this paper explores their inter-clausal relations as well as the polysemous relations existing within each construct. A conceptual space is thus built, and then the distribution of three domains (i.e., the content domain, the epistemic domain, and the speech act domain) and metalanguage usages are cautiously defined on the space, in order to present the semantic extensions of conditional constructions in greater detail and also to illustrate the differences between the two constructions. Then, by comparing the ruguo construction and the if construction in English, the paper points out that the polysemy of compound and complex sentences is universal but is also subject to the system of compound and complex sentences of each language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysemous concepts with multiple related meanings pervade natural languages, yet some philosophers argue that we should eliminate them to avoid miscommunication and pointless debates in scientific discourse. This article defends the legitimacy of polysemous concepts in science against this eliminativist challenge. My approach analyses such concepts as patchworks with multiple scale-dependent, technique-involving, domain-specific, and property-targeting uses (patches). I demonstrate the generality of my approach by applying it to 'hardness' in materials science, 'homology' in evolutionary biology, 'gold' in chemistry, and 'cortical column' in neuroscience. Such patchwork concepts are legitimate if the techniques used to apply them produce reliable results, the domains to which they are applied are homogenous, and the properties they refer to are significant to describe, classify, or explain the behaviour of entities in the extension of the concept. By following these normative constraints, researchers can avoid miscommunication and pointless debates without having to eliminate polysemous patchwork concepts in scientific discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is unfortunate that scholars have given scant attention to what can be called immigrant dictionaries. These books are significant to the history of (learner) lexicography; they meet pressing needs of immigrants and refugees. This article examines four immigrant dictionaries, Slovenian–English and English–Slovenian (Kubelka 1904 , Kubelka 1912b , Košutnik 1912 , and Kern 1919), published in the early twentieth century at a time when the Slovenian immigration to the United States was at its height. The presentation of information in these dictionaries is investigated with a focus on the treatment of homonymy, polysemy, conversion, and parenthetical information. Findings address the implications of a macrostructure-oriented versus a microstructure-oriented approach for immigrant user understanding. The paper recommends that learner lexicography should prioritize the design of the lexicographic presentation in the microstructure and prioritize the presentation of meaning over other possible elements covered traditionally in dictionaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arts for Linguistic & Literary Studies is the property of Thamar University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arts for Linguistic & Literary Studies is the property of Thamar University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA) for financial review still has some errors which impact the low accuracy of ABSA performance. One of the errors happens because there are implicit aspects and opinions, which are indicated as polysemy terms. For example, the term spread can refer to the aspect term for financial aspect categories and can also refer to the opinion term. Implicit opinion extraction in financial reviews requires in-depth attention because several opinion terms contained in reviews are nouns and not adjectives or verbs that describe explicit opinions (e.g., the review Copper market may get a 2003-style supply shock from Glencore closures). This research proposes ABSA for financial review with implicit aspects and opinions using Semantic similarity and a hybrid approach. We use the FiQA 2018 dataset, which has been classified into four aspect categories: Corporate, Economy, Stock, and Market. First, the dataset is pre-processed. Then, we extract aspect category keywords from Wikipedia using Word2vec. For the aspect categorization method, we use implicit aspect extraction, Semantic similarity, and hybrid BERTBiLSTM to calculate the similarity between extracted aspect terms and aspect category keywords for determining the aspect category. For the ABSA method, we use implicit opinion extraction and hybrid BERT-BiLSTM. The obtained performance result of aspect categorization reaches 91% and the obtained performance result of ABSA reaches 92%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares formal accounts that laboratory members use to describe a digital psychiatry intervention with lab practices as they were observed ethnographically. The intervention uses correlations between wearable data and self-reports of mood to produce behavior change recommendations, which participants then implement with the help of a guide. In formal accounts, the trial is described as the accomplishment of the individual participant who is empowered by data-driven insights. Formal accounts from the lab present this participant as multi-layered. In observation, however, participants do not seem multiple. Instead, the contingencies of living and working environments come to the fore. Observations of open-ended interactions in guidance sessions, which are minimized in formal accounts, are particularly powerful in capturing these contingencies. The critique of representation from philosophical pragmatism shows how the multi-layered participant is similar to the multiple representational meanings entities take on according to theories common in twentieth-century psychiatry, and supports the ethnographic approach as a way out of these paradoxical formulations. The paper, thus, explains the role of otherwise underspecified human labor involved in the trial, while demonstrating ethnography's ability to account for interactions with participants, through which we gain insights into the contingent, emplaced process of implementing the trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A family of familiar linguistic tests purport to help identify when a term is ambiguous. These tests are philosophically important: a familiar philosophical strategy is to claim that some phenomenon is disunified and its accompanying term is ambiguous. The tests have been used to evaluate disunification proposals about causation, pain, and knowledge, among others. These ambiguity tests, however, have come under fire. It has been alleged that the tests fail for polysemy: a common type of ambiguity, and one that is at issue in philosophically interesting cases. Furthermore, the objection that the tests fail for polysemy is often taken to be an undeniable bit of linguistic data. We argue that this is mistaken. The objection implicitly relies on controversial assumptions about how to account for copredicational sentences, in which a single argument is ascribed prima facie incompatible properties. Furthermore, on several viable theories of copredication, the objection fails. However, our discussion also reveals that even if ambiguity tests are preserved, they may be significantly harder to execute than previously thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the increasing burden of dementia, there has been no evaluation of the level of dementia knowledge among the general public in Turkiye. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the public's knowledge regarding dementia and the factors predicting this knowledge. This is a community‐based cross‐sectional study.A survey was conducted with 1106 participants between April and August 2023.The research tools were demographic characteristics form, a Turkish version of the dementia knowledge assessment scale (DKAS‐T), and a form focusing on sociodemographic information and questions related to the degree of dementia knowledge. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and multiple regression.The mean score on the DKAS‐T was 12.32 ± 6.05 (min: 0 points, max: 33 points) out of 34. The sample recorded an incorrect response for less than half of the items in the dementia knowledge scale. Adjusted R2 was used as explanatory power. Moreover, the results of the multiple regression analysis identified various factors that significantly predicted dementia knowledge scores: age, prior education about dementia, experience of caring for a PwD, interaction with a PwD, and self‐reported risk of being diagnosed with dementia in the future. These variables accounted for 18.1% of the total variance of dementia knowledge.Dementia is not well known in the public. The finding underscores the need for targeted educational initiatives to enhance dementia knowledge in the Turkish population. Interventions should focus on addressing specific areas of deficiency identified in the DKAS‐T. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysemy is a phenomenon involving single lexical items with multiple related senses. Much theorizing about it has focused on developing linguistic accounts that are responsive to various compositional and representational challenges in semantics and psychology. We focus on an underexplored question: Why does systematic polysemy cluster in the ways it does? That is, why do we see certain regular patterns of sense multiplicity, but not others? Drawing on an independently motivated view of kind cognition – i.e. the formal structures for different classes of kind representations – we argue for an answer centered on conceptual individuation. Specifically, we argue that classes of kind concepts vary in what they individuate (i.e. counting as one and specifying what makes it the same or different from others). By elucidating these differences, we can explain why a range of patterns of systematic polysemy are found cross-linguistically and why other patterns are not attested. Overall, our account provides an explanatory framework addressing an important question at the interface between language and mind and opens new avenues for future theoretical and empirical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Memories of events are linked to the contexts in which they were encoded. This contextual linking ensures enhanced access to those memories that are most relevant to the context at hand, including specific associations that were previously learned in that context. This principle, referred to as encoding specificity, predicts that context-specific neural states should bias retrieval of particular associations over others, potentially allowing for the disambiguation of retrieval cues that may have multiple associations or meanings. Using a context-odor paired associate learning paradigm in mice, here, we show that chemogenetic manipulation of dentate gyrus ensembles corresponding to specific contexts reinstates context-specific neural states in downstream CA1 and biases retrieval toward context-specific associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standardised terminology in science is important for clarity of interpretation and communication. In invasion science – a dynamic and rapidly evolving discipline – the proliferation of technical terminology has lacked a standardised framework for its development. The result is a convoluted and inconsistent usage of terminology, with various discrepancies in descriptions of damage and interventions. A standardised framework is therefore needed for a clear, universally applicable, and consistent terminology to promote more effective communication across researchers, stakeholders, and policymakers. Inconsistencies in terminology stem from the exponential increase in scientific publications on the patterns and processes of biological invasions authored by experts from various disciplines and countries since the 1990s, as well as publications by legislators and policymakers focusing on practical applications, regulations, and management of resources. Aligning and standardising terminology across stakeholders remains a challenge in invasion science. Here, we review and evaluate the multiple terms used in invasion science (e.g. 'non‐native', 'alien', 'invasive' or 'invader', 'exotic', 'non‐indigenous', 'naturalised', 'pest') to propose a more simplified and standardised terminology. The streamlined framework we propose and translate into 28 other languages is based on the terms (i) 'non‐native', denoting species transported beyond their natural biogeographic range, (ii) 'established non‐native', i.e. those non‐native species that have established self‐sustaining populations in their new location(s) in the wild, and (iii) 'invasive non‐native' – populations of established non‐native species that have recently spread or are spreading rapidly in their invaded range actively or passively with or without human mediation. We also highlight the importance of conceptualising 'spread' for classifying invasiveness and 'impact' for management. Finally, we propose a protocol for classifying populations based on (i) dispersal mechanism, (ii) species origin, (iii) population status, and (iv) impact. Collectively and without introducing new terminology, the framework that we present aims to facilitate effective communication and collaboration in invasion science and management of non‐native species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent scholarship, particularly within the sphere of science communication, has sought to provide an empirical map of the relationship between science and religion, often seeking to explain the persistence of religious belief and practice within a technoscientific world. The framing of science and religion in this context often presumes that the social relevance of both science and religion lies primarily in the epistemic claims both make about the natural world and can be captured through explicit discussion of the relationship between the two. This article argues that other meanings of science and religion are possible by highlighting a case that appears to have little interest in questions of reality and epistemology: the animated comedy South Park. Within the show, scientific and religious discourse and imagery are frequently positioned as being enmeshed within larger social issues, gaining meaning from the ways in which the characters use knowledge for a variety of ends, usually resulting in moral failure. As a story about how to be a good American, South Park positions science and religion as sites where morality can be tested, mediated by a sense of goodness that is presented to the audience as self-evident. While the generality of this specific construction of science and religion can be challenged, the show illustrates the need for a broader or more extensive examination of the multiple meanings that science and religion might have within the public sphere and popular culture, which are far broader than a specific discussion of their epistemic relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Multivariate Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (MEWMA) control chart is an effective tool for monitoring small shifts in the mean vector of multiple correlated variables over time. The traditional MEWMA control charts are not appropriate when dealing with data that has indeterminacy. For the purpose of dealing with indeterminate data, we present a novel Neutrosophic MEWMA Control Chart that incorporates bootstrap control limits in this research. A simulation study is conducted to compare the performance of the proposed method with the neutrosophic Hotelling T² control chart. The study considered Alarm Rate (AR) and Average Run Length (ARL) have been used as the performance evaluation metrics. Finally, an illustrative example from the chemical industry was used to demonstrate the application of the proposed chart. It is considered that the proposed chart can be effectively applied to a wide range of manufacturing processes, providing significant benefits in process monitoring and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotion terms such as “sad”, “happy”, and “joyful” apply to a wide range of entities. We use them to refer to mental states of sentient beings, and also to describe features of non‐mental things such as comportment, nature, events, artworks and so on. Drawing on the literature on polysemy, this article provides an in‐depth analysis of emotion descriptions. It argues that emotion terms are polysemous and distinguishes seven related senses. In addition, the article applies the analysis to shed light on a long‐standing debate in philosophy of music concerning emotion descriptions of music. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The massive internet and web data are increasing day-by-day rapidly, so searching an important information from huge data is a tedious task. Relevant document retrieval for polysemy queries is a primary issue. This paper addressed the polysemy issue for information retrieval and proposed an intelligent FK Hybrid Model. The model used clustering as a tool to group search results into a coherent group that may help the user in effective and efficient search result during browsing. We utilize the traditional clustering algorithm's capabilities and integrate a nature-inspired approach. The FK Hybrid Model combines the Firefly algorithm and the K-means clustering algorithm. In a series of experiments performed on AMBIENT data, the suggested model significantly outperforms to the related methods.. The experimental results show that our model can locate appropriate clustering solutions with the correct number of clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes that predicate order and coherence relations are the two major determining factors in copredication licensing, resolving a long-standing puzzle over the criteria for constructing acceptable copredications. The effects of predicate ordering are claimed to be anchored around semantic complexity, such that copredications with semantically Simple–Complex predicate orderings are more acceptable than the reverse. This motivates a parsing bias, termed Incremental Semantic Complexity. Particular ways of implementing this parsing bias are discussed. The effect of predicate coherence is claimed to be anchored around a sense of causality and featural commonality. Lastly, a hierarchy of possible copredications is outlined (the Copredication Hierarchy), helping to delimit the modelling of copredications to a greater extent than has previously been possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive linguistics, as a newly established method for the study of language that emerged in the 1970s, focuses on the study of general cognitive abilities and conceptual processes of human beings. With the development of society, many new lexical items and concepts emerge, and they all need to be encoded in the form of language expression. An economical and practical way is to give a word multiple meaning. Based on the prototypical theory of cognitive linguistics, this paper analyzed the semantic network and semantic distribution of the polysemous word "power." Fourteen senses of "power" used as nouns were collected from the Oxford Advanced English-Chinese Dictionary (9th Edition), and connections between different senses were explored by analyzing the semantic features. Meanwhile, 100 sentences containing "power" were randomly extracted from the BNC corpus to figure out the distribution of different senses. It was found that the prototypical sense and extended senses of "power" revealed the characteristics of family resemblance, and extended senses centered on the prototypical sense and extended radially outward. Among the 14 senses of "power," the sense of "political right" is the most commonly used, while the senses of "multiplication" and "deity" are rarely used. Finally, some suggestions on the teaching of polyseme are put forward hopefully to offer valuable guidance for English learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive linguistics, which places form and meaning in an integrated and relational scheme, considers polysemy as a natural and inherent feature of language. Thus, function words, which are examined on the grammatical level in the traditional view, can also be researched with from a meaning-based perspective through different dynamics. The aim of this study is to reveal the polysemy properties of the postposition içinde within the framework of the cognitive linguistics paradigm, and to reveal the inter-scene relations within the scope of image schematic transformations, extensions, and metaphorical constructions. The dataset of the research, which has a descriptive nature, consists of 3500 concordances obtained through the Turkish National Corpus 3.0 corpus query, which includes the contextual views of the postposition. As a result, the postposition içinde is observed with four different image schema transformations related to the containment prototype extension, it also has four different peripheral extensions, and different semantic networks are obtained by adding metaphorical interpretations to the image schemas.

The aim of this study is to identify the word formation, semantic, and stylistic features of words with complex bases within Russian and German verb nests, centered around the base verbs lyubit’ / lieben (‘to love’). This research unveils the word-forming and semantic potential of these base verbs by analyzing their complex derivatives and comparing the composites derived from lyubit’ and lieben. Empirical data were collected through continuous sampling, and the word formation analysis method was employed to describe the formation processes of the units in question. Epidigmatic analysis was utilized to examine their semantic structures, complemented by quantitative assessments of frequency and distribution. The findings indicate that word composition is the predominant method of forming complex words in both languages’ verb nests, with a notable prevalence of composite nouns that exhibit a subordinate relationship between bases and are monosemantic. The study also reveals that while fusion is a method of producing composites in Russian, in German, it is limited to compound words. Reduplication, as seen in Russian composites like lyubish-ne-lyubish (‘love-not-love’), is absent in German. The study concludes, that the analyzed words are integral to the professional lexicon of psychologists, criminologists, biologists, botanists, and others. Beyond their terminological meanings, these complex lexemes encapsulate cultural concepts that mirror the mentalities of Russian and German speakers. Recognizing these concepts is crucial for effective communication across various fields, particularly in professional contexts.

This article sheds light on two enduring English loanwords in European Spanish, very well and yes very well, which have thus far evaded scholarly attention. Despite their long-standing presence and widespread use, these Anglicisms have rarely been encountered in written Spanish. This, coupled with their playful and informal nature, may have contributed to their perceived insignificance in academic inquiry. The study scrutinizes nearly a thousand instances of these loanwords from various sources to elucidate their contemporary semantic roles in European Spanish. The analysis reveals that their continued usage over time can be attributed to their versatility and wide-ranging semantic functions. Furthermore, it shows that, precisely because research on English loans has been strongly biased towards the written medium, these are likely to be but two among a number of time-honoured Anglicisms that remain unexplored.

The lexical analysis of scientific terms in the works of French-speaking linguists (from F. de Saussure to modern researchers) allows identifying the epistemological reasons for the development of semantics and the formation of polysemy of terminological units. The semantic features of the considered terms determine a new classification of polysemy types depending on the level of terminological abstraction.

There is often a need for fast and effective communication in modern medicine. Time is often critical when providing care to multiple patients. Medical abbreviations are a form of shorthand that allows healthcare professionals to communicate with one another easily. However, the time and expense of writing acronyms are reduced in case they are clear and familiar to every person involved in communication. Misunderstanding between members of the medical staff often lead to misinterpretations of acronyms and hazard to patients’ health and lives. The aim of this study is to identify and analyze such interrelated phenomena as positive and negative sides of using abbreviations as a way of terminology in medicine, arguments of each of the positions, in order to reduce negative consequences of using abbreviations in modern medical documentation. The material of the study is abbreviations used in modern medical practice. The method of continuous sampling of medical abbreviations from scientific literature and medical documentation was used. The results of the study showed that the most common errors associated with the use of medical abbreviations were the ones in prescribing, incorrect dose/quantity and incorrect preparation of medication. About 80 % of the abbreviations contained in the notes and statements that were handed out were unclear to patients and required clarification by health care providers. Medicine must be based on accurate and correct information, literacy of professional actions, and a sense of the highest responsibility. In this regard, it is necessary to use only standard abbreviations and introduce a ban on the use of abbreviations with ambiguous interpretation. Information in prescriptions, instructions, and statements should be clear and unambiguous, in order to avoid awkward and mundane situations affecting the quality of patients’ perception of the information. All of these factors can contribute to the improvement of the quality of medical care and the patient’s quality of life accordingly.

Eric Snyder's book, "Semantics and the Ontology of Number," is a valuable resource for those interested in the philosophy of mathematics. The book explores the relationship between language and the existence of numbers, focusing on the "easy argument" for their existence. Snyder argues that linguistic considerations are crucial in understanding the ontology of numbers and supports a cautious form of referentialism. The book also discusses the use of type-shifting operations in semantics to analyze the meaning of number expressions. Overall, the book offers insights into the philosophy of mathematics and the semantics of number expressions. [Extracted from the article]

The gradual loss of importance of text-based theories in literary studies has increased the importance of reader-centered theories in this process and has drawn attention to the importance of the role of the reader rather than the writer and the text in the production of meaning. The polysemy of literary works, the richness of emotion and thought aroused in the person who will receive them, invalidated the singularity of the existing meaning in the texts and formed the basis of the view that this new production would add a new dimension to the text, for each reader to reshape the text. Since the presence of the reader is important in literary works, the reader-centered theories such as Impressionism, Emotional Effect Theory and Reception Aesthetics have revealed the role of the reader in the activity of making sense of the text and its functionality in reading, based on their principles and criteria. Based on the three reader-centered theories we have chosen in this study, the approaches developed by the theories towards reader models, the power or limitations of the reader against the text are explained with the answer to the question of what the reader means. At what points these theories, which prioritize the position of the reader, affect each other, their commonality with each other and the aspects in which they differ are another important aspect of our research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many Oceanic languages, middle and reciprocal meanings are expressed by reflexes of Proto-Oceanic *paRi-, a polysemous and polyfunctional prefix with collective, associative, iterative, and reciprocal functions. Traditionally, reflexive constructions in Oceanic languages were marked differently from middles and reciprocals. Where reflexes of Proto-Oceanic *paRi- show a lower productivity or disappeared, Oceanic languages co-opted available morphemes and constructions to express the functions once performed by the prefix. In terms of polysemes, along with the middle/reciprocal one, which is rooted in the history of these constructions, two paths of extension developed over time: (i) from middle/reciprocal to reflexive (with reflexes of Proto-Oceanic *paRi-), and (ii) from reflexive to reciprocal, but different from middle (with innovated markers). The aim of this paper is twofold: (i) to provide a description of middles, reflexives, and reciprocals in Nalögo, a Reefs–Santa Cruz Oceanic language, and (ii) to contribute to the discussion on the typology and diachrony of such constructions within the Oceanic family. In particular, I show that Nalögo has two innovated markers, the reflexive =lëbu (maybe from Proto-Oceanic *[ta]bulo(s) 'turn round, turn back') and the reciprocal - welo. Furthermore, Nalögo displays a so-far unknown path of semantic extension within the Oceanic family: from reflexive to middle. While the reflexive–middle polysemy is widely attested in the languages of the world, it constitutes a typological rarity in Oceanic languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Space," as a fundamental conceptual term, has been frequently and widely applied within various disciplines, such as sociology, architecture, philosophy, math, art, and so forth. In pictorial art, the term "space" is often used as a lens to understand specific concepts or artworks. This study aims to explain and describe pictorial spatial construction in paintings by applying various approaches. However, in the field of formalist analysis over the past century, except for a few formalist critics who have engaged with pictorial space, few have attempted to use creative methodologies to systematically analyze how pictorial space is constructed in the painting, particularly in works by contemporary painters. Therefore, to fill in this lacuna in the research, this study utilizes new formal analytical methods to analyze and explain spatial construction in paintings. In terms of the method of analysis, this study analyzes a sample of Western contemporary paintings and utilizes the approaches of the overlap of the abstract and the figurative, parallel narratives existing in multiple spaces, and the juxtaposition of different material dimensions, respectively, to rethink the method of spatial construction in the painting. The result concludes that paintings are an essential research object within visual art. The construction of image space is rich and includes multiple layers of meaning. The overlapping of abstract space (sensibility) and figurative space (rationality), as well as the coexistence of this contradictory system, enables artists to discover more possibilities when creating works and effectively enrich visual effects and textures in their paintings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The branch of science that identifies, compiles, classifies and analyzes the material and spiritual culture of a nation is called folklore. Folklorists use folklore studies to recognize a nation itself or to introduce itself to other nations of the world. Folklorists who carry out these studies need to recognize and classify their field of science as in other branches of science. Because this field, which we call folk life, does not maintain its continuity as a whole and is divided into different branches and sub-branches over time. Undoubtedly, one of the important branches of folklore is folk literature. However, folk literature is also divided into many sub-branches within itself. In this study, we have studied folk narratives, which is one of the sub-branches of folk literature, and the epic/dastan genre within it. Our aim in this study is to show and use the term "epic/dastan" as an inclusive term for all other Kurdish epic narratives, since, in Kurdish folklore studies, there is a clear confusion of literature and a problem of polysemy. In this study, we have created a new classification of epic narratives by analyzing Kurdish epic narratives in terms of event chain structure. In addition to the classification and suggestions we put forward in this study, we have also shared the studies and discussions on this subject in the field before us. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article concludes the special section on vulnerability. By reflecting on the arguments in and the convergences between the contributions to the preceding trialogue, it outlines three key challenges in vulnerability research. Across disciplinary, theoretical, and methodological boundaries, the contributions agree in their criticism of negative, individualistic, and/or essentialist conceptualizations of vulnerability; instead, they call for a non-dualist, pluralist, and participative approach to vulnerability that takes the lived-through experience of individuals as its starting point. Based on this decision, the challenges arise of (1) how to conceptualize and identify the structures of lived-through experiences of vulnerability and of (2) how the experiences of individuals and groups in different social positions can be collected, understood, and interpreted. The trialogue texts, we argue, provide important impulses for the development of a multi-perspective methodology, which permits to analyze vulnerability in a way that is theoretically, ethically, and methodologically appropriate. Finally, by taking lived-through experience as a starting point, the articles in this special section (3) contribute to a better understanding of the contentious polysemy of the term vulnerability. By analyzing the constitutive ambivalence and ambiguity of experiences of vulnerability as well as the difficulties of intersubjective communicability, the contributions help to understand why articulations of vulnerability are often vague and why vulnerability can be politically instrumentalized. In this way, the comprehensive understanding of vulnerability (e.g., as positive and negative, enabling and inhibiting), promoted in the trialogue, also becomes a means of moral and political criticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verses 6 to 8 of Surah Al-Duha, in the capacity of expressing God's special gifts to the Holy Prophet, have caused many interpretations of these verses by commentators. This diversity and difference arises from the vocabulary used, the structure of the sentences and of course the polysemy of the three verses. Multiple meanings in the verses is a reflection of God's power and wisdom in the selection of words and the arrangement of structures that cause a linguistic unit to have multiple meanings in a single use and in a specific text, and all those meanings can be accepted as God's intention. The purpose of this article is to analyze the interpretation of the sixth to eighth verses of Surah Al-Duha, in the first step, it explains the point of view of the commentators, and then, by analyzing the words used and the structure of the sentences, and examining the interpretive traditions, the appropriateness and agreement of these two in the multiple meanings of the verses proved. This research, which has been carried out with a descriptive and analytical method, comes to the conclusion that interpretive narratives in accordance with the vocabulary and structure of the discussed verses, confirm the possibility of different readings and understanding multiple meanings from them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of University of Cumhuriyet, Faculty of Sciences & Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper we argue in favor of the radial semantic structure of polysemous entries from the New Oxford Dictionary of English (NODE) and the Merriam-Webster dictionary. We formalized four polysemy theories as algorithms linking word senses into polysemy networks, considering the semantic similarity of dictionary definitions calculated using large language models. Chaining algorithms maximized similarity within polysemy nets and adequately distinguished senses that in the two dictionaries are directly related from those more distant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arts Magazine is the property of Thamar University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study focusses on non-adverbial uses of lá in European Portuguese, whose exact meaning contribution still remains an open research question. Applying a multidimensional semantics framework, the central claim is that non-adverbial uses of lá represent use-conditional items. Passing the standard tests suggested in the literature, they thus do not contribute to the truth conditions of an utterance but specify particular use conditions. It is argued that they are felicitously used if a speaker wants to convey illocutionary modification, which pragmatically leads to mitigation or reinforcement effects. Diachronically, substantiated by historical data from the Corpus do Português, use-conditional lá is argued to be a product of a pragmaticalization process that led to so-called pragmatic fission at some point, i.e., to the polysemy of two synchronically available configurations of a truth-conditional and a use-conditional lá. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pixo: Revista de Arquitetura Cidade e Contemporaneidade is the property of Pixo Revista de Arquitetura Cidade e Contemporaneidade and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The peculiar characteristics, the insufficiency of legal knowledge, complexity, and technicality of legal language in addition to the differences across legal systems and cultures cause a great dilemma for legal texts translators. This article aims at investigating the specific issues and challenges that BA (bachelor's degree) students face when translating legal texts. The sample size of this article was fifty undergraduate students who are taking legal texts translation courses at the University of Jordan-Aqaba. A translation test that included twenty sentences was given to the students. The correct translation of these sentences was taken from B. Hatim, R. Buckly, and Shunnaq's book The Legal Translator at Work: A Practical Guide. The results show that the language of the law is inevitably culture-bound. The polysemy of legal terms, legal collocations, and legal terminology made it hard for the students to translate accurately. It also shows that a high cultural and linguistic competence level is required to select the right equivalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Philologia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lexical polysemous words are often misidentified as homophones, i.e., words that have same pronunciation but different semantic interpretation. However, lexical polysemy words are not homophones. Lexical polysemy refers to one constituent having multiple readings or usages with closely related sense. Lexical polysemy was observed in multiple fields of studies like semantics, psycholinguistics and cognitive linguistics. Sweetser's (1988) cognitive semantic view states that when a word is polysemous, the core sense of the word is shared with all its entries. Therefore, in lexical polysemic words, there is no shift from core semantic schema of the word. If the core semantic interpretation is not observed in its entries, then those entries are homophones of the word. This cross-sectional study focuses on the emergence and development of polysemous verb veyyi in Teluguspeaking children and whether the verb veyyi--to throw--is used containing the core meaning of the word or is evidence of homophones. Veyyi has multiple meanings, which can be misinterpreted as homophone in Telugu; however, it is evidence of lexical polysemy, in other words, semantic extension of the word. The study also observes how children acquire lexical polysemy in early stages of their acquisition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the contemporary use of the Portuguese simple and two compound pluperfect forms (with the auxiliary verbs ter, and haver) of the indicative mood in written texts. Four topics are addressed. First, the claim that the simple pluperfect is currently a defective paradigm lacking the third person plural; this claim is confirmed and substantiated by looking at specific distinguishing contexts in corpora. Secondly, the competition between the three pluperfect forms, in written contemporary European and Brazilian Portuguese; it is shown that – contrary to some frequent comments in the literature – all three forms still have widespread usage, and occur in a relatively balanced way, in the type of registers considered (newspaper writing, modern literary texts, modern literary translations), in both varieties of the language. Thirdly, as regards semantic polyvalence, the possible existence of a deictic rather than anaphoric (temporal) pluperfect; it is argued that this type of pluperfect does indeed exist, and deserves separate grammatical recognition. Fourthly, the well-known cases of ambiguity in structures with pluperfect and temporal locating adjuncts, where the latter can act either as markers of the past perspective point required by the pluperfect, or as markers of the location time of the described eventualities; facts in English and Portuguese are compared, with some differences highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a general, integrated production, quality, and condition-based maintenance model for imperfect processes with multiple out-of-control operating states. The production system is subject to multiple quality disruptions, which affect both the process mean and variance, and failures. The quality of the production process output is monitored by a fully adaptive control scheme, and the state of deterioration is estimated through periodic sampling inspection. The proposed control scheme's operation is modeled through a Markov chain, and the optimal quality control, maintenance, and inventory policy are defined based on an expected total cost minimization criterion. Finally, an illustrative example is employed to demonstrate the operation of the proposed model, sensitivity analysis is conducted to generate insights into how the process parameters misspecification affects the economic performance, and a comparative study is performed to evaluate the model's superiority against the respective single quality shift model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay is a re-engagement of my visual odyssey, verbal dialogues, texts, and proceedings that I have undertaken during participation in multiple burials and funeral events in past years in southeastern Nigeria. Responding to the emergent demands of communal and social responsibilities, it is the result of a gradual, thoughtful process that I explored while going through my photographs, diaries and interviews. I thought that scholars of funerals and burials in Africa had missed an opportunity to tell the stories of the funeral photographers and their photos of the dead. This essay is an exploration of a unique methodology in visual history where I attempt to understand what it means to photograph a funeral in eastern Nigeria. In a further attempt to examine the multiple meanings that can be derived from funeral photographs, I deploy storytelling as an essential ingredient, to arrive at a robust theoretical argument in the ethnography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most research on mental lexical representations (lemmas) assumes they are discrete and correspond in number to a word's number of distinct meanings. Thus, homophones (bat), whose meanings are unrelated, have separate lemmas for each meaning (one for baseball bat, another for flying bat), whereas polysemes (paper), whose senses are related, have shared lemmas (the same lemma for printer paper and term paper). However, most aspects of cognition are thought to be graded, not discrete; could lemmas be graded too? We conducted a preregistered picture-word interference study with pictures of words whose meanings ranged from unrelated (homophones) to very related (regular polysemes). Whereas semantic competitors to picture names slow picture naming, semantic competitors to non-depicted meanings of homophones facilitate naming, suggesting distinct lemmas for homophones' meanings. We predicted that competitors to non-depicted senses of polysemes would slow naming, as polysemes' depicted and non-depicted senses presumably share a lemma. Crucially, we aimed to examine the transition from facilitation to inhibition: two groupings (where competitors to non-depicted senses led to facilitation for words with two lemmas but inhibition for words with one lemma) would imply that lemmas are indeed discrete. But a transition that varies continuously by sense relatedness would imply that lemmas are graded. Unexpectedly, competitors to non-depicted senses of both homophones and polysemes facilitated naming. Although these results do not indicate whether lemmas are graded or discrete, they do inform a long-standing question on the nature of polysemes, supporting a multiple-lemma (vs. core-lemma) account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the decadal prediction skill of 13 forecast systems in predicting winter precipitation over Eurasia, contributing to the Decadal Climate Prediction Project of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6. Northeast Asia stands out as a region with improved decadal prediction skill for forecast years 2–5 due to the initialization. Observations show anticyclonic and cyclonic wind anomalies over the North Pacific and Northeast Asia, respectively, with southwesterly flow to the east of Northeast Asia. Ten forecast systems reproduce such circulation anomalies favoring abundant winter precipitation in Northeast Asia. The significant positive (negative) correlations between the detrended Northeast Asian precipitation (NEAP) and AMV (PDO-like) time series are reproduced by seven (nine) forecast systems. However, most forecast systems underestimate the correlation between the NEAP and the AMV, and have relatively low skill in predicting the PDO. Further improvements in these aspects will help to improve the decadal prediction skill of winter precipitation over Northeast Asia. The multi-model ensemble (MME) is able to reproduce both links of NEAP with AMV and PDO-like variability. The MME demonstrates significant skill and outperforms the individual forecast systems in predicting the NEAP for all 4-year averaged periods in the range of 1–8 years, demonstrating the benefits of using the ensemble mean of multiple models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to fill a gap in the typological literature by discussing the typology of overt denominal verb formation strategies, that is, morphosyntactic strategies other than conversion/zero‐derivation that are used to derive a verb from a nominal base. We analyse the morphological, syntactic and semantic properties of these strategies in a variety sample of 222 languages. These properties include the morphological status, the productivity, and the semantic effects of the overt verbaliser, as well as the features of the nominal base and the polysemy patterns that characterise verbalisers across languages. The typological survey is complemented by a section on the diachronic typology of overt denominal verb formation strategies, in which we identify the most common diachronic sources of overt verbalisers and discuss the diachronic dynamics that involve them in relation to other denominal verb formation strategies such as conversion/zero‐derivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]