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The proper use of species names depends entirely on verifying whether newly analysed specimens are conspecific with the type material. True lemmings (Lemmus) are the most common rodents of the Arctic tundra in the Old and New World and play an important role in the Arctic ecosystem; however, their taxonomy is far from resolved. The Amur lemming (L. amurensis) is the least studied and most enigmatic species of the genus. Its taxonomic position, distribution and nomenclature are uncertain due to a lack of cytogenetic, molecular phylogenetic and hybridization studies. Assignment of all true lemmings from the vast territory of western Beringia to this species has never properly been confirmed. Moreover, the type locality for this species was flooded by a newly created reservoir in 1974, making additional topotypes unavailable. In this context, genetic analysis of museum specimens, especially type material, has great potential. Here we report partial cytochrome b sequences extracted from all specimens identified as L. amurensis stored in the two largest mammal collections in Russian museums, including the holotype of L. amurensis and the type material of all forms currently considered as synonyms of L. amurensis. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the range of the Amur lemming is dramatically smaller than previously assumed and is limited to the territories of Transbaikalia, South Yakutia and Amur in the eastern Palaearctic. Lemmus taxa from other territories, including L. amurensis ognevi and L. amurensis flavescens, refer to other lemming species. Our results impinge on nomenclature issues, taxonomy, divergence times and the evolutionary history of lemmings in the eastern part of the Palearctic and on the species concept as applied to the genus Lemmus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Aim of the Study: To study the frequency and structure of the incidence of facial furuncle in military personnel of St. Petersburg and Leningrad region and civilians. To conduct a comparative analysis of the nature of the course, duration and outcome of the disease in military personnel and civilians (according to case histories)., Material and Methods: From 5744 case histories of patients with purulent-inflammatory processes of the maxillofacial region treated at the clinic of the Department of ChLH and Surgical Dentistry of the Kirov Medical University and St. Petersburg State Medical Institution «City Hospital No. 15» from 2017 to 2019, 201 case histories of patients with facial furuncle were isolated and analyzed., Results: According to the results of a study conducted from 2017 to 2019 in the clinic of the Department of CHLH and surgical Dentistry, a facial furuncle was detected in 65 cases. In the general structure of purulent-inflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial region, it was 3.1%. In the department of ChLH GB No. 15, 136 people were treated, which amounted to 3.7%. A lower percentage of the disease in military personnel is associated with early detection and timely initiation of treatment of purulent-inflammatory diseases of the skin. Weekly inspections of military personnel in military units, allow to avoid the development of complicated forms of their course. 95.0% of military personnel (47.0% of them contractors) and 51.0% of civilians were in the age group from 17 to 21 years. The main cause of the disease - hypothermia - in military personnel was 32.1%, in civilians - 20.9%. More often, the furuncle disease occurred in the spring: in military personnel in 44.6%, in civilians in 30.7% of cases. Localization of a boil in the buccal region occurred in military personnel in 15.4% of cases, and in civilians - in 20.8% of cases., Conclusion: To prevent the disease of facial frunculus in military personnel, it is necessary to improve methods of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of patients, to provide consultations of related specialists: dermatovenerologist, endocrinologist, immunologist. In addition, it is necessary to observe the rules of personal hygiene with the use of individual skin care products (according to the type of facial skin), hardening of the body and vitamin therapy.

Objective: Shear stress patterns influence atherogenesis and plaque stability; low laminar shear stress (LLSS) promotes unstable plaques whereas oscillatory shear stress (OSS) induces more stable plaques. Endothelial connexin37 (Cx37) expression is also regulated by shear stress, which may contribute to localization of atherosclerotic disease. Moreover, Cx37 reduces initiation of atherosclerosis by inhibiting monocyte adhesion. The present work investigates the effect of Cx37 on the phenotype of plaques induced by LLSS or OSS., Methods: Shear stress-modifying casts were placed around the common carotid artery of ApoE(-/-) or ApoE(-/-)Cx37(-/-) mice, and animals were placed on a high-cholesterol diet for 6 or 9 weeks. Atherosclerotic plaque size and composition were assessed by immunohistochemistry., Results: Plaque size in response to OSS was increased in ApoE(-/-)Cx37(-/-) mice compared to ApoE(-/-) animals. Most plaques contained high lipid and macrophage content and a low amount of collagen. In ApoE(-/-) mice, macrophages were more prominent in LLSS than OSS plaques. This difference was reversed in ApoE(-/-)Cx37(-/-) animals, with a predominance of macrophages in OSS plaques. The increase in macrophage content in ApoE(-/-)Cx37(-/-) OSS plaques was mainly due to increased accumulation of M1 and Mox macrophage subtypes. Cx37 expression in macrophages did not affect their proliferation or their polarization in vitro., Conclusion: Cx37 deletion increased the size of atherosclerotic lesions in OSS regions and abrogated the development of a stable plaque phenotype under OSS in ApoE(-/-) mice. Hence, local hemodynamic factors may modify the risk for adverse atherosclerotic disease outcomes associated to a polymorphism in the human Cx37 gene., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)