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Merva Orhan,1 Aysel Bülez2 1Kahramanmaras Necip Fazil City Hospital, Obstetric Clinic, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey; 2Kahramanmaras Sütcü Imam University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Midwifery Department, Kahramanmaraş, TurkeyCorrespondence: Aysel Bülez, Midwifery Department, Kahramanmaras Sütcü Imam University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bahcelievler Campus, Emniyet Street, Kahramanmaras, 46100, Turkey, Tel +90 344 300 26 01/ 4737, Email aysel.bulezz@gmail.comObjective: The research was conducted as a randomized controlled study to determine the effect of virtual reality glasses on the mother’s pain and satisfaction during episiotomy.Methods: The sample consisted of 50 pregnant women determined by randomization among primiparous pregnant women. Data were collected with the Mother Information Form and Visual Analog Scales Pain and Satisfaction Evaluation forms. 5 mL of lidocaine was administered to mothers in the intervention and control groups during episiotomy repair. Only the mothers in the intervention group watched a video with virtual reality glasses for an average of 10 minutes during the episiotomy procedure. SPSS 22.0 was used in the analysis.Results: In the comparison between the groups, it was found that the mean pain score measured during episiotomy inner and episiotomy skin suturing was statistically significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group; there was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups in the mean pain scores measured before and after episiotomy repair. It was determined that the mean satisfaction score of the intervention group was higher than that of the control group.Conclusion: Virtual reality glasses reduced pain during episiotomy and increased satisfaction. According to the results, it is recommended to be used by midwives because it is an easily applicable non-pharmacological method and increases the mother’s birth satisfaction.Keywords: birth satisfaction, episiotomy, labor pain, obstetrics, virtual reality

The complexity of raw functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data with artifacts leads to significant challenges in multioperations with these data. FMRI data analysis is extensively used in neuroimaging fields, but the tools for processing fMRI data are lacking. A novel APP DESIGNER conversion, preprocessing, and postprocessing of fMRI (CPREPP fMRI) tool is proposed and developed in this work. This toolbox is intended for pipeline fMRI data analysis, including full analysis of fMRI data, starting from DICOM conversion, then checking the quality of data at each step, and ending in postprocessing analysis. The CPREPP fMRI tool includes 12 conversions of scientific processes that reflect all conversion possibilities among them. In addition, specific preprocessing order steps are proposed on the basis of data acquisition mode (interleaved and sequential modes). A severe and crucial comparison between statistical parametric and nonparametric mapping approaches of second-level analysis is presented in the same tool. The CPREPP fMRI tool can provide reports to exclude subjects with the extreme movement of the head during the scan, and a range of fMRI images are generated to verify the normalization effect easily. Real fMRI data are used in this work to prepare fMRI data tests. The experiment stimuli are chewing and biting, and the data are acquired from the National Magnetic Resonance Research (UMRAM) Center in Ankara, Turkey. A free dataset is used to compare the methods for postprocessing fMRI tests.

Competition law is an area which links the economy with the law and is very important for the functioning of a free market economy. Anti-competitive agreements, along with the abuse of dominance and concentrations of undertakings, are the subject matter of the Law on the Protection of Competition (LPC) of the Republic of Kosovo. Anti-competitive agreements can be horizontal or vertical in nature. The following paper deals with agreements and other multilateral practices prohibited under Kosovo’s Law on the Protection of Competition. The LPC explicitly states also specific circumstances where the prohibition does not apply – these are covered by the so called ‘exceptions and allowances’ section of the LPC. In this respect, the LPC has incorporated the entirety of the principles covered by Article 101 TFEU. The insurance market of the Republic of Kosovo was analyzed in the context of this case study, which has all the features of an oligopoly including: a limited number of participating firms, product standardization, interdependence in controlling prices and, difficulty of new market entry. From this perspective, the insurance market is highly problematic as far as violations of the provisions of the law dealing with anti-competitive agreements are concerned. The analysis is conducted based on the enforcement measures undertaken by the Kosovo Competition Authority and reviewed by the judiciary of the Republic of Kosovo. Taking into consideration that Kosovo is a young country facing special transitional challenges and aiming to become a member of the European Union, much needed reforms are to take place still. The aim of this analysis is thus to contribute to further development of competition law in Kosovo through the analysis of current market situation, domestic legislation and its compliance with EU rules.

Competition Law is an important aspect of free market economy. It determines the functioning of the economic system based on the free market principles of supply and demand. Competition law is in the initial stage of its implementation in the Republic of Kosovo. Its development began in 2004 with the adoption of Kosovo’s Law on Competition, the country’s very first law passed to regulate the legal basis of free market competition. The Law on Competition of 2004 had many shortcomings both with respect to its content and implementation. New legislation was thus passed in 2010 under the name the Law on the Protection of Competition. The latter act is in force now along with an Amendment that entered into force in early 2014. Taken in its entirety, Kosovo’s competition law meets the standards and is in accordance with EU legislation. Kosovo, although it is only in the initial stage of its contractual relations with the EU, has aligned most of its laws with the requirements of EU legislation. Kosovo is Europe’s youngest country and as such, it has various problems when it comes to the functioning of the rule of law. This paper will discuss several topics related to the development of competition law in Kosovo including: the political, legal and economical situation in the field of competition law; the legal bases for the protection of competition in Kosovo; the Kosovo Competition Authority and the insufficiency in its capacities to combat competition law infringements; legal provisions on restrictive practices and merger control. The paper also includes comprehensive conclusions. A number of competition cases deal with by the Kosovo Competition Authority will be mentioned throughout the paper.

Today, people do not feel safe due to increasing number of criminal incidents in their vicinity especially in big cities. This situation has a negative influence in their life quality. They hesitate to go out for a walk at night, they feel in need of some safety precautions while they are leaving their homes even for a short vacation, and so on. Special investigation and surveillance measures have been incorporated into the legal system and legal practice to increase the efficiency of law enforcement agencies and the judicial system, which dissuades potential criminals from committing anything and helps people feel safe and relief. These measures are used when there is a reasonable suspicion that a criminal offense has been committed or an attempt has been made to commit a criminal offense punishable by a minimum of five years in prison, as well as in cases when criminal offenses violate territorial integrity and constitutional order, or when criminal offenses violate international law, criminal offenses are committed in relation with terrorism, corruption, or organized crime. The measures are authorized in cases where information about commission of a criminal offense cannot be obtained without the use of covert and technical investigative and surveillance measures. The new Criminal Procedure Code in Kosovo gives State Prosecutors expanded powers to authorize some special investigative measures even without an order from the preliminary procedure judge. These measures are authorized by the prosecutor when there is an investigation in public places, while for covert measures in private places, the order from a preliminary procedure judge is required. In the study, a comparative analysis was made with the criminal legislation of the Republic of Turkey. The study shows that implementing these measures is significant for the improvement of the criminal justice system's efficiency in preventing and combating crime, particularly serious crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Criminal procedure law consists of legal principles, such as a fair and impartial trial and within a reasonable time, presumption of innocence, the principle "in dubio pro reo," independence of the court, equality of parties, the principle "ne bis in idem"3 etc. Among the main principles recognised by International Conventions, the Constitutions of States, and Criminal Procedure Laws is the principle, "The right not to be tried twice for the same offence," or as it is also known, "ne bis in idem." The principle "in bis in idem" is used in Kosovo's criminal proceedings, and recognition of this principle by international convention, including its recognition by the Law of the European Union, is analysed in this paper. The legislation of Kosovo was established with the influence and assistance of the international community, which had an administration mandate until 17 February 2008, the date on which Kosovo declared its independence and, hence, separated from the former Yugoslavia. The new state is not a member of the UN but is officially recognised by more than 100 countries. In 2010, the International Court of Justice issued the Advisory Opinion which concluded, "The declaration of independence in respect of Kosovo on 17 February 2008 had not violated general international law." The purpose of this paper is to emphasise the importance of this principle when dealing with criminal cases before regular courts, the legal security that this principle provides to society, and the implementation of international legal instruments in the national law. Methods: The paper uses methods of analysis and synthesis, the descriptive method, as well as the method of doctrinal interpretation of legal norms of criminal proceedings. Results and conclusions: This principle has been accepted by international instruments and by Kosovo's constitutional and legal system. The application of this principle in the criminal justice system in Kosovo forms legal certainty for citizens and constitutes protection of the rights and legitimate interests of persons involved in criminal proceedings. Kosovo has applied international standards in the implementation of criminal legislation and has directly incorporated international human rights instruments into its constitutional system (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights adopted by the UN in 1966, ensued by the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geothermal energy is a natural resource that can be utilized directly or by converting to other types of energy. Considering the diversity of the geological structure of Türkiye, the geothermal systems have developed depending on young tectonic and volcanic active rock. Western and Central Anatolia are especially rich in geothermal resources. The geothermal well with the hottest well-bottom temperature was drilled in Central Anatolia, and the well-bottom temperature was measured as 341°C at a depth of 3845 meters. In 2022, Türkiye's electricity generation capacity and the total installed direct heat use reached 1663 MWe and 5113 MWt, respectively. Considering Anatolia's Curie depth and heat flux, the probable thickness of the batholith can be regarded as 10 km. For example, the total granitoid area of Western Anatolia is 4221 km2, and at least 2% of this granitoid can provide approximately 8x107 MWh of electricity by Enhanced Deep Geothermal Systems (EDGS). When all granites in Türkiye are considered, it is expected that the future capacity of Türkiye will be much higher with drilling research and development studies and the discovery of new fields. This capacity will exceed 100,000 MWt levels in the medium term, especially with the addition of EDGSs.

Ahlaktaki değişimi konu edinen ilk dönem tasavvuf anlayışı, Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî (ö. 638/1240) ve Sadreddin Konevi (ö. 673/1274) ile birlikte ‘varlık olmak bakımından varlık Haktır’ önermesini konu edinen bir metafizik anlayışa dönüşmüştür. Varlık merkezli bu tasavvuf anlayışı İbnü’l-Arabî takipçileri ve eleştirmenleri tarafından vahdet-i vücûd düşüncesi olarak isimlendirilmiştir. İbnü’l-Arabî’ye nispetle anılan vahdet-i vücûd düşüncesi, mutasavvıflar ve diğer ulemâ tarafından tenkide tabi tutulmuştur. Mutasavvıflar içerisinde İbnü’l-Arabî eleştirileri ile en çok öne çıkan isim İmâm-ı Rabbânî (ö. 1034/1624) olmuştur. İmâm-ı Rabbânî’nin vahdet-i vücûd eleştirilerinden hareketle oluşturduğu vahdet-i şuhûd düşüncesi de bir gelenek oluşturmuş ve vahdet-i vücûd ile vahdet-i şuhûd mukayesesi bu geleneğin alamet-i farikası haline gelmiştir. İmâm-ı Rabbânî’nin takipçileri arasında onun vahdet-i vücûd eleştirisini tekrar gözden geçiren bir isim de Alîmullah Lâhûrî’dir. Alîmullah Lâhûrî, İmâm-ı Rabbânî’yi mensubu olduğu Nakşibendî tarikatındaki vahdet-i vücûd düşüncesini savunan Hâce Muhammed Pârsâ (ö. 822/1420), Molla Câmî (ö. 898/1492) ve Ubeydullah Ahrâr (ö. 895/1490) gibi seleflerinden ayrılan bir sûfî olarak nitelemiştir. Alîmullah Lâhûrî vahdet-i şühûd’un zahiri ve vahdet-i vücûd’un ise batını temsil ettiğini ileri sürerek çağdaşı Şah Veliyyullah Dihlevî (ö. 1176/1762) gibi vahdet-i vücûd ile vahdet-i şühûdu cem etmenin evla olduğunda karar kılmıştır. Bugüne kadar üzerine hiçbir çalışma yapılmayan Alîmullah Lâhûrî, nisbesinden de anlaşılacağı üzere Lahor’da dünyaya gelmiştir. Lahor’da Nasrulhak Kādirî ve Ebü’l-Feth Muhammed Efdalşah el-Mantıkī’den Kutbüddin Râzî’nin (ö. 766/1365) Şerhu’ş-Şemsiyye ve Devvânî’nin (ö. 908/1502) Şerhu’t-Tehzîb’ini haşiyeleri ile birlikte okuyarak dil, mantık ve felsefe tahsil etmiştir. Yine Lahor’da iken Abdülkerim Üveysî’den Mesnevî okumuş ve silsilesi Âdem Benûrî üzerinden İmâm-ı Rabbânî’ye ulaşan Mirza Cemil Beg Peşâverî’ye mürid olarak Nakşibendî tarikatına intisap etmiştir. Lahor’dan Hicaz’a intikal etmiş Hayât es-Sindî’den hadis ilmi tahsil etmiştir. Alîmullah Lâhûrî, Hicaz’dan Dımaşk’a oradan da İstanbul’a gelmiştir. O İstanbul’da yaşadığı dönemde ve daha sonra tekrar dönüp hayatının sonuna değin yaşadığı Dımaşk’ta iken tasavvufun nazarî meseleleri üzerine irili ufaklı on üç eser, seyrüsülûk meseleleri üzerine de üç risale kaleme almıştır. Aynı zamanda Şuttâriyye ve Çiştiyye tarikatlarına da mensup olan Alîmullah Lâhûrî Dımaşk’ta iken Nakşibendî tarikatı üzere halifeler yetiştirmiştir. Silsilesi Alîmullah Lâhûrî’ye ulaşan Ali Behcet Efendi (ö. 1238/1822), Alîmullah Lâhûrî’den “tevhidde tebahhur sahibi, yakin sırlarında zamanın yeganesi, Şam’da Nakşibendî tarikatını yayan ve birçok kimseyi irşad makamına ulaştıran kimse” şeklinde bahsetmesi, onun Dımaşk’taki etkinliğini ortaya koymaktadır. İstanbul’da telif ettiği el-Futûhâtü’l-ünsiyye fî tahkîki rumûzi’s-sûfiyye isimli eserini bizzat Şeyhülislam Ebûishakzâde Esad Efendi’nin (ö. 1166/1753) kendisi için istinsah ettirmesi, yine İstanbul’da iken telif ettiği Takdîsu’r-Rahmân bi’t-takyîd ani’z-zamân ve’l-mekân isimli Farsça eserini Sadrazam Seyyid Abdullah Paşa’ya (ö. 1174/1761) ithaf etmesi, İstanbul ulemasının derslerine iştirak ettiğini belirtmesi ve hacimli eserlerini İstanbul’da iken telif etmesi, onun İstanbul’daki etkinliğini gözler önüne sermektedir. Alîmullah Lâhûrî’yi Lahor ve Hicaz’da edindiği ilmî-tasavvufî birikimini Dımaşk ve İstanbul’a telif, tedris ve irşad ile ulaştıran bir Ekberî-Müceddidî sûfî olarak tanımlamak mümkündür. Bu makalede Alîmullah Lâhûrî’nin hocaları, şeyhi-şeyhleri, yolculukları, Müceddidî tarikat silsilesi, tasavvuf düşüncesi, halifeleri ve tamamı yazma halde bulunan eserleri ilk defa incelenmiştir. Araştırmada Lâhûrî’nin çağdaşı Muhammed Halil el-Murâdî’nin (ö. 1206/1791) Silkü’d-dürer’i birincil kaynak olarak kullanılmıştır. Murâdî bu eserinde Lâhûrî’nin eğitimi, yolculukları, Dımaşk’taki tekkesi ve faaliyetleri hakkında bilgiler vermektedir. Murâdî’nin Silkü’d-dürer’de zikretmediği Lâhûrî’nin eserleri ise kütüphane taramaları sonucunda tespit edilmiştir. Makalede Lâhûrî’nin eserleri tanıtılmış, eserlerinde kendi hakkında verdiği bilgiler ile Murâdî’nin aktardıklarıyla mukayese edilerek teyit edilmiştir.

Background and Aim:Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) is the primary pathophysiology in patients with preserved ejection heart failure. Hypertension (HT) results in myocardial structural changes and accelerates the progression to LVDD. Electrocardiographic diastolic index (EDI) calculated from electrocardiogram parameters can provide information about the correlation between hypertrophy of the left ventricle and LVDD. We investigated the predictor of EDI in detecting LVDD in patients followed up with HT.Materials and Methods:This study included 202 consecutive patients with HT between January 2022 and March 2022. The patients were classified without and with LVDD. The EDI is created as (V5-R amplitude + V1-S amplitude x aVL-R amplitude/PWL-I amplitude). The prediction value of the EDI for LVDD was evaluated by curve analysis of the receiver operating curve. Multivariate and univariate logistic regression analyzes were used to evaluate the free predictors of LVDD. Two multivariate models were used (model I: EDI as a continuous variable and model II: EDI as a categorical variable).Results:The patients were classified into two groups by showing LVDD. The average age of the study population was 50 ± 14 years, and 57.4% of the patients were female. The patient EDI value was 8.5 ± 7.3. The EDI value of the first group was remarkably lower than that of the second group. When the limit value of EDI is greater than 7.4 mV, it predicts LVDD with 63.6% sensitivity and 79.8% specificity. In univariate logistic regression analysis, the presence of LVDD was associated with EDI. Two different multivariate regression models were constructed to evaluate EDI as both a continuous variable and a categorical variable. EDI was determined as an independent predictor of LVDD in both models.Conclusion:The EDI is an essential assessment tool in predicting DD in patients who are followed up with HT because it is a cheap, accessible, and easy-to-use formula.

A Computed Tomography Urography (CTU) scan is a medical imaging test that examines the urinary tract, including the bladder, kidneys, and ureters. It helps diagnose various urinary tract diseases with precision. However, patients undergoing CTU imaging receive a relatively high dose of radiation, which can be a concern. In our research paper, we analyzed the Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDIvol) and Dose-Length Product (DLP) for 203 adult patients who underwent CTU at one of the most important regional centers in Bosnia and Herzegovina that sees a large number of patients. Our study included the distribution of age and sex, the number of phases within one examination, and different clinical indications. We compared our findings with the results available in the scientific literature, particularly the recently published results from 20 European countries. Furthermore, we established the local diagnostic reference levels (LDRLs) that can help set the national diagnostic reference levels (NDRLs). We believe our research is a significant step towards optimizing the protocols used in different hospitals in our country.

Background: Malignant ventricular arrhythmias are a common cause of death in ischemic heart diseases. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) demonstrate significant efficacy in reducing mortality linked to ventricular arrhythmias. Statins exhibit the potential to stabilize the atherosclerotic and ischemic burden, thereby potentially manifesting indirect anti-arrhythmic effects. This study evaluated the relationship between statin levels and arrhythmic events in patients with primary prevention ICDs for ischemic cardiomyopathy. Methods: This study was conducted as a retrospective observational study at a single center, involving consecutive patients who were admitted to the cardiology outpatient clinic and underwent primary prevention ICD. The study population was stratified into two groups based on statin usage. Results: This study included a cohort of 80 patients diagnosed with ischemic cardiomyopathy who underwent primary prevention implantation of ICDs. Group 1 consisted of 24 patients who were prescribed low-dose statins, whereas Group 2 consisted of 56 patients who were prescribed high-dose statins. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that left ventricular ejection fraction and use of low-dose statins were independent predictors of arrhythmic events. Conclusion: The study cohort exhibited comparable clinical and laboratory characteristics, suggesting that statin dosage is associated with malignant arrhythmic events in a homogeneous patient population.

Abstract Background A high thrombus burden has been connected with poor clinical events in patients with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). In patients with STEMI, a high MAPH score has been associated with a large thrombus burden. However, the predictive value of the MAPH score in determining the thrombus burden in patients with NSTEMI is unclear. The present report aimed to evaluate the prognostic role of the MAPH score in the estimating coronary thrombus burden in NSTEMI patients. The study patients were split into two groups according to their thrombus grade. The low shear rate (LSR) and high shear rate (HSR) were estimated by haematocrit levels and serum total protein levels. The MAPH score was calculated by adding mean platelet volume (MPV) levels and age, in addition to total protein and haematocrit. Results The patients with a high thrombus burden (HTB) had a higher LSR, higher HSR and higher MAPH score compared to patients with low thrombus burden. MAPH score was found to be an independent predictors of HTB in Model 1 (OR: 1.124, 95% CI: 1.011–1.536; p = 0.039) and Model 2 (OR: 1.236; 95% CI: 1.002–1.525; p = 0.047). The cut-off value of the MAPH score for predicting HTB was 2 based on the Youden index. Conclusions The MAPH score, which calculated by adding MPV levels and age, in addition to total protein and haematocrit, is a novel, easily accessible score. The MAPH score at both LSR and HSR was an independent predictor of HTB.

İklim değişikliğinin toprak erozyonu da dâhil olmak üzere daha şiddetli çevresel problemlere yol açması beklenmektedir. Bu araştırmada Yeşilırmak Havzasın da toprak erozyonu yoluyla meydana gelen sediment verimi ve sediment tutma kapasitesi üzerine iklim değişikliğinin etkilerinin InVEST sediment iletim modeli ile incelenmesine yöneliktir. Araştırmada İklim değişikliğinin toprak erozyonu üzerine etkilerinin incelenmesi için GFDL-CM3 (Jeofiziksel Akışkanlar Dinamiği Laboratuvarı İklim Modeli Sürüm III) genel dolaşım modelinin RCP4.5 ve RCP8.5 senaryoları kullanılmıştır. 2070’ li yıllara kadar Yeşilırmak Havzasında referans döneme göre sediment veriminde ve sediment tutunma oranlarında sırasıyla %9,48 ve %12,47 düzeyine varan azalışlar öngörülmüştür. Toprak erozyonu oranlarındaki azalmanın temel sebebi yağış miktarlarındaki düşüşlerden kaynaklanan yağış erozovitesindeki azalmadan kaynaklanmaktadır ve bu azalmanın etkisi sulak alan sistemlerine ve tarım arazilerine olumlu şekilde yansıması öngörülmüştür. Ayrıca, bu araştırma gelecekteki iklim değişikliğinin toprak erozyonuna olası etkilerinin mekânsal ve zamansal olarak tahmin edilmesinde InVEST model yaklaşımının avantajlarına işaret etmektedir.