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A Educação ambiental é com­ponente essencial e permanente da educação e deve estar presente, de forma articula­da, em todos os níveis e modalidades do processo educativo. E as atividades pedagógicas de educação ambiental podem propiciar contribuições positivas e experiências de aprendizagem em relação ao meio ambiente e conscientização da importância do desenvolvimento sustentável. O objetivo geral do estudo foi realizar uma revisão da literatura analisando as práticas educacionais em educação ambiental realizadas com estudantes do ensino infantil e fundamental. E os objetivos específicos foram relatar os artigos científicos que abordam práticas de educação ambiental e avaliar a influência dessas práticas nos estudantes. Para tanto realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica em duas bases de dados visando avaliar artigos científicos com essa temática entre os anos de 2017 e 2020. Foi observado que são realizadas diversas práticas pedagógicas com estudantes do ensino infantil e fundamental, principalmente relacionadas a horta escolar, reciclagem, coleta seletiva, compostagem, trilha ecológica dentre outras. Conclui-se que estas experiências no contexto escolar oportunizam a construção de conhecimentos, habilidades, pensamento crítico nos estudantes, além de ampliar a conscientização em relação a importância da conservação e preservação do meio ambiente visando minimizar os problemas ambientais relacionados a atividade humana.

The genus Rothschildia Grote, 1897 presents broad geographical distribution in the Americas. The genus is represented by 36 species and 14 which found in Brazil. This study describes the biology, external morphology of the immature stages and the monitoring of the pupal stage of Rothschildia aurota speculifera (Walker, 1855). The first instar head chaetotaxy, egg and pupa stages are compared with other Saturniidae species belonging to Hemileucinae, Ceratocampinae, and Saturniinae and the natural history with other Rothschildia species. The egg stage had duration of 12-14 days, larval 34-39 days; pre-pupa and pupa totaled 37-632 days. The duration of last immature stage indicates that this subspecies is diapausante. Five instars were confirmed by the Dyar rule, with a growth rate of K = 1.4. O gênero Rothschildia Grote, 1897 apresenta ampla distribuição geográfica nas Américas. O gênero é representado por 36 espécies sendo que 14 são encontradas no Brasil. Este estudo descreve a biologia e morfologia externa dos estágios imaturos e o acompanhamento do estágio pupal de Rothschildia aurota speculifera (Walker, 1855). A quetotaxia da cabeça de primeiro ínstar, e os estágios de ovo e pupa são comparados com outras espécies de Saturniidae pertencentes à Hemileucinae, Ceratocampinae e Saturniinae, e o ciclo de vida e comportamento com ao de outras espécies de Rothschildia. O estágio de ovo teve duração de 12-14 dias, larval de 34-39 dias; pré-pupa e pupa totalizaram 37-632 dias. A duração do último estágio imaturo indica que esta subespécie é diapausante. Cinco ínstares foram confirmados pela regra de Dyar, com uma taxa de crescimento de K = 1,4.

Pierella angeloi Zacca, Siewert & Mielke sp. nov. (Figures 13 ���16, 32, 54���55) Diagnosis. The background colour of P. angeloi sp. nov. has a grayish appearance, being lighter than other species of the ��� P. lamia species group���. Yellow stain restricted to the DFW discal cell in males or only to the distal area of the discal cell in females. Basal, discal, post-discal and submarginal lines are faint. Androconial patch characterized by the elongated dark central area (Fig. 32). Female slightly darker than male, and all ocelli are welldeveloped. Female papillae anales with a well-developed and curved posterior aphophysis similar to P. kesselringi sp. nov., but the ductus bursae approximately three times longer than corpus bursae, and the paired signa are located latero-ventrally (Figs 54���55). Description. Head. Front white. Vertex white mixed with light brown. Antennae dark brown. Labial palpi with elongated white scales mixed with light brown externally and white on the inner margin. Thorax. Prothoracic legs white; meso and metathoracic legs brown on the upper side and lighter on the underside. Forewing length: male: 31���32 mm (n = 5); female length: 34���37 mm (n = 7). Forewing upper side (Figs 13���15). Mostly grayish brown, with a yellow stain covering the discal area. Forewing under side (Figs 14���16). Mostly light brown, outer margin dark and ripple pattern brown. Three reduced white incomplete ocelli in R 5 -M 1, M 1 -M 2 and M 2 -M 3. Hind wing upper side (Figs 13���15). Mostly dark brown, lighter towards to base. Five incomplete ocelli in Rs-M 1, M 1 -M 2, M 2 - M 3, M 3 -CuA 1 and CuA 1 -CuA 2, and the white pupil of the latter is reduced. Three black spots on the basal region. Four convex dark brown lines, the most distal line wider. Androconial patch with an elongated dark central area (Fig. 32). Hind wing under side (Figs 14���16). Similar to DHW. Outer margin light brown in males and brown in females, and five incomplete ocelli in Rs-M 1, M 1 -M 2, M 2 -M 3, M 3 -CuA 1 and CuA 1 -CuA 2. Male genitalia. Similar to P. lamia (see Figs 36���41). Female genitalia (Figs 54���55). Tergum VIII trapezoid. Papillae anales with setae at the distal area, approximately three times higher than longer, sclerotized at the basal half. Sternum VIII not fused with the lamella antevaginalis. Corpus bursae completely membranous, with paired signa located latero-ventrally signa; ductus bursae about three times longer than corpus bursae, sclerotized and dilated on the anterior portion. Distribution (Fig. 62). This species is restricted to semidecidual forests enclaves in Cerrado province of the Chacoan dominion at Maranh��o state, Brazil. So far, P. angeloi sp. nov. is known only from the type locality and Tuntum (5 �� 43 ��� 50 ���S 44 �� 46 ��� 32 ���W), the latter with an unique record of a female collected in the 1970 s. Host plant. Unknown. Etymology. The species name honors the Brazilian entomologist Angelo Barbosa Monteiro Machado. Type material. Holotype male with the following labels (separated by forward slash symbols): / HOLOTYPUS / Pierella angeloi Zacca, Siewert & Mielke det. 2014 / Brasil, Maranh��o, 26 km E Feira Nova do Maranh��o, Faz[enda] Forquilha dos Brejos, 07��00��� 29 ���S 46 �� 26 ��� 30 ���W 14���21 ���VIII��� 2011, O. Mielke leg./ DZ 30.672 / (DZUP). Allotype female with the following labels (separated by forward slash symbols): /ALLOTYPUS/ Pierella angeloi Zacca, Siewert & Mielke det. 2014 / Brasil, Maranh��o, 26 km E Feira Nova do Maranh��o, Faz[enda] Forquilha dos Brejos, 07��00��� 29 ���S 46 �� 26 ��� 30 ���W 14���21 ���VIII��� 2011, O. Mielke leg. DZ 30.679 / (DZUP). Paratypes. BRAZIL��� Maranh��o: Feira Nova do Maranh��o, 26 km E, Fazenda Forquilha dos Brejos (7 ��00��� 29 ���S 46 �� 26 ��� 30 ���W), 15���25. II.2012, 4 males and 5 females, O.-C. Mielke leg., DZ 30.673, DZ 30.674, DZ 30.675 *, DZ 30.681 (DZUP), 14���21 ���VIII���2011, 1 male and 5 females, DZ 30.681, DZ 30.678, DZ 30.680, DZ 30.676, DZ 30.677 *, DZ 30.682 * (DZUP); Tuntum, 25. VII.1973, 1 female, A. Cardoso leg., DZ 30.683 (DZUP)., Published as part of Zacca, Thamara, Siewert, Ricardo R., Casagrande, Mirna M., Mielke, Olaf H. H. & Paluch, M��rlon, 2016, Taxonomic revision of the " Pierella lamia species group " (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with descriptions of four new species from Brazil, pp. 366-386 in Zootaxa 4078 (1) on page 375, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4078.1.31, http://zenodo.org/record/267355

The ��� Pierella lamia species group��� This group comprises P. lamia, P. chalybaea stat. rest., P. boliviana stat. nov., P. angeloi sp. nov., P. kesselringi sp. nov., P. n i ce sp. nov. and P. keithbrowni sp. nov. The wing colour pattern of these species are similar to P. astyoche (Erichson, [1849]) and P. luna (Fabricius, 1793), but can be immediately distinguished from the former by the absence of a transverse band on both wings underside and by the absence of ringlet ocelli on hind wings, and from P. luna by the presence of four or five even-sized black ocelli with white pupils in each one on DHW. The ��� Pierella lamia species group��� is characterized by the following features: post-genal area white; eyes glabrous and brown; antennae glabrous; thorax dorsally brown and ventrally white. FW shape: triangular, costal margin convex, apex rounded, outer margin convex and inner margin straight. DFW with a variable extension of the yellow stain in discal cell or beyond it; wings with three lines located in the postbasal, submedian and postmedian areas, from costal margin to inner margin, with distinct thickness; postbasal line darker than the other lines and discontinuous in discal cell; post-discal line diagonal, between Radius and M 3. FW with a black small spot in proximal area of the discal cell. VFW with two or three submarginal small, white incomplete ocelli in R 5 - M 1, M 1 -M 2 and M 2 -M 3. HW shape: costal margin convex, apex rounded and outer margin crenulated between M 1 - CuA 2, tornus rounded and inner margin convex. DHW with an androconial patch between 2 A and inner margin, differing in size and shape on the central area in each species, surrounded by creamy scales; five or four submarginal incomplete ocelli in M 1 -M 2, M 2 -M 3, M 3 -CuA 1, CuA 1 -CuA 2 and CuA 2 - 2 A, the last three might be faded or not. VHW between postmedian line and outer margin the same colour or darker than the background, five or four small white pupils in submarginal area; fringes dark brown. Abdomen dorsally brown, ventrally lighter. Except for P. boliviana stat. nov., the male genitalia has a similar morphology in all species of this group, with tegumen laterally sub-squared, almost same length of uncus; gnathos absent; anterior projection of saccus elongated and cylindrical; valva two times length of uncus with elongated bristles ventrally, inner side with an evident spine in distal area, apex pointed or truncated and serrated, dorsal projection serrated or with small teeth; aedeagus straight, same length of valva, with a dorso-laterally opening for the vesica, serrated at margin. In fact, the male genitalia seems somewhat homogeneous in Pierella (see illustrations in Brown 1948 and Constantino 1995), with subtle differences on uncus size and valvae shape. In female genitalia, sternum VIII could be fused or not with tergum VIII; papillae anales sclerotized at the basal area, covered by variable size setae in the distal area; ductus bursae membranous or sclerotized with variable length relative to the corpus bursae length; paired signa variable in size and position in the corpus bursae., Published as part of Zacca, Thamara, Siewert, Ricardo R., Casagrande, Mirna M., Mielke, Olaf H. H. & Paluch, M��rlon, 2016, Taxonomic revision of the " Pierella lamia species group " (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with descriptions of four new species from Brazil, pp. 366-386 in Zootaxa 4078 (1) on page 367, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4078.1.31, http://zenodo.org/record/267355, {"references":["Fabricius, J. C. (1793) Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta. Secundum classes, ordines, genera, species adjectis synonimis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Vol. 3. Hafniae, Christian Gottlieb Proft, 488 pp.","Brown, F. M. (1948) Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Pierella (Lepidoptera). Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 31 (6), 49 - 87.","Constantino, L. M. (1995) Revision de la tribu Haeterini Herrich-Schaffer, 1864 en Colombia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterologia, 23 (89), 49 - 76."]}

Pierella chalybaea Godman, 1905 stat. rest. (Figures 5 ���8, 30, 50���51) Pierella chalybaea Godman, 1905, p. 185 [lectotype and paralectotypes designated herein].��� Weymer, 1911, p. 178. Haetera lamia f. columbina Kr��ger, 1925. Pierella lamia lamia (Sulzer, 1776); Casagrande, Mielke, Carneiro, Rafael & Hutchings, 2012, p. 25. [misidentification] Pierella lamia chalybaea D���Abrera, 1988, p. 730. Lamas, 2004, p. 206;��� Mielke, Carneiro & Casagrande, 2010, p. 289. Pierella lamia colombiana Constantino & Salazar, 2007 [syn. nov.], p. 173���174, figs 5���7. Diagnosis. Pierella chalybaea can be distinguished from P. l a m i a by the less prominent ocelli on DHW that is obscured by the dark background, and in many cases the white pupil in CuA 1 -CuA 2 is not evident. This pupil is always strongly marked in P. l am i a. Androconial patch is characterized by the weak rounded dark central area (Fig. 30). Female genitalia presents a well-developed, straight posterior aphophysis similar to P. keithbrowni sp. nov., but the ductus bursae is sclerotized and approximately 1.6 times the length of corpus bursae, and the paired signa are located on the ventral side. Ostium bursae with a sclerotized projection out from the ductus bursae (Figs 50���51). Distribution (Fig. 62). Pierella chalybaea is distributed in Brazilian and Chacoan sub-regions, from Colombia to Bolivia (Constantino 1995; Willmott et al 2011; Willmott & Hall 2014; Petit 2014) and North and Midwest Brazil (Roraima, Amazonas, Par��, Acre, Rond��nia, Mato Grosso and Goi��s), apparently associated with both low altitudinal regions (100���900 m) (Brown 1948) and high rainfall levels between 2000���5000 mm /year (Brown & Ab���Saber 1979). Host plant. Unknown. Remarks. Godman (1905) described Pierella chalybaea based on two males and one female collected by the American naturalist Herbert H. Smith on his expeditions to Chapada dos Guimar��es, Mato Grosso, Brazil. This material is deposited at the NHM collection with lectotype and paralectotypes��� labels determined by M. Clifton in 1968, but these designations were never published. Here, they are designated: Lectotype male hereby designated with the following labels (separated by forward slash symbols): Jan/ Chapada, Matto Grosso, H. H. Smith/♀/ B.M. TYPE No Rh. 2512, Pirella chalybaea / Godman & Salvin Coll. 1904 ��� 1./ BMNH (E)# 781092. Paralectotype male with the following labels (separated by forward slash symbols): July/ Chapada, Matto Grosso, H. H. Smith/ Pirella rhea chalybaea Godman, det. M. Clifton 1968 / BMNH (E)# 781082. Paralectotype female with the following labels (separated by forward slash symbols): Jan/ Chapada, Matto Grosso, H. H. Smith/♀/ B.M. TYPE No Rh. 2513, Pirella chalybaea / Godman & Salvin Coll. 1904 ��� 1./ BMNH (E)# 781099. Brown (1948) considered P. chalybaea as a subspecies of Pierella rhea (currently P. lamia chalybaea), but the marked differences in the female genitalia and the males androconial patch supports the decision in reinstate this taxa. Haetera lamia f. columbina Kr��ger, 1925 was described from Colombia, [Meta, Up��n], 1000 m and synonymized with Pierella lamia chalybaea by Lamas (2004). In fact, the illustration of the type specimen (Warren et al. 2014) confirms its identity as a synonym of P. chalybaea stat. rest. Salazar & Constatino (2007) described P. lamia colombiana from Colombia, Peru, Ecuador and Brazil, based on the absence of the steely blue reflections on the dorsal hind wing. In addition, the authors discussed about the allopatric distribution of P. lamia colombiana and P. lamia chalybaea, the latter occurring in the savannahs and lowlands of the Orinoco river in Colombia and Venezuela, and in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The study of 132 specimens revealed that the steely blue reflections are variable among the specimens of P. chalybaea stat. rest. An examined female from Benjamin Constant (Amazonas, Brazil) that is almost 20 km distant from the type locality of P. lamia colombiana (Let��cia, Amazonas, Colombia), shows the same genitalia morphological pattern of specimens from Mato Grosso (considered as P. lamia chalybaea by Salazar & Constantino 2007). Material examined. BRAZIL��� Roraima: Alto Alegre, Ilha do Marac��, 24���31. VIII.1987, 2 males and 1 female, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 30.724, DZ 30.725, DZ 30.804 (DZUP); Amajari, Tepequ��n, 620 m, 14���16. VII.2006, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 30.723 (DZUP); Pacaraima, 800 m, 1���2. III.1988, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 30.783 (DZUP); Surucucu, 14. XI.1979, 1 male, Gifford leg., DZ 30.722 (DZUP); Amazonas: Benjamin Constant, Rio Javari, VI.1942, 1 female, B. Pohl leg., DZ 30.739 * (DZUP); Borba, Rio Abacaxis, Comunidade Paxi��ba, 2���4. VI.2008, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 30.705 (DZUP); Fonte Boa, 1 male and 1 female, VI. 1906, S. M. Klages leg., BMNH (E)# 781079, BMNH (E)# 781088 (NHM); Itacoatiara, VIII.1968, 1 male, ex-coll. Ebert, DZ 30.782 (DZUP), 3. VII.1927, 1 male, no collector, IOC 28.136 (IOC); Itaituba, Rio Tapaj��s, VIII.1960, 1 male, ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 30.767 (DZUP); Ipixuna, Comunidade S��o Vicente, Rio Liberdade, 12���15. V.2011, 2 males and 1 female, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 30.815, DZ 30.816, DZ 30.817 (DZUP); Reserva Rio Greg��rio, 18���23. V.2011, 2 males, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 30.653, DZ 30.814 (DZUP); L��brea, Rio Purus, 1 male, XI. 1913, E. H. W. Wickham leg., BMNH (E)# 781075 (NHM); Manaus, Reserva Ducke, 3. IX.1987, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 30.736 (DZUP), 10���13. VIII.2010, 4 males and 2 females, Dias & Bonfantti leg., DZ 30.730, DZ 30.731, DZ 30.732, DZ 30.733, DZ 30.734, DZ 30.735 (DZUP); 47 km NW, Reserva ZF2, 17��� 20. VIII.2010, 1 male, Dias & Bonfantti leg., DZ 30.738 (DZUP); Mau��s, no date, 1 male, Fassl leg. (IOC); no specific locality, 25. VIII.1927, 1 female, Zik��n leg., IOC 28.146 (IOC); 12. IX.1927, 1 female, Zik��n leg., IOC 28.148 (IOC); 19. IX.1927, 1 female, Zik��n leg., IOC 28.137 (IOC); 11. VII.1927, 1 male, Zik��n leg., IOC 28.145 (IOC); 12.VIII. 1927, Zik��n leg., IOC 28.147 (IOC); Mau��s, 1 female, M. Furukawa leg., BMNH (E)# 781083 (NHM); Tabatinga, 1 female, no date, Degand leg., BMNH (E)# 781073 (NHM); Tef��, 1 female, XI.07, M. de Mathan leg., BMNH (E)# 781084 (NHM), 4���6. XII.1987, 1 male and 1 female, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 30.703, DZ 30.784 (DZUP); S��o Jos��, Rio Solim��es, 1 male, no date, no collector, BMNH (E)# 781078 (NHM); S��o Paulo de Oliven��a, 1 male, VI���VII. 1883, M. de Mathan leg., BMNH (E)# 781077 (NHM), 1 female, III. 1883, M. de Mathan leg., BMNH (E)# 781086 (NHM); Par��: Itaituba, Rio Tapaj��s, no date, 1 female, Fassl leg., IOC 28.142 (IOC); Acre: Cruzeiro do Sul, Rio Juru��, 200 m, 15���25. VII.1971, 1 female, Ebert leg., DZ 30.721 (DZUP); 9���11. IX.1973, 1 male and 1 female, Ebert leg., DZ 30.719, DZ 30.720 (DZUP); 23. X.1981, 1 male and 1 female, F��tima Bucher leg., DZ 30.713, DZ 30.714 * (DZUP); no date, 1 male, D���Almeida leg., DZ 30.740 (DZUP); M��ncio Lima, Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor, 200���400 m, 10���21.IX. 2011, Dolibaina & Moura leg., DZ 29.772 (DZUP); 20���27. VI.2013, 9 males and 1 female, Mielke, Casagrande, Carneiro, Dias & Dolibaina leg., DZ 30.820, DZ 30.821, DZ 30.822, DZ 30.823, DZ 30.824, DZ 30.825, DZ 30.826, DZ 30.827, DZ 30.828, DZ 30.829 (DZUP); Porto Acre, Reserva Humait��, 20���30. I.2009, 1 female, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 30.652 (DZUP); 28���30. I.2009, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 30.812 (DZUP); Santa Rosa dos Purus, 6,4 km E, 3���4. VIII.2008, 1 male, Mielke & Carneiro leg., DZ 30.715 (DZUP); 14,2 km SE, 12. VIII.2008, 1 male, Carneiro leg., DZ 30.718 (DZUP); Senador Guiomard, Reserva Catuaba, 200 m, 22. IX.2003, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 30.717 (DZUP); 2���5. IX.2004, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 30.716 (DZUP); 31.I��� 5. II.2009, 3 males, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 30.771, DZ 30.818, DZ 30.819 (DZUP); Vila Taumaturgo, Seringal Oriente, 29. VII.1956, 1 male, F. C. Novaes leg., DZ 30.712 (DZUP); Rond��nia: Jar��, 250 m, V.1977, 1 male and 1 female, Ebert leg., DZ 30.726, DZ 30.777 (DZUP); X.1977, 1 male, Ebert leg., DZ 30.741 (DZUP); Ouro Preto d���Oeste, 9���13. IX.1987, 1 male and 1 female, C. Elias leg., DZ 30.729, DZ 30.737 (DZUP); 24���31. X.1987, 1 female, C. Elias leg., DZ 30.728 * (DZUP); Porto Velho, 1 male and 1 female, II���III. 26, A. M. Moss leg., BMNH (E)# 781081, BMNH (E)# 781090 (NHM); Vila Rond��nia [= Ji-Paran��], 26. I.1961, 1 male, Andrade & Pereira leg., DZ 30.727 (DZUP); Mato Grosso: Barra do Bugres, 20. III.1974, 1 male, E. Furtado leg., DZ 30.776 (DZUP); Alto Rio Paraguai, 150 m, 11. V.1974, 2 males, E. Furtado leg., DZ 30.754, DZ 30.756 (DZUP); 16. VI.1974, 1 male, E. Furtado leg., DZ 30.755 (DZUP); Barra do Gar��as, Vale dos Sonhos, 500 m, 22. VI.1972, 1 female, ex-coll. Ebert, DZ 30.749 (DZUP); 400 m, 22. VI.1972, 1 male, Mielke & Brown leg., DZ 30.785 (DZUP); Buriti, 30 miles N. E. of Cuiab��, 2259 ft, 1���14.VII. 27, C. L. Collenette leg., BMNH (E)# 781080 (NHM); 1 female, 17���30.VI. 27, C. L. Collenette leg., BMNH (E)# 781089 (NHM); Chapada dos Guimar��es, 600���800 m, 13. II.1967, 1 male and 1 female, ex-coll. D���Almeida, DZ 30.789, DZ 30.790 (DZUP); 28. III.1983, 1 male, C. Elias leg., DZ 30.745 (DZUP); 28.III��� 3. IV.1983, 2 males, C. Elias leg., DZ 30.774, DZ 30.775 (DZUP); 600���800 m, 11. II.1967, 1 male, ex-coll. D���Almeida, DZ 30.746 (DZUP); 14. II.1967, 1 female, ex-coll. D���Almeida, DZ 30.748 * (DZUP); 700 m, 23. XII.1968, 1 male and 1 female, H. Ebert leg., DZ 30.758, DZ 30.759 (DZUP); 600 m, 26. VI.1972, 2 males, Mielke & Brown leg., DZ 30.760, DZ 30.761 (DZUP); 14. XI.2013, 1 male, G. Melo leg., DZ 30.802; Coronel Rio Branco, C��ceres, Rio Vermelho, 400 m, 2. VII.1972, 1 male, Mielke & Brown leg., DZ 30.779 (DZUP); 13. XI.1984, 1 female, Buzzi, Mielke & Elias leg., DZ 30.794 (DZUP); Cuiab��, S��o Vicente, 700 m, 24. VI.1972, 2 males, Mielke & Brown leg., DZ 30.778, DZ 30.780 (DZUP); 30. VI.1972, 1 male, Mielke & Brown leg., DZ 30.786 (DZUP); Diamantino, Fazenda S��o Jo��o, Rio Arinos, 300���400 m, 11. I.1978, 1 male, Mielke & Furtado leg., DZ 30.762 (DZUP); 12. I.1978, 5 males and 2 females, Mielke & Furtado leg., DZ 30.665 *, DZ 30.763, DZ 30.764, DZ 30.765, DZ 30.766, DZ 30.767, DZ 30.768 (DZUP); 14. I.1978, 1 female, Mielke & Furtado leg., DZ 30.769 (DZUP), 15. I.1978, 1 male, Mielke & Furtado leg., DZ 30.770 (DZUP); 17. I.1978, 1 male and 2 females, Mielke & Furtado leg., DZ 30.771, DZ 30.772, DZ 30.669 * (DZUP); 20. I.1978, 1 male, Mielke & Furtado leg., DZ 30.773 (DZUP); 4. IX.1978, 1 female, Mielke & Furtado leg., DZ 30.795 (DZUP), 21. XI.1984, 1 male and 1 female, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 30.744, DZ 30.788 (DZUP); 1���8. VIII.1974, 2 males and 2 females, H. & H. D. Ebert leg., DZ 30.747, DZ 30.750, DZ 30.751, DZ 30.752 (DZUP); 2. V.1978, 1 male, H. & H. D. Ebert leg., DZ 30.753 (DZUP); Nova Xavantina, Universidade do Estado do Mato Grosso, Bacabal, 17���19. VIII.1997, 2 males, Mielke leg., DZ 30.742, DZ 30.743 (DZUP); Goi��s: Ilha do Bananal, 14. VI.1979, 1 male, Gifford leg., DZ 30.801 (DZUP); 19. IX.1980, 2 males, Gifford leg., DZ 30.787, DZ 30.800 (DZUP); Goian��sia, 900m, 2���7. IX.1969, 1 male and 2 females, K. & H. Ebert leg., DZ 30.791, DZ 30.792, DZ 30.796 (DZUP); Goi��s, VII.1976, 1 male, Gifford leg., DZ 30.793 (DZUP); 17. XI.1976, 1 female, DZ 30.799 (DZUP); 5. VI.1979, 1 female, Gifford leg., DZ 30.797 (DZUP); 5. II.1980, 1 male, no collector, DZ 30.803 (DZUP); 6. XI.1980, 1 female, Gifford leg., DZ 30.798 (DZUP)., Published as part of Zacca, Thamara, Siewert, Ricardo R., Casagrande, Mirna M., Mielke, Olaf H. H. & Paluch, M��rlon, 2016, Taxonomic revision of the " Pierella lamia species group " (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with descriptions of four new species from Brazil, pp. 366-386 in Zootaxa 4078 (1) on pages 371-372, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4078.1.31, http://zenodo.org/record/267355, {"references":["Godman, F. D. (1905) Descriptions of some new species of Satyridae from South America. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1, 185 - 190.","Weymer, G. (1911) 4. Familie: Satyridae, In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 5. Stuttgart, Alfred Kernen, pp. 173 - 280.","Kruger, E. (1925) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der columbischen Satyriden. Entomologische Rundschau, 42 (3), 10 - 12.","Sulzer, J. H. (1776) Abgekurzte Geschichte der Insekten. Nach dem Linaeischen System. Winterthur, H. Steiner & Co. Vol 1, 274 pp.","Casagrande, M. M., Mielke, O. H. H., Carneiro, E., Rafael, J. A. & Hutchings, R. W. (2012) Hesperioidea e Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) coligidos em expedicao aos Rios Nhamunda e Abacaxis, Amazonas, Brasil: novos subsidios para o conhecimento da biodiversidade da Amazonia Brasileira. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 56 (1), 23 - 28.","Lamas, G. (2004) Nymphalidae. Satyrinae. Tribe Haeterini, p. 205. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Vol. 5 A. Scientific Publishers, Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Gainesville, pp. 205 - 215.","Mielke, O. H. H., Carneiro, E. & Casagrande, M. M. (2010) Lepidopterofauna (Papilionoidea e Hesperioidea) do Parque Estadual de Chandless e arredores, Acre, Brasil. Biota Neotropica, 10 (4), 285 - 299. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032010000400033","Salazar, J. A. & Constantino, L. M. (2007) Descripcion de nuevas especies de ropaloceros para Colombia (Lepidoptera: Pieridae, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Ithomiinae, Riodinidae). Boletin Cientifico - Centro de Museos - Museu de Historia Natural, 11, 167 - 186.","Constantino, L. M. (1995) Revision de la tribu Haeterini Herrich-Schaffer, 1864 en Colombia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterologia, 23 (89), 49 - 76.","Willmott, K., Garwood, K., Garcia, T. & Hiruois, M. (2011) Satyrs (Satyrinae) of the Bigal River Biological Reserve (1100 - 435 m - Orellana Province, Ecuador), Sumaco National Parks' southern buffer zone. Available from: http: // bigalriverbiologicalreserve. org / es / (accessed 24 June 2014)","Willmott, K. R. & Hall, J. P. W. (2014) Butterflies of Ecuador. Available from: www. butterfliesofecuador. com (accessed 24 June 2014)","Petit, J. C. (2014) Butterflies of Sangay National Park (Ecuador). Available from: http: // www. sangay. eu / (accessed 24 June 2014)","Brown, F. M. (1948) Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Pierella (Lepidoptera). Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 31 (6), 49 - 87.","Warren, A. D., Davis, K. J., Stangeland, E. M., Pelham, J. P. & Grishin, N. V. (2014) Illustrated Lists of American Butterflies. Available from: http: // www. butterfliesofamerica. com / (accessed 24 June 2014)"]}

Pierella keithbrowni Siewert, Zacca & Casagrande sp. nov. (Figures 25 ���28, 35, 60���61) Pierella rhea [in part]; Weymer, 1911, p. 178. Pierella ? sp.; D���Abrera, 1988, p. 730. Pierella lamia ssp. nov.; Brown & Freitas, 2000, p. 103. Pierella lamia (Sulzer, 1776); Otero & Marigo, 1990, p. 54���55.��� Freitas & Brown, 2004, p. 365.��� Silva, Guimar��es, Vitalino, Bagni, Martins, Cordeiro & Oliveira, 2010, p. 10.��� Francini, Duarte, Mielke, Caldas & Freitas, 2011, p. 65.��� Soares, Bizarro, Bastos, Tangerini, Silva, Silva & Silva, 2011, p. 75. [misidentification] Diagnosis. Pierella keithbrowni sp. nov. resembles P. ni c e sp. nov., but the ocelli on the DHW are not faded and the background is lighter, especially in females. Androconial patch characterized by the small dark rounded central area (Fig. 35). Papillae anales with a well-developed straight posterior aphophysis similar to P. n i ce, sp. nov., but ductus bursae longer than corpus bursae and completely membranous (Figs 60���61). Description. Head. Front brown. Antennae dark brown. Labial palpi with elongated white scales. Thorax. Prothoracic legs white; meso and metathoracic legs brown on upper side and lighter on underside. Forewing length: male: 31���40 mm (n = 82); female: 35���41 mm (n= 45). Forewing upper side (Figs 25, 27). Mostly brown, with an intense yellow-greenish iridescent patch from basal region to submarginal line. Forewing under side (Figs 26, 28). Mostly light brown, outer margin dark and ripple pattern brown. Two white incomplete ocelli in R 5 -M 1 and M 1 -M 2. Hind wing upper side (Figs 25, 27). Mostly dark brown, lighter towards to base. Five incomplete ocelli in Rs-M 1, M 1 -M 2, M 2 -M 3, M 3 -CuA 1 and CuA 1 -CuA 2, the second larger than all others, the third one reduced and the last ocellus faded. Three black spots (in some cases four) on basal region in the discal cell. Four convex dark brown lines, the most distal line thicker and well���marked. Androconial patch with a small dark rounded central area (Fig. 35). Hind wing under side (Figs 26, 28). Similar to DHW. Outer margin brown and with five white incomplete ocelli Rs-M 1, M 1 -M 2, M 2 -M 3, M 3 -CuA 1 and CuA 1 -CuA 2. Male genitalia. Similar to P. lamia (see Figs 36���41). Female genitalia (Figs 60���61). Tergum VIII trapezoid. Papillae anales with setae at the distal area, about two times taller than longer, and sclerotized at the basal half. Sternum VIII not fused with the lamella antevaginalis. Corpus bursae completely membranous, with paired signa located dorsally; ductus bursae similar in length to the corpus bursae, membranous and dilated on the anterior portion. Distribution (Fig. 62). Pierella keithbrowni sp. nov. is distributed along the Atlantic and Parana Forest provinces of the Parana dominion, ranging from Bahia to Santa Catarina. Host plant. Maranta sp. (Marantaceae) (Otero & Marigo 1990, Freitas 1992 pers. comm. in Beccaloni et al. 2008, Brown & Freitas 2000). Etymology. This species is named in honour of Keith Spalding Brown Junior for his great contribution to the study of the Neotropical butterflies. Remarks. D���Abrera (1988) cited and illustrated a new species of Pierella from Midwest and Southern Brazil following the M. Clifton���s unpublished taxonomic work on this genus, based on specimens deposited at the NHM collection. Brown & Freitas (2000) also noticed phenotypic wings variations in specimens from southern Brazil (Santa Teresa, Esp��rito Santo), when compared with the P. l a m i a from Amazonian region, and suggested that as a new subspecies. The comparative morphological studies supports the M. Clifton���s proposal, and here this species is described. Pierella keithbrowni sp. nov. probably flies together with P. nice sp. nov. (see previous discussion in P. nice section), with a unique most northerly register for Sau��pe de Dentro, Bahia. Type material. Holotype male with the following labels (separated by forward slash symbols): / HOLOTYPUS / Pierella keithbrowni Siewert, Zacca & Casagrande det. 2014 / IV ��� 1978 Linhares, E[spirito] S[anto] Elias leg./ DZ 29.671 / (DZUP). Allotype female with the following labels (separated by forward slash symbols): / ALLOTYPUS/ Pierella keithbrowni Siewert, Zacca & Casagrande det. 2014 / IX ��� 1982 Linhares, E[spirito] S[anto] Elias leg./ DZ 29.650 / (DZUP). Paratypes. BRAZIL��� Bahia: Belmonte, Barrol��ndia, Fazenda Prosperidade, 4. I.1977, 1 male, no collector, MZFS 39.113 (MZFS); Canavieiras, Santa Luzia, Esta����o Experimental CEPLAC, 2. X.1987, 1 male, J. Becker leg., MZFS 39.111 (MZFS); Itamaraj��, 28. X.1985, 1 male, J. Becker leg., MZFS 39.949 (MZFS); Itanagra, RPPN Lontra/ Saudade, 23. I.2012, 1 male, Linhares & Paluch leg., DZ 30.882 * (DZUP), 24. I.2012, 1 female Paluch & Linhares leg., DZ 30.881 * (DZUP); 28. IV.2012, 2 males, Linhares & Paluch leg., DZ 30.883, DZ 30.887 (DZUP), 22. VII.2012, 1 male, Linhares & Paluch leg. DZ 30.884 (DZUP), 21. VIII.2012, 1 male, Paluch & Linhares leg., DZ 30.885 (DZUP), 4. X.2012, 1 female, Paluch & Linhares leg., DZ 30.886 (DZUP); Sau��pe, 6. V.2008, 1 male, T. Zacca leg. MZFS 39.114 (MZFS); Una, Reserva Biol��gica, 5. X.1987, 1 male, J. Becker leg. MZFS 39.112 (MZFS), 8. X.1987, 1 male, J. Becker leg. MZFS 39.110 (MZFS). Esp��rito Santo: Concei����o da Barra, 5. IX.1967, 1 female, C. & C. T. Elias leg. DZ 29.645 (DZUP), 25 m, 6���11. V.1968, 1 male, C. Elias leg. DZ 29.691 (DZUP), 8���13. IV.1968, 1 male, Elias leg. DZ 29.685 (DZUP), 25 m, 6���11. V.1968, 1 male, Elias leg. DZ 29.686 (DZUP), 25. V.1968, 1 male, C. & C. T. Elias leg. DZ 29.656 (DZUP), 25 m, 19���29. VI.1968, 1 male, Elias leg. DZ 30.666 * (DZUP), 20. VI.1968, 4 males and 1 female, C. & C. T. Elias leg. DZ 29.652, DZ 29.667, DZ 29.669 *, DZ 29.675, DZ 29.674 * (DZUP), 27. VI.1968, 1 male, C. & C. T. Elias leg. DZ 29.668 (DZUP), 4. VII.1968, 1 male and 1 female, C. & C. T. Elias leg. DZ 29.647, DZ 29.665 (DZUP), 17. VII.1968, 1 male, C. & C. T. Elias leg. DZ 29.660 (DZUP), 28. VIII.1968, 1 male, C. & C. T. Elias leg. DZ 29.655 (DZUP), 12. IX.1968, 2 males, C. & C. T. Elias leg. DZ 29.657, DZ 29.666 (DZUP), 18. X.1968, 1 female, C. & C. T. Elias leg. DZ 29.659 (DZUP), 25. XII.1968, 1 male, C. & C. T. Elias leg. DZ 29.672 (DZUP), 25. X.1968, 1 male and 1 female, C. & C. T. Elias leg. DZ 29.646, DZ 29.658 (DZUP), 22. II.1969, 1 male, C. & C. T. Elias leg. DZ 29.677 (DZUP), 18. V.1969, 1 male, C. & C. T. Elias leg. DZ 29.676 (DZUP), 18. VI.1969, 1 male, C. & C. T. Elias leg. DZ 29.661 (DZUP), 11. VIII.1969, 1 male, C. & C. T. Elias leg. DZ 29.648 (DZUP), 4. IX.1969, 1 male, C. & C. T. Elias leg. DZ 29.664 (DZUP), 10.XI. 1969, C. & C. T. Elias leg. DZ 29.678 (DZUP), 26. IX.1969, 1 male, C. & C. T. Elias leg. DZ 29.651 (DZUP), 4. X.1969, 1 male, C. & C. T. Elias leg. DZ 29.670 (DZUP); Linhares, III.1973, 1 male, C. Elias leg. DZ 29.680 (DZUP), IV.1973, 1 male, C. Elias leg. DZ 29.642 (DZUP), Rio Doce, 25 m, 18���26. I.1975, 2 females, H. & H. D. Ebert leg. DZ 29.689, DZ 29.692 (DZUP), IV.1978, 2 males, C. Elias leg. DZ 26.682, DZ 29.641 (DZUP), V.1978, 1 male, C. Elias leg. DZ 29.644 (DZUP), IV.1979, 2 males, C. Elias leg. DZ 29.638, DZ 29.639 (DZUP), VII.1980, 1 male, C. Elias leg. DZ 29.690 (DZUP), IX.1982, 1 male, C. Elias leg. DZ 29.649 (DZUP), EM[presa] CA[pixaba de] P[esquisa e] A[agropecu��ria], 25. VIII.1977, 2 males, J. Becker leg., MZFS 39.115, MZFS 40.772 (MZFS); Pedro Can��rio, 50���100 m, 22���27. VII.1967, 3 males and 2 females, K. Ebert leg. DZ 29.637, DZ 29.640, DZ 29.687, DZ 29.688 *, DZ 29.694 (DZUP); Santa Teresa, 10. VI.1966, 1 male, C. & C. T. Elias leg. DZ 29.662 (DZUP), 12.V. 1967, C. & C. T. Elias leg. DZ 29.654 (DZUP), 750 m, 3. III.1970, 1 male, K. Ebert leg. DZ 26.684 (DZUP); Sooretama, 19 ��03��� 21 ���S 25 ��08��� 49 ���W, 28.II��� 2. III.2010, 1 male, Moreira & Bar��o leg. DZ 29.681 (DZUP), Reserva Ecol��gica Sooretama, 19 ��03��� 25 ���S 40 ��08��� 50 ���W, 19���26. II.2013, 2 males, Mielke & Casagrande leg. DZ 29.695, DZ 29.696 (DZUP), 21���25. I.2014, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg. DZ 29.697 (DZUP). Rio de Janeiro: Casimiro de Abreu, Barra de S��o Jo��o, 10 m, 30. VII.1972, 1 male, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.741 (DZUP), 18. IV.1974, 1 male, K. Ebert & H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.742 (DZUP), 4. IX.1975, 1 male, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.748 (DZUP), 14. XI.1993, 1 male, Mielke, Miers & Tangerini leg. OM 37.911 (OM); Duque de Caxias, Imbari��, 25 m, 22. I.1955, 1 female, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.708 (DZUP), 25 m, 27. VIII.1955, 1 female, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.722 (DZUP), 100 m, 7. I.1956, 1 male, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.733 (DZUP), 23. XII.1956, 1 female, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.717 (DZUP), 12. II.1964, 1 female, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.724 (DZUP), 25 m, 15. VII.1964, 1 male, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.727 (DZUP), 10. II.1965, 1 female, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.738 (DZUP), 19. VII.1965, 1 female, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.736 (DZUP), 100 m, 8. VII.1966, 3 males and 1 female, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.726, DZ 29.732, DZ 29.735, DZ 29.739 (DZUP), 27. VII.1967, 1 female, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.737 (DZUP), 25���150 m, 1. VIII.1968, 1 female, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.720 (DZUP), 25���150 m, 30. VII.1969, 1 female, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.719 (DZUP), 28. VIII.1971, 1 female, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.740 (DZUP), 25 m, 15. VII.1975, 1 female, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.712 (DZUP), 31. VII.1977, 1 female, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.730 (DZUP), 25���150 m, 15. VII.1979, 1 female, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.721 (DZUP); Guapimirim, 3. VI.1937, 2 females, no collector, DZ 29.706, DZ 29.709 (DZUP), 20. VII.1940, 1 male, no collector, DZ 29.705 (DZUP), 50 m, 24. II.1962, 1 male, Ebert leg. DZ 29.711 (DZUP), 50 m, 20. VII.1963, 1 male, Ebert leg. DZ 29.718 (DZUP), 19. II.1964, 1 male, Ebert leg. DZ 29.734 (DZUP), 12. II.1966, 1 female, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.728 (DZUP); Mag��, Vila Inhomerim, 50���200 m, 2. VIII.1961, 1 female, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.725 (DZUP), 8. II.1968, 1 male, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.731 (DZUP); Niter��i, S��o Francisco, 150 m, 15. X.1950, 1 male, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.714 (DZUP), 21. X.1956, 1 female, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.729 (DZUP); Petr��polis, Independ��ncia, 900 m, no date, 1 female, Gagarin leg. DZ 29.707 * (DZUP); Rio de Janeiro, Jacarepagu��, Tr��s Rios, 9. II.1919, 1 male, ex-coll. D���Almeida, DZ 29.704 (DZUP), 3. X.1920, 1 male, ex-coll. D���Almeida, DZ 29.702 (DZUP), 30. VIII.1922, 1 female, ex-coll. D���Almeida, DZ 29.701 (DZUP), 26. IX.1937, 1 male, D���Almeida leg. (IOC), Estrada do Pau da Fome, 22.IV. 1962, Mielke leg. OM 4.324 (OM), III.1972, 1 male and 1 female, Alvarenga leg. DZ 29.746, DZ 29.747 (DZUP), no specific locality, VI.1972, 2 males, Silveira leg. DZ 29.710, DZ 29.716 (DZUP), Represa Rio Grande, V.1972, 3 males and 2 females, F. M. Oliveira leg. DZ 29.698, DZ 29.699, DZ 29.700 *, DZ 29.670, DZ 29.758 (DZUP), Vargem Grande, 16. VIII.1964, 1 male, Mielke leg. OM 3.619 (OM); Xer��m, Serra de Tingu��, 50 m, 15. VIII.1954, 1 female, ex-coll. Ebert, DZ 30.670 (DZUP), 12. II.1955, 1 male, ex-coll. Ebert, DZ 29.744 (DZUP), 20. II.1956, 1 female, ex-coll. Ebert, DZ 29.715 (DZUP), 24. II.1958, 1 male, ex-coll. Ebert, DZ 29.745 (DZUP). Minas Gerais: Caratinga, Esta����o Biol��gica de Caratinga, 400m, 29.I��� 3. II.2003, 4 males, Mielke & Casagrande leg. DZ 29.759, DZ 29.761, DZ 29.762, DZ 29.764 (DZUP); Itueta, 24. V.1979, 2 males, no collector, DZ 29.679, DZ 29.760 (DZUP); Marli��ria, Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, 200 m, 5. IX.1972, 1 male, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.749 (DZUP), 9. XI.1972, 2 females, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.751, DZ 29.752 (DZUP), 14. XII.1972, 1 male, H. & H. D. Ebert leg. DZ 29.750 (DZUP), 14. II.1974, 1 female, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.755 (DZUP), 24. IX.1974, 2 males and 1 female, Gifford leg. DZ 29.754, DZ 29.756, DZ 29.757 (DZUP), 350 m, 8���9. III.1994, 2 males, Mielke leg. DZ 29.765, DZ 29.766 (DZUP). Santa Catarina: Joinville, 10���200 m, 8. III.1980, 1 male, Mielke & Miers leg. OM 58.688 (OM)., Published as part of Zacca, Thamara, Siewert, Ricardo R., Casagrande, Mirna M., Mielke, Olaf H. H. & Paluch, M��rlon, 2016, Taxonomic revision of the " Pierella lamia species group " (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with descriptions of four new species from Brazil, pp. 366-386 in Zootaxa 4078 (1) on pages 379-380, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4078.1.31, http://zenodo.org/record/267355, {"references":["Weymer, G. (1911) 4. Familie: Satyridae, In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 5. Stuttgart, Alfred Kernen, pp. 173 - 280.","Sulzer, J. H. (1776) Abgekurzte Geschichte der Insekten. Nach dem Linaeischen System. Winterthur, H. Steiner & Co. Vol 1, 274 pp.","Otero, L. S. & Marigo, L. C. (1990) Butterflies. Beauty and behavior of Brazilian species. Marigo Comunicacao Visual, Rio de Janeiro, 128 pp.","Freitas, A. V. L. & Brown Jr., K. S. (2004) Phylogeny of the Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera). Systematic Biology, 53 (3), 363 - 383. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 10635150490445670","Silva, A. R. M., Guimaraes, M. P. M., Vitalino, R. F., Bagni, A. S., Martins, Y. E., Cordeiro, A. M. & Oliveira, E. V. (2010) Borboletas frugivoras do Parque Estadual do Rio Doce / MG. MG. Biota, 3 (4), 5 - 21.","Francini, R. B., Duarte, M., Mielke, O. H. H., Caldas, A. & Freitas, A. V. L. (2011) Butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) of \" Baixada Santista \" region, coastal Sao Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 55 (1), 55 - 68. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262011000100010","Soares, A., Bizarro, J. M. S., Bastos, C. B., Tangerini, N., Silva, N. A., Silva, A. S. & Silva, G. B. (2011) Preliminary analysis of the diurnal Lepidoptera of the Tres Picos State Park, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with a note on Parides ascanius (Cramer, 1775). Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 21 (2), 66 - 79.","Beccaloni, G. W., Viloria, A. L., Hall, S. K. & Robinson, G. S. (2008) Catalogue of the hostplants of the Neotropical butterflies / Catalogo de las plantas huesped de las mariposas Neotropicales. Monografias Tercer Milenio, 8, 1 - 536."]}

Pierella boliviana F.M. Brown, 1948 stat. nov. (Figures 9 ���12, 31, 42 ���47, 52��� 53) Pierella stollei boliviana F.M. Brown, 1948, p. 74���75.���D���Abrera, 1988, p. 731. Pierella hyceta (Hewitson, 1859); Lewis 1973, p. 65 [misidentification]. Pierella lamia boliviana; Lamas, 2004, p. 206. Diagnosis. Pierella boliviana stat. nov. resembles P. luna (Fabricius, 1793) in size (male FW length: 38���39 mm [n = 3]; female FW length: 38���42 mm [n = 3]) and HW shape, but the ocelli of P. luna are restricted to Rs-M 1 and M 1 - M 2. Within the ��� P. lamia species group���, P. boliviana stat. nov. is closely related to P. lamia, but differs from that by the straight HW costal margin and the outer margin projected at M 1. There are four incomplete ocelli on VHW, but some individuals might have a reduced ocellus in M 2 -M 3. VHW post-discal and postmedian lines are straight. Androconial patch is characterized by a well-marked, elongated dark central area (Fig. 31). Tegumen is dorsally larger than in P. lamia, uncus straight and tapering at the apex, valva with apex projected out upwards and serrated with some reduced spines on sacculus, aedeagus rounded at the anterior portion (Figs 42���47). In female genitalia, the papillae anales have a developed and curved posterior aphophysis similar to P. angeloi sp. nov., corpus bursae almost the same length of ductus bursae, and with a paired signa on the ventral side (Figs 52���53). Distribution (Fig. 62). This species is only known from the departments of Santa Cruz and Cochabamba, Bol��via, in the Yungas province of the South Brazilian dominion. Host plant. Unknown. Remarks. Brown (1948) described Pierella stollei boliviana based on several specimens from Rio Yapacani, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. The holotype is deposited at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, USA (CMNH) and paratypes are deposited at CMNH and NHM. Lamas (2004) proposed a new combination, Pierella lamia boliviana. Currently, P. s t o l l e i Ribeiro, 1931 is a subspecies of P. astyoche (Erichson, [1849]) (Lamas 2004). All P. astyoche subspecies have a lighter transverse band in the submarginal region of the VFW and VHW, not present in P. lamia. Based on the genitalia of both sexes and the wing colour pattern, there is no doubt that P. boliviana stat. nov. is a valid species and distinct from P. lamia. Material examined. BOL��VIA��� Cochabamba: Chapare, no specific locality, 400 m, 30. V.1949, 1 female, R. Zischka leg., DZ 30.857 * (DZUP); 28. X.1950, 1 male, R. Zischka leg., DZ 30.858 (DZUP); Santa Cruz: Buenavista, 5 km NW, 500 m, 30.IX��� 4. X.2001, 2 males and 2 females, Mielke & Casagrande leg., OM 54.730, OM 54.681 *, OM 54.772 *, OM 54.751 (OM)., Published as part of Zacca, Thamara, Siewert, Ricardo R., Casagrande, Mirna M., Mielke, Olaf H. H. & Paluch, M��rlon, 2016, Taxonomic revision of the " Pierella lamia species group " (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with descriptions of four new species from Brazil, pp. 366-386 in Zootaxa 4078 (1) on pages 373-374, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4078.1.31, http://zenodo.org/record/267355, {"references":["Brown, F. M. (1948) Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Pierella (Lepidoptera). Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 31 (6), 49 - 87.","Lewis, H. L. (1973) Butterflies of the World. Follett, Chicago, 312 pp.","Lamas, G. (2004) Nymphalidae. Satyrinae. Tribe Haeterini, p. 205. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Vol. 5 A. Scientific Publishers, Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Gainesville, pp. 205 - 215.","Fabricius, J. C. (1793) Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta. Secundum classes, ordines, genera, species adjectis synonimis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Vol. 3. Hafniae, Christian Gottlieb Proft, 488 pp."]}

Pierella kesselringi Zacca, Siewert & Paluch sp. nov. (Figures 17 –20, 33, 56–57) Pierella lamia (Sulzer, 1776); Cardoso, 1949, p. 428.—Brown, Freitas, Schoultz, Saura & Saura, 2007, p. 472. [misidentification] Pierella sp. nov.; Kesselring & Ebert [1982], p. 118. Pierella lamia ssp.; Paluch, Mielke, Nobre, Casagrande, Melo & Freitas, 2011, p. 235. Diagnosis. Pierella kesselringi sp. nov. can be distinguished from P. keithbrowni sp. nov. by the DFW yellow stain restricted to discal area and wings completely brown in females. Androconial patch characterized by the large and well-marked dark rounded central area (Fig. 33). Female genitalia present the papillae anales with a welldeveloped and curved posterior aphophysis similar to P. angeloi sp. nov., but the ductus bursae is 1.5 times longer than corpus bursae. Ostium bursae with a sclerotized projection from the ductus bursae, similar to P. chalybaea stat. rest, but the paired signa of the latter is located on the underside of the corpus bursae (Figs 56–57). Description. Head. Front brown. Antennae dark brown. Labial palpi with elongated scales, white on the underside and mixed with brown and light brown scales on the upper side. Thorax. Prothoracic legs white; meso and metathoracic legs brown on the upper side and lighter on the underside. Forewing length: male: 33–36 mm (n = 22); female: 36–38 mm (n = 8). Forewing upper side (Figs 17, 19). Mostly brown, with a yellow stain covering about 2 / 3 of the wing. Discal cell with three black dots. Forewing under side (Figs 18, 20). Similar to DFW. Mostly light brown with outer margin darker in males. Three reduced incomplete ocelli in R 5 -M 1, M 1 -M 2 and M 2 -M 3. Hind wing upper side (Figs 17, 19). Mostly dark brown, lighter towards to base. Five incomplete ocelli in Rs-M 1, M 1 -M 2, M 2 -M 3, M 3 -CuA 1 and CuA 1 -CuA 2, the second and the fourth are the largest. Four black spots on the basal region. Four convex dark brown lines, the most distal thicker and well-marked. Androconial patch with a large and wellmarked dark rounded central area (Fig. 33). Hind wing under side (Figs 18, 20). Similar to DHW. Outer margin brown and five incomplete ocelli in Rs-M 1, M 1 -M 2, M 2 -M 3, M 3 -CuA 1 and CuA 1 -CuA 2. Male genitalia. Similar to P. lamia (see Figs 36–41). Female genitalia (Figs 56–57). Tergum VIII trapezoid. Papillae anales with setae at the distal area, approximately 2 / 3 taller than longer, sclerotized at the basal half. Sternum VIII not fused with the lamella antevaginalis. Corpus bursae completely membranous, with paired signa located dorsally; ductus bursae about three times longer than corpus bursae, anterior portion sclerotized and dilated; ostium bursae with a sclerotized projection out from ductus bursae. Distribution (Fig. 62). This species occurs in the Northeast Brazil (Paraiba, Pernambuco, Alagoas and Sergipe states) in Caatinga province (Chacoan dominion) and Atlantic and Parana Forest provinces (Parana dominion). Host plant. Unknown. Etymology. This species honours to Swiss-Brazilian naturalist Hans Jorge Kesselring, who collected several specimens examined in the present study. Remarks. Kesselring & Ebert [1982] suggested this species as a new one close related to “ Pierella lamia ” in their list of butterflies from “ Mata do Buraquinho”, Paraíba, Brazil, but they did not described this species. Paluch et al. (2011) pointed out that individuals collected in the Ecological Park João Vasconcelos Sobrinho, Caruaru, Pernambuco, Brazil might constitute a distinct subspecies of P. lamia, however they also did not describe that. In the present study, morphological evidences from androconial patches and female genitalia were founded and its support the Kesselring & Ebert’s opinion, in addition to the differences in the chromosomal number on this species (Brown et al. 2007). Type material. Holotype male with the following labels (separated by forward slash symbols): / HOLOTYPUS / Pierella kesselringi Zacca, Siewert & Paluch det. 2014 / 6–7 –II– 2006, R[eserva] P[articular de] P[atrimônio] N[atural] Frei Caneca, Jaqueira, Pe[rnambuco], 650m. Mielke & Casagrande leg./ DZ 29.614 / (DZUP). Allotype female with the following labels (separated by forward slash symbols): /ALLOTYPUS/ Pierella kesselringi Zacca, Siewert & Paluch det. 2014 / 28 –X– 1945 Maceio, Alagoas, A. Cardoso leg./ Ex-coleção A. Cardoso/ DZ 29.618 / (DZUP). Paratypes. BRAZIL— Paraíba: João Pessoa, 19. XII.1953, 1 male, J. Kesselring leg., DZ 29.599 (DZUP); 10– 50 m, 4. VI.1953, 1 male, J. Kesselring leg. DZ 29.600 (DZUP); 23. VI.1954, 1 female, J. Kesselring leg. DZ 29.601 * (DZUP); 10–50 m, 16.VIII. 1954, J. Kesselring leg. DZ 29.598 (DZUP); Pernambuco: Igarassu, V–VI.2007, 1 male, C.E.B. Nobre (UFPE); Recife, 20–80 m, 29. X.1960, 1 male, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.602 (DZUP); 13. VII.1959, 1 male, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.604 (DZUP); 7. IX.1957, 1 male, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.605 (DZUP); 20–50 m, 30. I.1954, 1 male, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.606 (DZUP); 20–80 m, 28. X.1958, 1 male, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.608 (DZUP); Dois Irmãos, 20–50 m, 1. IX.1957, 1 male, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.609 (DZUP); 31. VIII.1957, 1 male, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.610 (DZUP); São Lourenço da Mata, Tiúma, 100 m, 20. VI.1952, 1 male, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.607 (DZUP); 15. VII.1973, 1 male, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.616 (DZUP); Goiana, 20–50 m, 2. XII.1957, 1 male, H. Ebert leg. DZ 29.611 (DZUP); Jaqueira, RPPN Frei Caneca, 650 m, 6–7. II.2006, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg. DZ 29.612 (DZUP); Alagoas: Maceió, 28. X.1945, 2 females, A. Cardoso leg. DZ 29.617, DZ 30.671 * (DZUP); 15. VI.1945, 1 female, A. Cardoso leg. DZ 26.219 (DZUP); 11. V.1973, 1 male, A. Cardoso leg. DZ 29.620 (DZUP); 8. VI.1974, 1 male, A. Cardoso leg. DZ 29.621 (DZUP); VI.1967, 1 female, A. Cardoso leg. DZ 29.622 (DZUP); 8. XI.1972, 1 female, A. Cardoso leg. DZ 29.624 (DZUP); 26. XI.1972, 1 female, A. Cardoso leg. DZ 29.625 (DZUP); 28. I.1975, 1 female, A. Cardoso leg. DZ 29.626 (DZUP); 22. VII.1973, 1 male, A. Cardoso leg. DZ 29.627 (DZUP); 28. I.1975, 1 male, A. Cardoso leg., DZ 30.667 * (DZUP); 20. IV.1976, 1 male, A. Cardoso leg. DZ 29.628 (DZUP); 7. IV.1974, 1 male, A. Cardoso leg. DZ 29.629 (DZUP); São José da Lage, Usina Serra Grande, 300 m, 16–17. III.1997, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg. OM 48.402 (OM); Sergipe: Itabaiana, Parque Serra de Itabaiana, 22. XI.2013, 1 male, Leite L.A.R leg. CEUFS 4.296 (CEUFS); 31. V.2014, 1 male, Santos & Silva leg. CEUFS 4.297 (CEUFS); 1–3. VII.2014, 1 male and 1 female, Leite, Queiroz, Santos, Silva & Carmo leg. CEUFS 4.298, CEUFS 4.299 (CEUFS).