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Evidence from in vitro and animal models has identified the pulmonary toxicity of flavors in electronic cigarettes (ECIGs); however, less is known from epidemiological studies about the effects of flavors in the respiratory health. This study examined the longitudinal association between exposure to ECIGs flavors and nocturnal dry cough among ECIGs users. A secondary analysis of data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study (2014–2019) was conducted. The study population included adults who provided information (n = 18,925) for a total of 38,638 observations. Weighted-incidence estimates and weighted- generalized estimating equation models were performed to assess unadjusted and adjusted associations. The weighted incidence proportion (WIP) of nocturnal dry cough was significantly higher among current (WIP:16.6%; 95%CI 10.5, 21.2) and former fruit flavored ECIGs users (WIP:16.6%; 95%CI 11.3, 21.9) as compared to non-ECIGs users (WIP:11.1%; 95%CI 10.6, 11.6). Current ECIGs users of fruit flavors showed 40% higher risk of reporting cough than non-ECIGs users (aRR:1.40, 95%CI 1.01, 1.94). Former ECIGs users of multiple flavors and other flavors had 300% and 66% higher risk to develop cough, respectively (aRR:3.33, 95%CI 1.51, 7.34 and aRR:1.66, 95%CI 1.0.9, 2.51), relative to non-ECIGs users. We observed a significantly higher risk of developing nocturnal dry cough in the past 12 months in current and former ECIGs users of fruit flavors and in former ECIGs users of multiple flavors. To the extent that cough may serve as an early indicator of respiratory inflammation and potential disease risk, the association between ECIGs use and cough raises potential concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Acculturation stress can negatively impact Latinos immigrant mental and physical health related behaviors such as smoking. It is essential to have validated and updated instruments that allow the evaluation of acculturation stress on this population. This study aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of an abbreviated version of the Hispanic Stress Inventory Version 2 (HSI2) immigration scale among Latinos who smoke. Methods: The study consisted of a secondary data analysis from a baseline assessment of Decídetexto, a mobile health (mHealth) smoking cessation randomized clinical trial. Of 457 Latinos included in the parent study, 352 immigrants who smoke were included. Construct validity was analyzed by completing a Pearson correlation coefficient matrix. Structural validity was analyzed using an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Cronbach alpha analysis was used to estimate the internal consistency of the items constituting a factor. Results: The results included an abbreviated version of the HSI2 including 52 items. From the Pearson correlation coefficient matrix with a cutoff point of 0.4, 22 of the 52 items were excluded. From the Pearson correlation coefficient matrix with a cutoff point of 0.4, 22 items were excluded. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) results in six factors extracted, explaining 69.1% of the variance. According to the EFA, two items were relocated in different factors from the original scale. The HSI2 30 items scale reflected excellent reliability with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.93. The six factors reflect acceptable to excellent reliability, ranging from 0.77–0.93 across factors. The median for the HSI2 total score was 34.00 (25–45) out of a possible total score of 150. Conclusion: Results confirmed acceptable psychometric properties of the HSI2 simplified 30-item version and provided a reliable and shorter measure of acculturation stress for Latinos groups. Having a valid and reduced measure of acculturation stress is the first step in understanding diverse ethnic groups of Latinos that are at higher risk of presenting health risk behaviors such as smoking. The present results provided the possibility of assessing the impact of acculturation stress among adults who smoke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Personal smoke-free policies (home and vehicle) reduce secondhand smoke exposure, improve health, and increase quitting among smokers. Overall, 83.0% and 78.1% of Americans report smoke-free homes and vehicles, respectively. However, little is known about such policies among 2-year community college (CC) students, who represent a large, diverse population with higher smoking rates and less negative attitudes toward smoking than 4-year college students. Methods: Prevalence of, and factors associated with, personal smoke-free policies were examined for 2,475 CC smokers enrolled in a national trial of web-assisted tobacco intervention. Results: Few students had smoke-free home policies (20.7%), smoke-free vehicles (17.0%), both smoke-free home and vehicle policy (4.2%), or any policy (home or vehicle; 31.2%). In logistic regression models, having children was associated with a smoke-free home or any policy but not with a smoke-free vehicle, and among participants who had children, only 20% reported a smoke-free home, and only 15% had a smoke-free vehicle. In addition, not living with other smokers, living with parents or roommates/siblings (vs. alone), smoking later than 30 minutes after awakening, believing that smoking affects the health of others, and confidence in quitting were associated with presence of a smoke-free home or any policy; no variables were significantly associated with presence of a smoke-free vehicle. Conclusions: CC students represent a priority population for intervention regarding smoke-free homes and vehicles. Such intervention can decrease exposure of others, including children, and potentially increase the likelihood of quitting in this high-risk population.

Background: Physiological and pathological stimuli result in distinct forms of cardiac hypertrophy, but the molecular regulation comparing the two, especially at the DNA methylation level, is not well understood. Methods: We conducted an in vitro study using human cardiomyocytes exposed to angiotensin II (AngII) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) to mimic pathologically and physiologically hypertrophic heart models, respectively. Whole genome DNA methylation patterns were profiled by the Infinium human MethylationEPIC platform with >850 K DNAmethylation loci. Two external datasets were used for comparisons and qRT-PCR was performed for examining expression of associated genes of those identified DNA methylation loci. Results: Wedetected 194 loci that are significantly differentiallymethylated after AngII treatment, and 206 significant loci after IGF-1 treatment. Mapping the significant loci to genes, we identified 158 genes corresponding to AngII treatment and 175 genes to IGF-1 treatment. Using the gene-set enrichment analysis, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway was identified to be significantly enriched for both AngII and IGF-1 treatment. The Hippo signaling pathway was enriched after IGF-1 treatment, but not for AngII treatment. CDK6 and RPTOR are components of the PI3K-Akt pathway but have different DNAmethylation patterns in response to AngII and IGF-1. qRT-PCR confirmed the different gene expressions of CDK6 and PRTOR. Conclusion: Our study is pioneering in profiling epigenome DNA methylation changes in adult human cardiomyocytes under distinct stress conditions: pathological (AngII) and physiological (IGF-1). The identified DNA methylation loci, genes, and pathways might have the potential to distinguish between pathological and physiological cardiac hypertrophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background While there is some evidence and conceptual plausibility that tobacco product use is associated with hypertension incidence and that this association varies by sex, extant longitudinal research had been conducted prior to the emergence of e-cigarette and dual e-cigarette and cigarette use. Aims and Methods Data were analyzed from the US Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study for adults with no lifetime history of hypertension at wave 1 (2013–2014) who completed waves 2–4 follow-up surveys (2014–2018; n = 16 434). Sex-stratified weighted covariate-adjusted multivariable Cox regression models were used to examine the association between established current e-cigarette or cigarette exclusive or dual-use (as a time-varying and time-lagged regressor) and subsequent self-reported hypertension onset. Results Weighted cumulative hypertension incidence by wave 4 varied by waves 1–3 e-cigarette, cigarette, and dual use status in females (nonuse [incidence: 9.9%], exclusive e-cigarette use [11.8%], exclusive cigarette use [14.8%], dual-use [12.4%]; p =.003 for omnibus differences among all groups) but not males (nonuse [12.6%], exclusive e-cigarette use [9.7%], exclusive cigarette use [13.7%], dual-use [9.3%]; p =.231). Among females, exclusive cigarette (vs. no) use (hazard ratio: 1.69, 95%CI 1.21 to 2.34; p =.002), but not exclusive e-cigarette or dual-use, was significantly associated with subsequent hypertension. Dose–response models were suggestive that consistent exclusive e-cigarette or dual-use versus nonuse across multiple may be associated with hypertension among females, but results were nonsignificant. Conclusions The association of e-cigarette, cigarette, and dual use with hypertension may differ by sex, whereby exclusive cigarette use could be a prospective risk factor for subsequent self-reported hypertension in US adult females. Implications This nationally representative cohort study provides the very first evidence of whether there are prospective associations of established e-cigarette and cigarette use and dual use with future hypertension onset among US adult females and males. We found that exclusive cigarette smoking was associated with an increased risk of incident hypertension among females, but not males. We observed a trend of a dose–response relationship between e-cigarette use and risk of incident hypertension among female exclusive e-cigarette users or dual e-cigarette and cigarette users. Our study will contribute to understanding the chronic health risks of vaping to prevent the potential long-term e-cigarette use-related health burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco use and exposure are serious public health problems that threaten to undermine improvements in maternal and child health, and add to already existing poor pregnancy outcomes in many low-and middle-income countries. The purpose of this study is to explore factors that characterize tobacco use and cessation during pregnancy among women in the Dominican Republic. This study was part of a larger trial and includes a sample of women who participated in baseline surveillance and community assessments (n = 613). Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariable analyses were conducted. Overall, 93.31 % (n = 572) of women experienced a past/current pregnancy and 22.44 % (n = 127) smoked during a past or current pregnancy. Among women who had smoked, 34.13 % (n = 43) stopped smoking due to a pregnancy, and 46.03 % (n = 58) were advised by a health care provider to quit smoking because of pregnancy. Women who were older, Catholic, and had a mother who used tobacco were three times more likely to smoke during a past or current pregnancy. Inability to read or write was also significantly associated with smoking during pregnancy. Women who were able to read and write and were from a tobacco growing community were three times more likely to quit smoking during pregnancy. This study provides a preliminary understanding of factors influencing tobacco use and cessation among pregnant women in the Dominican Republic. It also informs a critical area for public health research and intervention, indicating opportunities to engage the health care provider community in intervening with pregnant women and their families. Keywords Global maternal and child health * Tobacco use and cessation during pregnancy * Pregnancy health behavior and risk factors, Introduction Tobacco use continues to be the global leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality among men, women, and children [1, 2]. According to the most recent report on the [...]