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International trade fuels economic growth by increasing employment, production and the provision of a wider variety of goods and services at lower prices. However, two unprecedented recent crises are significantly affecting global trade: the US–China trade war and the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper assesses the impact of the US–China trade war on Commonwealth members' trade, the effect of the trade war on Commonwealth members' supply chain trade, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Commonwealth members' trade.

© RCN Publishing Company Limited 2021. Background The initial interaction between an older person and a nurse, and how the older person interprets this interaction, is important and sometimes overlooked. Evidence suggests that the way healthcare workers speak to older people can negatively affect older people's well-being. Aim To interview community-dwelling older people aged =65 years who had recently held a conversation with a healthcare worker and to understand the meanings older people attributed to these conversations. Method Ten community-dwelling older people were recruited and interviewed. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Qualitative analysis was informed by narrative methods. Findings Participants freely and readily interpreted their conversations with healthcare workers in terms of the values and attitudes conveyed. Their preferences for forms of address ranged from formal to informal. They were sensitive to a range of contextual factors shaping the use of language. While they were generally tolerant of forms of address that did not match their personal preferences, some inferred disrespect from the unthinking use of first names and some resented assumptions being made based on age. Conclusion Nurses are encouraged to be skilful and sensitive when speaking to older people. It is advisable to follow older people's preferences regarding forms of address, as these are important markers of dignity and respect.

This parliamentary submission outlines a number of strategic recommendations in the area of supply chain resilience, labour-market adjustment and environmental policy for teh Australian Government as it prepares for recovery from the economic downturn inflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic and reiterates the need for Australia to support constructive engagement in the region to resist protectionism and uphold a rules-based multilateral trading system.

This policy brief is a submission to the Joint Standing Committee on Trade and Investment Growth Inquiry into whether there is a need for Australia to diversify its trade markets and foreign investment profile. The views, ideas, and recommendations presented in this report represent those of the authors only. We gratefully acknowledge the data support provided by Dr Dessie Ambaw.

The role of the state and market-distorting state intervention in the global economy have come increasingly to the fore in recent times, in large part as reaction to China’s rise to becoming the second largest world economy, and a direct competitor with developed economies across many sectors. State-owned enterprises (SOEs) and industrial subsides have played an important part in China’s development, a fact that has become increasingly contentious in developed country capitals. The Trilateral Trade Ministerial Cooperation (Trilateral Cooperation) comprised of the US, EU and Japan has laid out an agenda for World Trade Organization (WTO) reform targeting SOEs and industrial subsidies. China has separately laid out its own reform agenda that includes removing agriculture subsidies entitlements in developed economies. In many ways both reform agendas are pulling in opposite directions, indicative of growing geo-economic tensions between these leading economic powers. This policy brief outlines the two opposing reform agendas and proposes a process for getting to a realistic landing zone for reforms.

Economic globalization has increasingly affected countries across the world, through participation in global value chains (GVCs) and helping to lift over one billion human beings out of extreme poverty since 1990. However, there are still too many people living in poverty, even in rich countries, and so concerns over exclusion of certain groups from the gains of economic globalization are rising internationally. Using the concept of inclusiveness based on Amartya Sen’s capability approach, we find that G20 countries perform better than non-G20 countries. We then review how economic theory contributes to understanding the causes of (missing) inclusiveness by reviewing the literature pertaining to five drivers: growth, technology, structural change, trade, and political economy. Overall, domestic policies tailored to specific national circumstances are the main instruments for promoting inclusiveness. The danger is that in pursuing these domestic policies, states may undermine international arrangements constituting the liberal economic order. We argue that the liberal economic order generates insufficient global governance because there is always a fraction of countries opposing global policy coordination as they believe it harms them, and that this group of countries is increasing propelled by the surge of populism. This dynamic implies that global governance focus will increasingly shift to “coalitions of the willing”, rendering multilateralism an increasingly challenging, and a la carte, proposition.

Peter Kidson was certainly among the most influential medieval architectural historians of his generation in the English-speaking world, as is vividly demonstrated by the impressive array of leadin...

A paper was published in 2003 discussing the ethics of nurses participating in executions by inserting the intravenous line for lethal injections and providing care until death. This paper was circulated on an international email list of senior nurses and academics to engender discussion. From that discussion, several people agreed to contribute to a paper expressing their own thoughts and feelings about the ethics of nurses participating in executions in countries where capital punishment is legal. While a range of opinions were presented, these opinions fell into two main themes. The first of these included reflections on the philosophical obligations of nurses as caregivers who support those in times of great need, including condemned prisoners at the end of life. The second theme encompassed the notion that no nurse ever should participate in the active taking of life, in line with the codes of ethics of various nursing organisations. This range of opinions suggests the complexity of this issue and the need for further public discussion.

The imposition of import tariffs as a means of protecting local industry is hotly contested. On the one hand such tariffs may help to protect local industries whose international counterparts are guilty of dumping and receiving financial assistance from their own governments. On the other hand, tariffs may serve to buttress uncompetitive local industries and actually serve to harm the poor by reducing competition, thereby allowing local companies to increase their prices. Into this mix is thrown the reciprocity of international trade agreements and the impact that imposing tariffs might have on these agreements. This debate was nowhere more evident than in the decision in 2013 by South Africa to increase import tariffs on certain categories of chicken meat. The case in this chapter examines the dilemmas and debate.

This paper reviews the range of publications on the late-12th-century rebuilding of the east end after the fire of 1174 that have appeared since the last conference in 1979. The focus is on the range of historical approaches that have been explored in interpreting this seminal work and the changes in art-historical interests that are exemplified in this quite extensive literature. Building on significant progress in archaeological analysis and elucidation of the evidence of changes of design during construction, the building history has been more securely linked to the promotion of the cult of Thomas Becket and the changing historical circumstances in which the rebuilding was undertaken. More emphasis has been given to the range of media and materials employed, resulting in a broader appreciation of their role in the architectural and liturgical setting of the shrine and a greater understanding the of the associations and connotations of specific features and of the inherent symbolism of aspects of the architecture for late-12th-century audiences. The architecture has been set more securely within the specific cultural milieu of the Benedictine community and within the broader cultural context of 12th-century Europe.

Work integrated learning is an umbrella term that refers to the opportunities provided to university students to integrate knowledge of theory and practice as part of their degree program. As the role of students in higher education is evolving, we sought to develop our understanding of the role of students in the work integrated learning (WIL) space through exploring current literature on student voice. In this paper, we consider what has been reported about WIL in relation to student voice, how it has been represented, and how this has influenced practice. We undertook a systematic literature review for two different disciplines, one which represented an example of a professionally accredited undergraduate degree program (teacher education), and the other an example of a program with no professional accreditation (geographical sciences). The teacher education literature demonstrated more clearly the use of student voice to inform WIL within curriculum design. However, the geographical sciences literature did include examples of student voice being incorporated within the design of collaborative community-based forms of WIL. A role for students as researchers, who lead research and initiate curriculum change into WIL, was noticeably absent in both disciplinary sets of literature. The lack of evidence of the inclusion of students in the design, conduct, and analysis of WIL provides an invitation for SoTL scholars to redefine the role of students in this space.

The concept of spirituality is increasingly used as a way of thinking about dimensions of health care and the experiences of health and illness.

The countries comprising the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) are currently not very integrated into global value chains (GVCs), potentially missing out on important development opportunities. Accordingly, we explore high level options for promoting their integration. Given East Asia’s spectacular success with integrating into GVCs, we first assess the probability that SACU can copy their flying geese pattern. That was initiated by Japanese multinational corporations (MNCs) investing in successive East Asian countries thereby becoming the lead geese, to be joined subsequently by MNCs from other countries. We argue that the conditions for pursuing a flying geese approach are difficult to replicate in SACU. Therefore, we proffer and explore the proposition that South Africa could serve as the gateway for harnessing MNC geese flying from third countries into the SACU region, in time propelling regional development through knowledge and investment spillovers, and serving as a conduit into GVCs. However, there may be substantial obstacles to deepening this integration potential. Other African gateways are emerging as alternatives to South Africa. And some SACU governments would prefer to build regional value chains (RVCs) rather than prioritize GVC integration. We argue that RVCs are complements to GVCs. SACU countries, excluding South Africa, may not attract many world leading MNCs since their markets are small, but could attract smaller regional players from South Africa or elsewhere. Thus building RVCs in the short run could assist with integration into GVCs in the longer run. Overall, this requires harnessing South African and MNC geese to the South African gateway, in a mutually complementary strategy.

Mega-Regional trade negotiations, specifically the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) and the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), have the potential to transform global trade relations, if successfully concluded. They would forge new market access conditions and trading rules amongst the major developed economies in sub-Saharan African space, our core focus. This would redound in the World Trade Organization, to shape global trade rules for the future. If they fail then the decline of western, especially U.S. but also EU, trade leadership will be hastened, benefiting China in particular but also, over time, the BRICs economies. That would give smaller developing countries greater leverage in pursuing their trade relations but with relatively uncertain consequences in a new, multipolar trading system. In this light, our interest is in how African countries are responding to the Mega-Regionals. Are they consciously forming strategic responses in anticipation of potentially being shut out of potential new trade and investment circuits? If so, what is the nature and direction of those responses? If not, why not? And what may the consequences for their trade relations be?