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Background: The benefits of oral caffeine intake to enhance several aspects of physical performance, such as aerobic endurance, strength, power, and muscle endurance performance, are well supported. However, how the physical performance benefits of caffeine supplementation are translated into better specific actions in intermittent sports during real or simulated competition has been the topic of fewer investigations, and their results need to be appropriately reviewed and meta-analyzed. Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of acute caffeine intake on specific actions in intermittent sports involving decision making and high-intensity efforts (eg, team, racket, and combat sports) during real or simulated competitions. Methods: All studies included had blinded and crossover experimental designs, and we conducted a risk-of-bias analysis. In total, we included 24 studies. A meta-analysis was performed using the random-effects model to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) estimated by Hedges g and 95% CIs. Results: Caffeine ingestion increased high-intensity sport-specific actions during competition, such as the number of sprints (SMD: 0.48; 95% CI, 0.23–0.74), body impacts (SMD: 0.28; 95% CI, 0.08–0.49), accelerations (SMD: 0.35; 95% CI, 0.06–0.63), decelerations (SMD: 0.63; 95% CI, 0.12–1.14), and high-intensity offensive efforts (SMD: 0.36; 95% CI, 0.11–0.61). Additionally, caffeine ingestion induced a higher positive or success rate of actions during real or simulated competition (SMD: 0.44; 95% CI, 0.19–0.69). Conclusion: The current meta-analysis provides evidence of caffeine supplementation in increasing high-intensity efforts and the success rate of sport-specific actions during real or simulated competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the combination of protein supplementation and resistance training (RT), compared with RT alone or combined with a placebo, in improving gait speed. Methods: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and SPORTDiscus databases, and 18 randomized controlled trials with 1,147 older participants were included for meta-analysis. Data were pooled as the effect sizes (Hedges' g) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of the gait speed (in meters per second). The random-effect meta-analysis, subgroup analyses, meta-regression, and sensitivity analysis were conducted. Results: The combination of protein supplementation and RT significantly improved gait speed (Hedges' g: 0.52 m/s, 95% confidence interval [0.17, 0.86], p =.005; I2 = 86.5%) compared with the RT alone. The subgroup analyses revealed that the significant improvement in gait speed postprotein intervention plus RT was observed only in participants who consumed protein after RT (Hedges' g: 0.90 m/s, 95% confidence interval [0.46, 1.33], p =.001; I2 = 79.6%). The pooled result did not significantly change after excluding any single study at one time or excluding smaller studies with large effect sizes. Conclusions: Protein supplementation combined with RT could significantly improve the gait speed of older adults compared with RT alone. This positive effect is more pronounced in people who consume protein after RT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine whether caffeine gum influenced perceptual-cognitive and physical performance during the extra-time period of simulated soccer match-play. Semiprofessional male soccer players (n = 12, age: 22 ± 3 years, stature: 1.78 ± 0.06 m, mass: 75 ± 9 kg) performed 120-min soccer-specific exercise on two occasions. In a triple-blind, randomized, crossover design, players chewed caffeinated (200 mg; caffeine) or control (0 mg; placebo) gum for 5 min following 90 min of soccer-specific exercise. Perceptual-cognitive skills (i.e., passing accuracy, reaction time, composure, and adaptability) were assessed using a soccer-specific virtual reality simulator, collected pre- and posttrial. Neuromuscular performance (reactive-strength index, vertical jump height, absolute and relative peak power output, and negative vertical displacement) and sprint performance (15 and 30 m) were measured at pretrial, half-time, 90 min, and posttrial. Caffeine gum attenuated declines in reaction time (pre: 90.8 ± 0.8 AU to post: 90.7 ± 0.8 AU) by a further 4.2% than placebo (pre: 92.1 ± 0.8 AU to post: 88.2 ± 0.8 AU; p <.01). Caffeine gum reduced composure by 4.7% (pre: 69.1 ± 0.8 AU to post: 65.9 ± 0.8 AU) versus placebo (pre: 68.8 ± 0.8 AU to post: 68.3 ± 0.8 AU; p <.01). Caffeine gum did not influence any other variables (p >.05). Where caffeine gum is consumed by players prior to extra-time, reaction time increases but composure may be compromised, and neuromuscular and sprint performance remain unchanged. Future work should assess caffeine gum mixes with substances like L-theanine that promote a relaxed state under stressful conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purposeClinicians use reference values to contextualize physical performance scores, but data are sparse in individuals 90 years and older and racial/ethnic diversity is limited in existing studies. Gait speed provides valuable information about an individual's health status. Slow gait speed is associated with falls, cognitive decline, and mortality. Here, we report gait speed reference values in a racially/ethnically diverse oldest-old cohort.MethodsLifeAfter90 is a multiethnic cohort study of individuals 90 years and older. Participants are long-term members of an integrated healthcare delivery system without a dementia diagnosis at enrollment. We assessed gait speed using the 4-m walk test and calculated means, standard deviations, and percentiles by age, sex, assistive device use, and device type. We used linear regression to compare means by sex, age, device use and type, living situation and arrangement, and race/ethnicity.Results and discussionThe mean age of the 502 participants was 92.9 (range 90.1-102.8) years. Of these, 62.6% were women, 34.7% were college educated, 90.8% lived in a private residence, 20.9% self-reported as Asian, 22.5% as Black, 11.8% as Hispanic, 35.7% as White, and 9.2% as multiple, "other," or declined to state. The overall mean gait speed was 0.54 m/s (women = 0.51 m/s, men = 0.58 m/s). Mean gait speeds were 0.58 m/s, 0.53 m/s, and 0.48 m/s in the 90 to 91, 92 to 93, and 94+ age categories, respectively. In those without a device, mean gait speed was 0.63 m/s compared to 0.40 m/s in those with a device (cane = 0.44 m/s, walker = 0.37 m/s). Mean gait speed was significantly slower in women compared to men, age category 94+ compared to 90 to 91, participants with a device compared to those without, participants with a walker compared to a cane, and Black participants compared to Asian and White participants. However, differences by race/ethnicity were attenuated when chronic health conditions were considered.ConclusionsReference values developed from this multiethnic 90+ cohort will help clinicians interpret gait speed measures and tailor recommendations toward a 90+ population that is growing in number and in racial/ethnic diversity.

The current study analyzed the effects of positive versus negative self-talk on physical performance in soccer players from a multiprocess approach. We operationalized the process distinction using the need-for-cognition (NC) construct. Thus, NC was measured and self-talk (i.e., positive vs. negative) was manipulated between participants (i.e., 126 soccer players, age 18 years or older, who were competing in national, regional, or local competitions). Physical performance was assessed by a vertical-jump test. According to hypothesis, regression analyses indicated that positive versus negative self-talk influenced physical performance to a greater extent for high-NC individuals than for low-NC individuals. Specifically, among high-NC soccer players, relative to baseline, positive self-talk produced greater physical performance in the vertical-jump test than negative self-talk. In contrast, among low-NC soccer players, no difference was found between positive and negative self-talk on physical performance. These results supported the moderating role of NC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the impact of multimorbidity patterns on physical activity and capacity outcomes over the course of a year-long exercise intervention, and on physical activity 1 year later. Participants were 314 physically inactive community-dwelling men and women aged 70–85 years, with no contraindications for exercise at baseline. Physical activity was self-reported. Physical capacity measurements included five-time chair-stand time, 6-minute walking distance, and maximal isometric knee-extension strength. The intervention included supervised and home-based strength, balance, and walking exercises. Multimorbidity patterns comprised physician-diagnosed chronic disease conditions as a predictor cluster and body mass index as a measure of obesity. Multimorbidity patterns explained 0%–12% of baseline variance and 0%–3% of the change in outcomes. The magnitude and direction of the impact of unique conditions varied by outcome, time point, and sex. Multimorbid older adults with no contraindications for exercise may benefit from multimodal physical training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare community-dwelling older adults' physical activity (PA) during the COVID-19 restrictions in 2020 to their PA levels 2 years before and investigate associations between earlier physical performance and PA levels over the follow-up. Participants' (n = 809, initial age 75–85 years) self-reported PA was assessed at baseline in 2017–2018 and May/June 2020 as total weekly minutes of walking and vigorous PA. Physical performance was assessed at baseline using the maximal handgrip strength and Short Physical Performance Battery tests. During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, a median change in total weekly minutes of walking and vigorous PA among all participants was + 20.0 (interquartile range: −60.0 to 120.0, p <.001) min per week compared with 2 years earlier. Higher baseline Short Physical Performance Battery total scores were associated with higher total weekly minutes of walking and vigorous PA over the follow-up in men and women, and better handgrip strength in women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate acute psychophysiological responses to repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) combined with whole-body cryotherapy (WBC). Method: Sixteen trained cyclists performed 3 sessions in randomized order: RSH, WBC-RSH (WBC pre-RSH), and RSH-WBC (WBC post-RSH). RSH consisted of 3 sets of 5 × 10-second sprints with 20-second recovery at a simulated altitude of 3000 m. Power output, muscle oxygenation (tissue saturation index), heart-rate variability, and recovery perception were analyzed. Sleep quality was assessed on the nights following test sessions and compared with a control night using nocturnal ActiGraphy and heart-rate variability. Results: Power output did not differ between the conditions (P =.27), while the decrease in tissue saturation index was reduced for WBC-RSH compared to RSH-WBC in the last set. In both conditions with WBC, the recovery perception was higher compared to RSH (WBC-RSH: +15.4%, and RSH-WBC: +21.9%, P <.05). The number of movements during the RSH-WBC night was significantly lower than for the control night (−18.7%, P <.01) and WBC-RSH (−14.9%, P <.05). RSH led to a higher root mean square of the successive differences of R-R intervals and high-frequency band during the first hour of sleep compared to the control night (P <.05) and RSH-WBC (P <.01). Conclusions: Inclusion of WBC in an RSH session did not modify the power output but could improve prolonged performance in hypoxia by maintaining muscle oxygenation. A single RSH session did not deteriorate sleep quality. WBC, particularly when performed after RSH, positively influenced recovery perception and sleep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine whether a 12-week, lower body-targeted aqua-plyometric (AquaPlyo) exercise program could improve muscle strength, bone mineral properties, and physical fitness in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was adopted and included 48 patients with polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (age: 12–18 y). Patients were assigned to undergo either AquaPlyo exercises (AquaPlyo group, n = 24) or standard exercises (control group, n = 24). The outcome measures were assessed pretreatment and posttreatment and included concentric quadriceps peak torque, bone mineral properties (areal bone mineral density [BMD], volumetric BMD, bone mineral content, and BMD Z score), and physical fitness. Results: A significant posttreatment increase in the concentric quadriceps peak torque was detected in the AquaPlyo group compared with the control group (either at an angular velocity of 90°/s [right side: P =.016, left side: P =.025] or 180°/s [right side: P =.007, left side: P =.029]). Besides, a considerably greater improvement in the areal BMD (P =.0006), volumetric BMD (P =.027), bone mineral content (P =.002), and BMD Z score (P =.0004) was observed in the AquaPlyo group. Moreover, a remarkably greater rise in the physical fitness (P <.001) was revealed in the AquaPlyo group. Conclusion: AquaPlyo training can efficiently enhance muscle strength, improve bone mineral properties, and boost physical fitness in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Frailty and low physical performance are modifiable factors and, therefore, targets for interventions aimed at delaying driving cessation (DC). The objective was to determine the impact of frailty and physical performance on DC. METHODS: Multisite prospective cohort of older drivers. The key inclusion criteria are as follows: active driver age 65-79 years, possessing a valid drivers license, without significant cognitive impairment, and driving a 1996 car or a newer model car. Of the 2,990 enrolled participants, 2,986 (99.9%) had at least one frailty or Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) measure and were included in this study. In total, 42% of participants were aged 65-69 years, 86% were non-Hispanic white, 53% were female, 63% were married, and 41% had a high degree of education. The Fried Frailty Phenotype and the Expanded Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) from the National Health and Aging Trends Study were utilized. At each annual visit, DC was assessed by the participant notifying the study team or self-reporting after no driving activity for at least 30 days, verified via GPS. Cox proportional hazard models, including time-varying covariates, were used to examine the impact of the SPPB and frailty scores on time to DC. This assessment included examining interactions by sex. RESULTS: Seventy-three participants (2.4%) stopped driving by the end of year 5. Among women with a fair SPPB score, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of DC was 0.26 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.10-0.65) compared to those with a poor SPPB score. For those with a good SPPB score, the adjusted HR of DC had a p-value of

Lack of exercise contributes to systemic inflammation and is a major cause of chronic disease. The long-term impact of initiating and sustaining exercise in late life, as opposed to sustaining a sedentary lifestyle, on whole-body health measures such as physical performance is not well known. This is an exploratory study to compare changes in physical performance among older adults initiating exercise late in life versus inactive older adults. Data from two observational cohorts were included in this analysis, representing two activity groups. The Active group cohort comprises older adults (n = 318; age 72.5 ± 7.2 years) enrolled in a supervised exercise program, Gerofit. The inactive group comprises older adults (n = 146; age 74.5 ± 5.5 years) from the Italian study Act on Ageing (AOA) who self-reported being inactive. Participants in both groups completed physical performance battery at baseline and 1-year including: 6-min walk test, 30-s chair stand, and timed up-and-go. Two-sample t-tests measured differences between Gerofit and AOA at baseline and 1-year across all measures. Significant between-group effects were seen for all performance measures (ps = 0.001). The AOA group declined across all measures from baseline to 1 year (range -18% to -24% change). The Gerofit group experienced significant gains in function for all measures (range +10% to +31% change). Older adults who initiated routine, sustained exercise were protected from age-related declines in physical performance, while those who remained sedentary suffered cumulative deficits across strength, aerobic endurance, and mobility. Interventions to reduce sedentary behaviors and increase physical activity are both important to promote multi-system, whole-body health.

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The squat exercise has been shown to improve athletic performance. However, the use of the deep squat has been questioned due to claims that it may cause knee joint injuries. Therefore, the purpose of this scoping review was to synthesize existing literature concerning the impact of deep squats on knee osteoarticular health in resistance-trained individuals. Methods: This study adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. The original protocol was prospectively registered in Figshare (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.24945033.v1). A systematic and exhaustive search was conducted in different databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus. Additional searches were performed in Google Scholar and PEDro. The main inclusion criteria were the following: (1) Articles of experimental, observational, or theoretical nature, including randomized controlled trials, longitudinal studies, case reports, integrative reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses(Primary studies were required to have a minimum follow-up duration of 6 weeks, whereas secondary studies were expected to adhere to PRISMA or COCHRANE guidelines or be registered with PROSPERO; (2) Peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2024; (3) Publications written in English, Spanish and Portuguese; (4) Studies reporting the effects of deep half, parallel or quarter squats on the knee or evaluating squats as a predictor of injury. Results: The keyword search resulted in 2,274 studies, out of which 15 met all inclusion criteria. These 15 studies comprised 5 cohort studies, 3 randomized controlled trials, 4 literature or narrative reviews, 1 case study, and 2 systematic reviews, one including a meta-analysis. Overall, the risk of bias (ROB) across these studies was generally low. It is worth noting that only one study, a case study, associated deep squats with an increased risk of injury, the remaining 14 studies showed no negative impact of deep squats on knee joint health. Conclusion: The deep squat appears to be a safe exercise for knee joint health and could be included in resistance training programs without risk, provided that proper technique is maintained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been growing scientific interest in the neuropsychophysiological aspects of soccer performance. The purpose of this study was to conduct a bibliometric analysis to identify and review key topics within the neuropsychophysiological dimensions of soccer performance and identify any research voids that warrant further attention. We retrieved 192 documents from the Scopus database and anayzed the extracted data using VOSviewer software to conduct a bibliometric analysis. We applied both performance analysis techniques (including the number of documents per year, top 20 authors by citations, and top 15 sources by documents) and science mapping analysis (co-authorship, bibliographic coupling, co-citation, and co-occurrence). The co-occurrence analysis identified three main clusters of research themes. The first cluster focused on the relationship between physical performance and cognitive factors, the second on technical-tactical performance, and the third on health and well-being. Our findings emphasize the significant role of neuropsychophysiological factors in all aspects of soccer performance. We highlight the importance of integrating cognitive and physical training to enhance player performance and underscore the need for further research to deepen our understanding of these relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Whole-body vibration (WBV) has been reported to influence performance improvement. However, its effects may vary based on device parameters and body positioning. This study aims to assess the effects of two frequencies and two positions on jump kinetic variables. Methods: Thirty-four healthy non-athlete females underwent four WBV protocols involving different combinations of medium (30 Hz) and high (50 Hz) frequencies, as well as static and dynamic squat positions. Participants performed three counter-movement drop jumps before, 1 min, and 10 min after each protocol. Jump variables were extracted using acceleration data from an inertial measurement unit attached to participants' waists. Results: Three-way repeated measure ANOVA results revealed a significant position effect on maximum contact power (p = 0.046) and a significant time effect on maximum contact force (p = 0.010), concentric contact impulse (p < 0.001), jump height (p = 0.014), and the reactive strength index (p = 0.007). Bonferroni analysis showed an increase in maximum contact power in the dynamic squat protocols. However, there was a decrease in maximum contact force, jump height, and the reactive strength index, along with an increase in contact impulse in the concentric phase for all frequencies and squat positions. Conclusion: While dynamic squatting increased maximum power during the concentric phase, highlighting the importance of dynamic contractions during vibration, temporary declines in other key jump variables suggest that acute WBV effects in non-athlete subjects might negatively impact overall function. Caution is advised when considering the immediate effects of WBV in this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study intended to investigate the impact of substitution rule change on the physical performance in World Cup tournaments. Running data from the 2022 and 2023 FIFA World Cups were used for analysis. The results show that substitutes have much more sprinting, high-speed running and moderate speed running per minute than starters (p < 0.05), with similar magnitudes of differences for the men's (28.4–47.6%) and women's World Cup (23.4–59.5%). Substitutes in winning vs losing teams had higher sprint distance (3.7 vs 2.8 m· min−1) and number of high-speed running (1.70 vs 1.58 times· min−1) in men's World Cup and higher sprint distance (3.3 vs 2.5 m· min−1) in women's World Cup. In the men's World Cup, substituted midfielders had a higher frequency and greater distance covered with high-speed running (1.85 vs 1.57 and 1.44 times· min−1; 10.1 vs 8.9 and 7.8 m· min−1) and higher sprint frequency (0.74 vs 0.71 and 0.62 times· min−1) compared to forwards and defenders, which was not the case for the Women's World Cup. Together, this study underlines the importance of substitutions for the team running performance in modern elite football under the new substitution rules, and practitioners need to pay attention to the use of substitute players under the new rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the aim to better understanding the dynamic of performance changes between the first and second halves of professional soccer teams, statistics of 1899 matches from 2012 to 2019 of the Chinese Super League (CSL) were collected and analysed. The generalised mixed linear modelling was used to estimate the mean change of each of 40 physical and technical performance-related parameters of soccer teams from the first half of the match to the second, controlling the effects of match status, match location, team strength and opponent strength. Results showed that, out of the selected 40 parameters, only goals (first half vs second half M ± SD: 0.60 ± 0.76 vs 0.82 ± 0.92, ES; ±99% confidence limits: 0.21; ±0.05), shots (5.7 ± 2.8 vs 6.8 ± 3.3, 0.34; ±0.05), individual possession in the attacking third (55 ± 21 vs 62 ± 25, 0.31; ±0.05), cross (9.7 ± 4.6 vs 10.9 ± 5.8, 0.24; ±0.06) and yellow cards (0.75 ± 0.84 vs 1.24 ± 1.07, 0.45; ±0.06) showed substantially increment from the first half to the second, other parameters presented only trivial changes. Hence, it is concluded that the physical performance of soccer teams in the second half did not show meaningful change, while technical actions related to attacking tended to increase. The findings can offer soccer coaches valuable insights into when and how to adjust their tactics, manage their players, thus can maintain or enhance the team's match performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revija Šport is the property of Sport: Revija Za Teoreticna in Praticna Vprasanja Sporta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Handgrip strength (HGS) weakness and asymmetry are both abnormal conditions of upper-limb muscle strength. The association between HGS weakness and physical performance is controversial, and the link between HGS asymmetry and physical performance remains unclear. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the associations of HGS weakness and asymmetry separately and concurrently with low physical performance among Chinese older people. Methods: The study used two waves of data from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in 2013 and 2015. HGS weakness and asymmetry were defined according to the maximal HGS and the HGS ratio, respectively. Participants were classified into 4 groups according to HGS status: normal, asymmetry only, weakness only, and concurrent weakness and asymmetry. The logistic regression model was used to investigate the cross-sectional association between low physical performance and each of maximal HGS, HGS ratio, and HGS status, as well as the prospective association between baseline HGS status and new-onset physical performance decline after two years. Results: Participants with HGS asymmetry only, weakness only, and two abnormalities showed a higher prevalence of low physical performance when asymmetry defined as an HGS ratio exceeding 1.20 and 1.30 (all, p < 0.001), with the greatest odds in those with two abnormalities (20% threshold: OR 3.83; 30% threshold: OR 5.41). The longitudinal analysis found that HGS weakness can predict the new-onset low physical performance over a two-year period, with concurrent HGS asymmetry further increased the future risk of physical performance decline. Conclusions: Both HGS weakness and asymmetry were associated with a higher prevalence of low physical performance, in an additive way. This study will help screen older people with low physical performance more efficiently, and identify those at higher risk of developing new-onset physical performance decline within two years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swearing, or using taboo language with the potential to offend, has been shown to improve physical performance during short and intense tasks requiring strength and power development. While consistent ergogenic effects of swearing have been observed across studies, the mechanisms by which swearing impacts physical performance are not fully clear. Swearing has been shown to modulate physiological (i.e., heart rate, blood pressure, skin conductance), psychological (i.e., state disinhibition), and nociceptive (i.e., pain threshold, pain tolerance, pain perception) responses, thus making it plausible that these mechanisms allow swearing to positively impact physical performance. A variety of dosages of swearing (i.e., word used, intensity, frequency, quantity) have been reported to improve physical performance. Although habituation to the positive physical performance effects of swearing has not been explored formally through empirical research, habituation to swearing has been observed in other contexts. From a practical application standpoint, swearing represents a low-risk, effective, and inexpensive intervention that has the potential to acutely improve physical performance although the taboo nature of swearing may limit its utility in real-world situations. The purpose of the following review is to provide an overview of available evidence on swearing and physical performance and discuss likely underlying mechanisms. Exploration of different swearing approaches and habituation will also be highlighted and suggestions for future research will be discussed, to more comprehensively understand if swearing can be strategically used for performance enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the burgeoning elderly population, there is an escalating demand for effective and safe exercise programs to enhance physical performance and avert age-related complications. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a whole-body vibration (WBV) exercise program on the physical performance and postural balance of older adults. The study enlisted 21 participants aged 65 and older, divided into three groups: WBV, foam mat (FM), and control. Over four weeks, participants engaged in a structured exercise regimen designed to improve lower limb muscle strength, cardiovascular endurance, flexibility, coordination, and postural balance. The low-impact, elderly-friendly program included resistance exercises tailored to each group's conditions. Pre- and post-program evaluations comprised physical performance tests (chair stand, 2 -min step, chair sit-and-reach, figure-of-8 walk) and postural balance assessments (limit of stability (LOS), Timed Up and Go (TUG), One Leg Stance (OLS)). Results showed significant improvements across all groups, with the WBV group exhibiting the most pronounced enhancements. WBV group improvements included a 62.8% increase in lower-limb muscle strength and a 31.7% rise in cardiovascular endurance. The WBV group also demonstrated the greatest advancements in postural stability and dynamic balance, as indicated by significant changes in OLS and TUG test times. These findings suggest WBV exercises can effectively enhance physical performance and balance in older adults, presenting a promising alternative to traditional exercise programs that may impose greater physical burdens. Further research with larger sample sizes and controlled variables is recommended to confirm these benefits and refine WBV exercise protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review aimed to assess the effects of exercise training on handball players' performance. A thorough search was conducted in 5 online databases (ProQuest, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and EBSCOhost (SPORTDiscus), as well as on Google Scholar and other gray literature references starting on April 11, 2022. The methodological quality of the included research was evaluated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. This systematic review includes 16 studies. Eight studies received "excellent" ratings ($6 points), 5 received "good" ratings (5 points), and 3 received "moderate" ratings (4 points). The findings showed that the most frequently examined performance factors in exercise training intervention strategies with handball players were balance (n 5 5), agility (n 5 8), speed (n 5 9), and jumping performance (n 5 10). Muscular strength (n 5 4), shooting and dribbling skill (n 5 3), and muscular endurance (n 5 4) were the second most frequently investigated performance factors. Regarding speed and agility, exercise training considerably improved the physical fitness of handball players. However, evidence related to muscular strength, shooting ability, and dribbling skills was limited. To achieve the optimum standard, handball players must have strong physical and physiological qualities. Meanwhile, no evidence was found related to the impacts of exercise training on power, endurance, flexibility, body composition, cardiovascular fitness, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Regarding limitations, there is a need for more research with solid evidence to determine the impacts of exercise training interventions on athletes' performance in handball. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Functional somatic disorders (FSDs) are a unifying diagnosis that includes functional somatic syndromes (FSSs) as well as the unifying diagnostic construct of bodily distress syndrome (BDS). FSDs are characterized by persistent and troublesome physical symptoms that are prevalent across all medical settings and for which no clinical tests can establish a definitive diagnosis. The aim of this study was to explore associations between BDSs and objective measurements of body composition, cardiorespiratory health, and physical performance. Methods: Analyses are based on data from the Danish population-based cohort study, DanFunD, comprising data on 9656 participants aged 18–76 years and BDS case status, which was established using self-reported questionnaires. Adjusted multiple linear regression analysis was employed to evaluate associations between BDS and different measures of body composition, cardiorespiratory health, and physical performance assessed as part of a general health examination. Results: Compared to controls, individuals with single- or multi-organ BDS exhibited less optimal body compositions characterized by a higher BMI and fat percentage and larger waist circumference, as well as impaired cardiorespiratory health and reduced physical performance (lower maximal oxygen consumption and lower hand grip strength). Further, individuals categorized with multi-organ BDS had a less healthy body composition, lower cardiorespiratory health, and lower physical performance compared to individuals with single-organ BDS. Conclusions: In this cross-sectional study, we found BDS to be associated with suboptimal body composition, impaired cardiorespiratory health, and reduced physical performance. Individuals with multi-organ BDS tended to exhibit lower physical fitness or reduced cardiorespiratory health than individuals with single-organ BDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The study compared six frailty tools in older hypertensive outpatients. • Frailty predicted 1-year functional decline, independently of baseline function and comorbidities. • The CFS (score ≥4) predicted 1-year decline with 91 % negative predictive value. • CFS may help identify non-frail hypertensive patients at low risk of functional decline. Few studies have evaluated frailty in older hypertensive individuals and the most appropriate tools to identify frailty in this population have yet to be identified. This study compared the performance of six frailty instruments in the prediction of 1-year functional decline in older hypertensive outpatients. The HYPERtension and FRAILty in Older Adults (HYPER-FRAIL) longitudinal pilot study involved hypertensive participants ≥75 years from two geriatric outpatient clinics at Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy, undergoing identification of frailty with four frailty scales (Fried Frailty Phenotype, Frailty Index [FI], Clinical Frailty Scale [CFS], Frailty Postal Score) and two physical performance tests (Short Physical Performance Battery [SPPB] and gait speed). Prediction of 1-year functional decline (i.e. a ≥ 10-point Barthel Index decrease between baseline and follow-up) was examined based on ROC curve analysis and multivariable logistic regression. Among 116 participants, 24 % reported functional decline. In the ROC curve analyses, FI (AUC=0.76), CFS (AUC=0.77), gait speed (AUC=0.73) and the SPPB (AUC=0.77) achieved the best predictive performance, with FI ≥0.21 and CFS ≥4 showing the highest sensitivity (82 %) and negative predictive value (91 %). Frailty identified with FI, CFS or physical performance tests was associated with an increased risk of 1-year functional decline, independently of baseline functional status and comorbidity burden. FI, CFS and physical performance tests showed similar predictive ability for functional decline in hypertensive outpatients. The CFS and gait speed might be more suitable for clinical use and may be useful to identify non-frail individuals at lower risk of functional decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Athletes typically try to enhance performance and reduce fatigue, and certain plants may offer performance-enhancing and recovery-accelerating benefits, as well as other health benefits. Fridericia chica (Bonpl.) L. G. Lohmann is a species that is commonly used as a herbal medicine, mainly because of its healing and anti-inflammatory properties. The effect of F. chica on physical performance parameters has not yet been investigated, though there is evidence that this species can act in this sense. Purpose: This study investigated the effect of an aqueous extract of F. chica leaves on physical performance parameters in Wistar rats. Materials & Methods: The animals were treated during 28-days with and without continuous swimming exercise, with an aqueous dried extract from F chica leaves administered via gavage. Doses of 15 or 30 mg/kg of F. chica extract were compared with the negative control (no treatment) or 5 mg/kg of caffeine (positive control). Biochemical and hematological blood markers were evaluated at the end of the experiment. Results: In the forced swim test, there was an increase in swimming time in the groups that consumed the F. chica extract at doses of 15 or 30 mg/kg of weight. Lactate and creatine kinase values were reduced in the group that consumed F. chica at 30 mg/kg (p=0.05) and 15 mg/kg for the exercise group (p=0.05), when compared to the other groups investigated. Conclusions: The aqueous extract of F. chica leaves influences the aerobic performance parameters and markers of fatigue in rats. This is the first study to report the ergogenic effect of F. chica extract, which can be explored in the development of products to increase the physical performance of athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nutrition and physical activity are two major issues in the management of CKD patients who are often older, have comorbidities, and are prone to malnutrition and physical inactivity, conditions that cause loss of quality of life and increase the risk of death. We performed a multidimensional assessment of nutritional status and of physical performance and activity in CKD patients on conservative therapy in order to assess the prevalence of sedentary behavior and its relationship with body composition. Methods: A total of 115 consecutive stable CKD patients aged 45–80 years were included in the study. They had no major skeletal, muscular, or neurological disabilities. All patients underwent a multidimensional assessment of body composition, physical activity, and exercise capacity. Results: Sedentary patients, as defined by mean daily METs <1.5, were older and differed from non-sedentary patients in terms of body composition, exercise capacity, and nutrient intake, even after adjusting for age. Average daily METs were positively associated with lean body mass, muscle strength, 6MWT performance but negatively associated with fat body mass, body mass index, and waist circumference. In addition, a sedentary lifestyle may have negative effects on free fat mass, muscle strength, and exercise capacity and may increase fat body mass. Conversely, decrease in muscle mass and/or an increase in fat mass may lead to a decrease in physical activity and exercise capacity. Conclusion: There is a clear association and potential interrelationship between nutritional aspects and exercise capacity in older adults with CKD: they are really the two sides of the same coin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The older population often experiences a gradual age-related decline in the primary motor cortex, leading to muscle weakness that can harm their physical performances. Exercise could improve physical performance and prevent falling in older adults. However, the decrease in motor function and motor skills in older adults reduces the efficiency of fall prevention. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive intervention aimed at improving muscle strength in various conditions by utilizing transcranial direct current stimulation applied to the primary motor cortex (M1). Pre- and post-studies were conducted to demonstrate the effects of a single 20-minute session of tDCS alone, as well as to assess any potential side effects. Sixteen older individuals, both male and female, aged 65 years or older, with or without underlying diseases, were assessed for leg and hand grip strength, followed by physical performance tests. Subsequently, they underwent stimulation of the primary motor cortex through the placement of anodal tDCS (a-tDCS) over the left M1 for 20 min. Immediate effects were evaluated within 24 h, and side effects were recorded for up to 2 weeks after the stimulation. The results demonstrated that a single session of tDCS led to a significant increase in leg strength by 13 kg (5.9 to 20.1 kg, p < 0.01). There was also a significant correlation observed with hand grip strength (r = 0.68, p < 0.01). All physical performance tests, except the fastest speed in the 10-meter walk test, showed statistically significant improvements (p < 0.01). Participants reported no serious side effects, and the intervention will now be incorporated into prospective clinical studies involving older populations to compare its effectiveness with other treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the intermediary role of physical performance in the association between physical activity and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), residing in rural areas. Methods: This study employed a random sampling method to select 316 patients aged 65 years and older, all diagnosed with T2DM, from 24 different rural areas in China. The relationships between physical activity, physical performance, and MCI were analyzed using a logistic regression model, and the proposed mediation model was validated through bootstrap test. Results: In this study, the prevalence of MCI in the rural‐based older adults with T2DM was 53.48%. A significant correlation was observed between the levels of physical activity and physical performance. Moreover, diminished physical performance was positively correlated with an increased propensity for MCI, even after adjusting for relevant covariates. Physical performance was discerned to exert a partial mediating influence on the relationship between physical activity and MCI. Conclusions: The empirical evidence generated by this study posits that the impact of physical activity on MCI is partially mediated through physical performance in an aging population with T2DM residing in rural environments. Consequently, interventional strategies aimed at ameliorating physical performance may serve as a viable approach to mitigate the progression of cognitive decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purposes: Delayed chest closure (DCC) is a widely accepted procedure in the context of lung transplantation (LTx); yet there are few reports detailing its long-term survival and clinical outcomes. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of recipients who underwent deceased-donor lung transplantation (LTx) at Tohoku University Hospital. Long-term survival, including overall survival, freedom from chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD), and CLAD-free survival and the clinical outcomes of graft function and physical performance and constitution were reviewed in recipients with DCC. Results: Between 2009 and 2022, 116 patients underwent LTx, 33 of whom (28.4%) required DCC. The intra—and post-operative courses of the recipients who required DCC were more complicated than those of the recipients who underwent primary chest closure (PCC), with frequent volume reduction surgery and longer periods of invasive mechanical ventilation. Pulmonary vascular disease was considered a risk factor for these complications and DCC. Nonetheless, long-term survival and graft functions were comparable between the DCC and PCC groups. The physical performance and constitution of recipients who required DCC continued to improve, and by 2 years after transplantation, exhibited almost no difference from those who underwent PCC. Conclusions: In view of the profoundly complicated intra- and post-operative courses, DCC should be performed cautiously and only when clinically indicated, despite which it can result in equivalent long-term survival and acceptable outcomes to PCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the temporal cortex (TC) on rotator cuff fatigue. Methods: In one session, 20 healthy individuals were randomly randomized to active or sham tDCS. Before, immediately after, and 30 minutes after tDCS, the external rotator's maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), Infraspinatus and posterior deltoid electromyographic signals, time to exhaustion test (TTE), GoC, and RPE were measured. After three days, subjects received different initial stimulation. Results: Anodal tDCS had non-significant influence on MVICs immediately post-tDCS (p = 0.283) and 30 minutes post-tDCS (p = 0.867). TTE did not differ between anodal and sham tDCS (p = 0.845). There was non-significant difference in RPE between anodal and sham tDCS for 20 (p = 0.548), 40 (p = 0.699) and 60s (p = 0.712). There were non-significant differences in EMG data or the GRoC scale between groups. Conclusion: Left temporal cortex modulation has no effect on muscular exhaustion, MVIC, RPE, or motor unit recruitment in the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid muscles of healthy volunteers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the longitudinal association of sleep with physical performance in a representative sample of non-institutionalised older adults residing in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil. Prospective cohort study. The current longitudinal study used data extracted from the Health, Well-being, and Aging Study (Estudo Saúde Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento [SABE]). The study population consisted of individuals aged ≥60 years who participated in the study in 2010 or 2015. Dependent variables included the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and gait speed. Independent variables of interest were self-reported sleep difficulty, daytime sleepiness and sleep quality. The longitudinal association between sleep variables and the outcomes was evaluated using Generalised Estimating Equations (GEE) Models adjusted for covariates. All the variables, except age, sex and schooling, were assessed at baseline and follow-up visits (2010 and 2015). The analyses included 2205 observations from 1559 individuals. The population mean age was 72 years in 2010 and 71 years in 2015, with a higher prevalence of women in both years. Between 2010 and 2015, there was a decline in the SPPB score and gait speed. Daytime sleepiness was negatively associated with the SPPB score [Coef.: −0.38 (95% confidence interval {CI}: −0.56, −0.21)] and gait speed [Coef.: −0.03 (95% CI: −0.05, −0.01)]. Poor sleep quality was negatively associated with the SPPB score [Coef.: −0.29 (95% CI: −0.57, −0.01)] and gait speed [Coef.: −0.03 (95% CI: −0.06, −0.00)]. Daytime sleepiness and poor sleep quality are associated with compromised physical performance in non-institutionalised older adults, and this association remained consistent over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Gait speed is a robust measure that offers many advantages clinically. However, decisions concerning its utilization exist, including whether to assess usual or fast gait speed. The current study aimed to identify whether usual or fast gait speed was more strongly associated with physical performance measures and balance confidence. A secondary aim was to explore these relationships within subgroups based on fall risk status. Methods: This was an observational study with a cross-sectional design involving 57 community-dwelling older adults (77.2% female; mean age = 68.8, SD = 6.5 years, range = 60-87 years) who were assessed on the following variables: usual and fast gait speed, knee extension strength, step execution time, 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC-6). Spearman ρ correlations were computed to determine bivariate associations of usual and fast gait speed with physical performance measures and balance confidence for the whole sample and within subgroups based on fall risk [lower fall risk (n = 28) vs higher fall risk (n = 29)]. Multiple linear regression models were estimated with either usual or fast gait speed as key predictors of knee extension strength, step execution time, 6MWT, and ABC-6. Results and Discussion: Stronger correlations were observed for fast gait speed compared with usual gait speed with all physical performance measures and balance confidence for the entire sample and within the higher fall risk group. Multiple regression results indicated that models with fast rather than usual gait speed as the key predictor explained more of the variance in 6MWT (R² = 64.5% vs 45.6%), ABC-6 (R² = 28.5% vs 25.4%), step execution time (R² = 24.9% vs 19.0%), and knee extension strength (R² = 15.7% vs 7.2%). Conclusions: Fast gait speed showed stronger associations and better predictive capabilities compared with usual gait speed with physical performance measures and balance confidence in older adults. Despite being measured less often than usual gait speed, fast gait speed assessment warrants additional consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In sport, the awakening responses of cortisol (CAR) and testosterone (TAR) have been used as evaluative tools. Research findings are, however, inconsistent and the mechanisms involved are unclear. This study investigated the CAR and TAR in male athletes across light and heavy training weeks, focusing on skeletal muscle damage as a mediating factor. Twenty elite male judokas were assessed across consecutive weeks of light and heavy training (i.e., 6 days, 9--10 weekly sessions). Plasma cortisol and testosterone concentrations were measured post-awakening (+3, +30, +60 mins), along with creatine kinase (CK) at +3 mins. The CAR and TAR were indexed by baseline-corrected change scores (Δb30, Δb60) and area under the curve (AUCb30, AUCb60). The early-morning surge in plasma cortisol concentration (CARΔb30, CARΔb60, CARAUCb30, CARAUCb60) was significantly larger after light versus heavy training with effect-size differences of 2.14--2.64. The post-awakening decline in plasma testosterone (TARΔb30, TARAUCb30, TARAUCb60) was found to be significantly less pronounced, whilst CK level was elevated, after heavy than light training with effect-size differences of 0.95--1.04 and 4.70, respectively. Causal mediation analysis confirmed that CK mediated, in part, the training effect on the CAR, but not TAR, measures. In summary, male judokas, upon rising after a light training block, displayed a rising CAR (36%, 22%) and declining TAR (-11%, -15%) at +30 and +60 mins. A high-intensity training block suppressed the CAR (21%, 8%) and attenuated the TAR (-7%, -13%) with accompanying muscle damage offering one mechanism to partly explain the CAR differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the intra-season variation and the effects of contextual variables on total distance (TD), high-intensity running distance (HIRD) and high-speed distance (HSD) covered by Spanish football teams. The sample included 20 professional teams that competed in the Spanish LaLiga during the 2021--2022 season. Data were recorded using the TRACAB (ChyronHego, New York, USA) multicamera computerized optical tracking system. Multilevel linear mixed models were used to examine the effects of five contextual variables (1: phase of the season in six periods, 2: match location, 3: opponent ranking, 4: team ranking and 5: congested schedule) on TD, HIRD and HSD. Teams increased the running performance from period 1 to 5 of the season in TD (+2.2%; P < 0.05) and from period 1 to 4 in HIRD (+7.2%; P < 0.05), while a declining effect was found in period 6 for both TD (-1.2%; P < 0.05) and HIRD (-5.8%; P < 0.05). More HIRD (+1.5) and HSD (+5.3) were covered at home (P < 0.05), and more TD and HIRD were covered when playing against opponents ranked in the first (+2.4% and +5.3%, respectively; P < 0.05) and second quartile (+1.2% and +5.0%, respectively; P < 0.05), compared to teams from the fourth quartile. Football coaches and fitness specialists should note that running performance of Spanish teams increased throughout the season, but it declined during the last matches of the competition. Additionally, home matches and high-ranked opponents elicited higher running demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficacy of whey protein supplement (WPS) in improving muscle strength, physical performance, and body composition in older adults has been widely promoted. However, the results of randomized clinical trials in this regard have been inconsistent. We aimed to determine the impact of WPS, compared to a placebo, during or without training on muscle strength, physical function, and body composition in older adults. Randomized controlled trials were thoroughly searched using PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library Database, and Scopus databases up to June 2024. The analysis focused on key parameters such as handgrip strength (HS), leg press, knee extension, gait speed (GS), 6-min walking test (6MWT), Timed-up and go test (TUG), lean body mass (LBM), fat mass (FM), and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM). A pooled effect size was calculated using a random-effects model based on standardized mean differences (SMD). Thirty studies involving 2105 participants aged 60 and older met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis of 26 RCTs showed no significant positive effect of WPS on HS (n = 11, SMD: 0.18; 95% CI: −0.13, 0.49; I 2 = 69%), 6MWT (n = 5, SMD: −0.08; 95%CI: −0.31, 0.16; I 2 = 0%), GS test (n = 4, SMD: −0.08; 95%CI: −0.43, 0.28; I 2 = 36%), TUG test (n = 9, SMD: 0.0, 95% CI -0.15, 0.14; I 2 = 0%), LBM (n = 11, SMD: 0.02; 95%CI: −0.13, 0.17; I 2 = 0%), FM (n = 15, SMD: −0.04; 95%CI: −0.18, 0.10; I 2 = 0%). However, ASM significantly improved after WPS consumption but with high heterogeneity (n = 2, SMD: 0.39; 95%CI: 0.28, 0.51; I 2 = 69%). In interventions incorporating RE, statistically significant positive effects of WPS on lower body strength were observed (n = 11, SMD: 0.25; 95%CI: 0.05, 0.45; I 2 = 0%). The present meta-analysis indicates that WPS, when combined with resistance training (RT), can enhance lower body strength but does not seem to have a significant beneficial effect on handgrip strength, physical performance, or body composition. Further large-scale studies are necessary to confirm these findings and elucidate the potential benefits of WPS in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many female military service members choose to use hormonal contraception to prevent pregnancy and/or to control or suppress menses. Hormonal contraception, which comes in many different forms based on dose, estrogen/progestin type, and route of administration (oral, vaginal, transdermal, implant, intrauterine device, injectable), may cause side effects, some of which can influence military medical readiness, or the health status necessary to perform assigned missions. This expert review summarizes the evidence around common military-relevant side effects of hormonal contraception that could impact readiness, including effects on weight and body composition, bone health, psychological health, and physical performance, and serves as a tool for uniformed and civilian clinicians counseling female service members about hormonal contraception. Current evidence suggests some hormonal contraception can lead to weight and fat gain, may modulate susceptibility to mood or mental health disorders, and could impact bone mineral density and stress fracture risk; more research is needed on physical performance effects. Clinicians must be familiar with readiness considerations of each type of hormonal contraception to provide comprehensive patient education and allow for optimal shared decision-making about hormonal contraception use among female Service members. Considering the relative lack of data on the effects of nonoral hormonal contraception routes on readiness outcomes and the growing interest in long-acting reversible contraceptives among female service members, future research should continue to investigate effects of all hormonal contraception methods available to service members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: The kick of the ball in soccer is considered one of the most important technical gestures in soccer. Despite this, there is little evidence on ball-striking performance factors in base soccer. The main objectives of the present study were to identify the potential factors of long-ball kicking (LBK) performance and to determine the target training cut-off for LBK performance in young soccer players. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted with 31 soccer players, with ages ranging from 12 to 18 years. Age, anthropometric data, sport experience, range of motion (ROM) and maximal isometric strength (MIS) of the lower limb were noted. Kick-of-the-ball performance was assessed by maximum ball displacement per kick. A k-mean cluster analysis determined two groups according to ball-kicking performance: low group (LPG-LBK) and high group (HPG-LBK). (3) Results: Differences were found between both groups in age, body mass, body mass index, leg length and knee flexion ROM (BF10 ≤ 6.33; δ ≥ 0.86 (moderate or higher)). Among the factors discussed above, age was the strongest predictor of ball-striking performance (odds ratio = 2.867; p = 0.003). The optimal cut-off for age predicting those players most likely to have a higher ball-striking performance was determined to be 13.5 years (p = 0.001; area under the curve = 85.3%). (4) Conclusions: Age over 13.5 increases the chances of a higher optimal ball-striking performance. The flexibility (knee flexion ROM) and strength (knee flexors) must be specifically trained in soccer players beginning at an early age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This preliminary exploratory study is the first to thoroughly examine dynamic balance, inter-limb asymmetry, and flexibility in jiu-jitsu athletes, focusing on differences by fighting style, competition level, gender, and limb dominance. A total of 25 jiu-jitsu fighters participated in this cross-sectional study, which used repeated measures to ensure the reliability of the findings. Participants underwent measurements for limb lengths and were assessed for dynamic balance using the Lower and Upper Quarter Y Balance Test (LQYBT and UQYBT) and for flexibility with the Sit and Reach Test (SR). The analysis included evaluating the reliability of these tests, as well as comparing outcomes based on gender, fighting styles, competition levels, and limb dominance. The results showed that the LQYBT and UQYBT tests were reliable (ICC=0.74-0.93). There were no significant differences in dynamic balance and flexibility between different fighting styles. No significant differences were found in balance tests between the dominant and non-dominant limbs, but there were notable inter-limb asymmetries in certain measures. This study provides preliminary insights for coaches and researchers by offering reference values for balance, flexibility, and inter-limb asymmetry in jiu-jitsu athletes. However, future research with larger sample sizes is needed to better understand the differences among subgroups in this sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study proposes a multiple mediation model to evaluate the association among diminished physical performance, malnutrition, inflammation, and delirium in seniors with community-acquired pneumonia. Patients and Methods: This retrospective cohort study included elderly patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia at the Geriatrics Department of the Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang from January 1, 2020, to January 1, 2024. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the associations among physical performance, nutritional status, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and delirium. Mediation models assessed the effects of nutritional status and CRP on the relationship between physical performance and delirium, with subgroup analyses based on diabetes status. Results: A total of  379 patients were included, with a mean age of 80.0± 7.4 years, and 51.7% were male. The incidence of delirium during hospitalization was 28.5% (n=108). Subgroup analyses revealed significant correlations between physical performance, nutritional status, and CRP (P< 0.001), regardless of diabetes status. After adjusting for confounding variables, CRP was positively associated with delirium, while MNA-SF and SPPB scores showed negative correlations with delirium risk (OR=0.852, 95% CI: 0.730– 0.995; OR=0.580, 95% CI: 0.464– 0.727, P< 0.05). Mediation analyses indicated that MNA-SF scores and CRP significantly mediated the association between SPPB and delirium. Specifically, pathways "SPPB→ MNA-SF→ delirium", "SPPB→ CRP→ delirium", and "SPPB→ MNA-SF→ CRP→ delirium" demonstrated significant mediating effects in patients without diabetes, while only the pathway "SPPB→ MNA-SF→ CRP→ delirium" was significant in those with diabetes. Conclusion: Older patients with community-acquired pneumonia and poor physical performance are more susceptible to delirium, with nutritional status and inflammation as key mediators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sarcopenia is characterized by the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function, significantly impacting overall health and quality of life in older adults. This narrative review explores emerging targets and potential treatments for sarcopenia, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of current and prospective interventions. Methods: The review synthesizes current literature on sarcopenia treatment, focusing on recent advancements in muscle regeneration, mitochondrial function, nutritional strategies, and the muscle–microbiome axis. Additionally, pharmacological and lifestyle interventions targeting anabolic resistance and neuromuscular junction integrity are discussed. Results: Resistance training and adequate protein intake remain the cornerstone of sarcopenia management. Emerging strategies include targeting muscle regeneration through myosatellite cell activation, signaling pathways, and chronic inflammation control. Gene editing, stem cell therapy, and microRNA modulation show promise in enhancing muscle repair. Addressing mitochondrial dysfunction through interventions aimed at improving biogenesis, ATP production, and reducing oxidative stress is also highlighted. Nutritional strategies such as leucine supplementation and anti-inflammatory nutrients, along with dietary modifications and probiotics targeting the muscle–microbiome interplay, are discussed as potential treatment options. Hydration and muscle–water balance are emphasized as critical in maintaining muscle health in older adults. Conclusions: A combination of resistance training, nutrition, and emerging therapeutic interventions holds potential to significantly improve muscle function and overall health in the aging population. This review provides a detailed exploration of both established and novel approaches for the prevention and management of sarcopenia, highlighting the need for further research to optimize these strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coffee is considered one of the most preferred and consumed beverage types in the world, and caffeine is known to increase physical performance due to its ergogenic properties. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of coffee consumption in different forms on cortisol, testosterone, lactic acid and anaerobic performance levels. Methods: A total of 15 licensed male football players participated in the research voluntarily. The research was implemented in a single-blind, counterbalanced, randomized and crossover study design. Participants were given caffeinated coffee (CK), decaffeinated coffee (placebo) (DK), powdered caffeine (in a gelatin capsule) (PC) and powdered placebo (maltodextrin in a capsule) (PM) on different days, and the Wingate test protocol was performed after the warm-up protocol. Blood samples were collected post-test. Cortisol, testosterone and lactic acid levels in the serum samples taken were determined by the ELISA method. Results: As a result, it was revealed that caffeinated coffee given to participants who exercise increased anaerobic power. However, it was observed that lactic acid levels were higher in placebo and decaffeinated coffee. The highest level of cortisol was found in caffeinated coffee and powdered caffeine compared to the placebo. Testosterone values were observed to be highest in caffeinated coffee and decaffeinated coffee compared to a placebo. Conclusions: The study suggests that the type of caffeine is a factor that affects absorption rate, which impacts performance and hormone levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although My Jump 2® consistently presented excellent values of reliability and validity when compared to force platforms (FPs) and contact mats, to date no scientific investigation assessed the validity and reliability of My Jump 2® to measure jump height in visually impaired five-a-side soccer athletes. Thus, the study aimed at analyzing the validity and reliability of the My Jump 2® to measure the vertical jump of five-a-side soccer athletes. Methods: Twelve visually impaired five-a-side soccer athletes, volunteered for this study. Each player performed five countermovement jumps (CMJs) and squat jumps (SJs) on a contact platform (CP) while they were simultaneously recorded using MyJump 2®. Results: There was almost perfect agreement between the My Jump 2® and the contact platform measurements of CMJ (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.99; p < 0.001) and SJ (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.99; p < 0.001), heights for athletes during the first and second measurement days. Bland-Altman analysis showed a bias of 0.25 ± 0.5 cm; maximum SD = 1.3; minimum SD = −0.88 for CMJ, while that Bland-Altman analysis showed bias 0.18 ± 0.5 cm; maximum SD = 1.3; minimum SD = −0.96, for SJ. Conclusion: We can conclude that the My Jump 2® is a valid and reliable method to measure CMJ and SJ in visually impaired five-a-side soccer athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The rapid expansion of women’s soccer has triggered scientific curiosity to gain a deeper understanding of its game dynamics. To organize scientific findings related to the physical demands of women’s soccer during official competitions, contextual factors such as game positions, match periods, type of competition, and match outcomes have been considered. This aims to provide a comprehensive and current overview of physical exertion profiles. This systematic review included PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, Science Direct, ERIC, and Scielo electronic databases. A total of 1,859 studies were found, of which, after meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 28 articles were selected. The study found high variability in racing thresholds for high speeds, with central midfielders covering more total distance and wingers covering more distance at high intensities. Forwards register more sprints, and physical efforts decrease in the second period of the game. International matches demand more effort, and physical demands in women’s soccer are influenced by contextual factors. To design effective training programs, specific profiles for each game position and the type of competition should be considered, and standardization of high intensity and acceleration thresholds is necessary for accurate conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) use among women has raising over years, especially due to aesthetic motivation, but performance improvement is another motivation. Since high-intensity functional training (HIFT) exhibits an intrinsic competitive aspect, we investigated the AAS use among women HIFT practitioners. Methods: Using the "virtual snowball," 291 Brazilian women HIFT practitioners answered an online survey. Results: The prevalence of AAS use was 22%, but the use after the HIFT adherence was 15%. Among those who never used, 12.3% reported intention to use. Age, marital status, and time of training were significantly associated with AAS use. Aesthetics was the main motivation for use, and 59.7% reported using it on medical advice. The main motivation was aesthetics, but it seems to have a trend to change the motivation for performance improvement over aesthetics, especially among women with longer training time. Conclusion: The prevalence of AAS use was high; however, it seems that HIFT adherence is not a factor raising the prevalence of AAS use among physically active women. Additionally, the motivation for AAS use among women HIFT practitioners seems to be trending toward change, increasing the motivation for performance improvement over aesthetic motivation, especially among women with longer HIFT adherence time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]