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Objectives: Diode laser represents a practical clinical strategy for treating gingival hyperpigmentation. However, its effectiveness remains controversial. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the quantitative effects of diode laser therapy on gingival hyperpigmentation. Method and materials: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were systematically searched for the use of diode laser in gingival hyperpigmenta-tion. The primary outcomes assessed were the Dummett-Gupta Oral Pigmentation Index (DOPI), visual analog scale pain scores, and the Wound Healing Index (WHI) for overall evaluation. The I2 index was calculated to identify heterogeneity, and sensitivity analyses were performed to identify sources of heterogeneity. Funnel plots and the Egger test were utilized to evaluate publication bias. Results: Thirteen randomized controlled trials involving a total of 233 participants were included in the study. The analysis demonstrated that diode laser had a significant effect on DOPI (standard mean difference [SMD] = -0.245, 95% CI -0.451 to -0.040, P= .019) and pain (SMD = -0.809, 95% CI -1.332 to -0.285, P= .002), with no significant effect on WHI (SMD = -0.224, 95% CI -1.100 to 0.653, P= .617). Despite the significant heterogeneity in VAS and WHI indicated by the I2 index statistic, the sensitivity analyses' results demonstrated the main findings' reliability. While no significant publication bias was detected for DOPI and WHI, the pain results exhibited notable publication bias. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that diode laser prolongs gingival repigmentation time and reduces pain compared to other treatments. However, efficacy in wound healing was not significantly affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The goal was to identify the lifestyle risk factors associated with benign and potentially malignant oral disorders. Method and materials: The study enrolled first-time patients from the Oral Pathology Section, volunteers from Oviedo, and first-time patients from the University of Oviedo dental clinic. Patients underwent a survey that included sociodemographic information, lifestyle habits, and medical history. A comprehensive examination of the oral mucosa was conducted. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were conducted using R software. Results: Among the 183 participants, the most prevalent lesions were varicose veins (43.20%), cheek/lip biting (34.97%), and coated tongue (33.33%). Among the oral potentially malignant disorders (16.39%) were oral lichen planus (12.64%) and leukoplakia (3.33%). Tobacco was associated with melanotic pigmentation (OR 3.87, P = .001) and coated tongue (OR 5.90, P = .001). Longer intervals since the last check-up were associated with traumatic keratosis (OR 2.95, P = .031). Age and heavy smoking were found to have higher risk of developing an oral potentially malignant disorder (OR 1.04, P = .035, and OR 7.35, P = .028, respectively). Conclusions: These data should be considered when organizing public health programs focused on the detection and screening of heavy smokers. It is also important to strengthen the oral pathology units in universities as reference centers for students to acquire the necessary knowledge for their diagnosis and treatment, while simultaneously promoting awareness of this risk factor for oral precancer among the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Autoimmune activation by COVID-19 infection/vaccination has been postulated to be responsible for initiating or reactivating multiple types of oral mucosal immune disorders. These include: oral lichen planus; oral pemphigoid; either bullous pemphigoid or mucous membrane pemphigoid with oral involvement; pemphigus vulgaris with oral involvement; and Sjögren disease. In addition, chronic conditions such as oral burning, xerostomia, or changes in taste and/or smell have also been linked to COVID-19 infection/vaccination. Data sources: Part 1 (mucosal conditions): an English-language literature review of Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase was performed searching cases of oral lichen planus, oral bullous pemphigoid, mucous membrane pemphigoid, pemphigus vulgaris, and COVID-19 infection/vaccination, with additional cases from the authors’ clinical practice presented. Part 2 (nonmucosal conditions): Cases of initiated or flared Sjögren disease, chronic oral burning, or xerostomia after COVID-19 infection/vaccination from the authors’ clinical practice were aggregated. Results: The literature review discovered 29 cases of oral lichen planus following COVID-19 infection/vaccination. For bullous pemphigoid, 10 cases were identified after infection/vaccination. The number of pemphigus vulgaris cases following infection/vaccination was 28. The majority of mucosal cases were reported after vaccination. Most reported initial disease, but a substantial amount included recurrences of existing diseases. Nonmucosal disease: Sjögren disease, chronic oral burning, or xerostomia after COVID-19 infection/vaccination cases totaled 12 cases identified from the authors’ clinical practice, with the majority occurring after infection. Conclusions: Chronic conditions after infection with COVID-19 or vaccination remain relatively rare and self-limited, yet reinforce the importance of comprehensive history taking involving COVID-19 to differentiate potential etiologic factors for these conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the possible antimicrobial activity of glycine air polishing by comparing peri-implant microbiota before and after treatment. Materials and Methods: A total of 15 patients who received implant-supported full-arch fixed rehabilitations were included. After prosthesis removal (T0), Plaque Index (PI), probing depth (PD), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded. In each hemiarch, the implant with the highest PD score was selected for microbiologic sample collection from the peri-implant sulcus (T0). All patients received two different hygienic protocols (randomly administered, one per each hemiarch): glycine air-polishing (G) and cleansing with cotton pellets soaked in saline (C). At 7 days (T1) and 3 months (T2) after the intervention, PI and BOP were recorded, and new microbiologic samples were taken. Traditional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative PCR real-time were employed for microbiologic analysis to investigate how the presence of different bacterial species varied according to the hygienic treatment performed. Results: Treatment G provided a significantly higher PI score reduction around implants compared to treatment C (P = .015). No statistical difference was found in the microbial population around G and C implant sites, with Tannerella forsythia being the most commonly detected bacterial species in both G and C groups. No statistical differences were found between the antimicrobial activity of treatments C and G. Conclusions: Glycine powder air polishing is a valid method for professional hygienic care of implants and was more effective in PI reduction compared to the control treatment. However, its antimicrobial efficacy cannot be confirmed by the outcomes of the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The relationship between the number of chronic diseases and oral health problems is unclear. We sought to determine whether the number of chronic diseases and multimorbidity have an association with oral health problems in Korean adults. Materials and Methods: Data from 23,246 adults aged ≥ 19 years, who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2016 to 2019, were considered for our analyses. Participants with either masticatory or speech problems were defined as the oral health problems group. Individuals who reported having had dental treatment in the last year were defined as the dental treatment group. We used multivariable logistic regression analyses to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: The proportions of oral health problems and dental treatment were higher in participants with multimorbidity than in those without multimorbidity (all p < 0.001). Moreover, ORs of oral health problems demonstrated a tendency to increase with the number of chronic diseases, even after adjustment (p for trend < 0.001). Compared to the participants without multimorbidity, the risk of having oral health problems increased by 25% (OR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.12–1.39), and that of receiving dental treatment increased by 23% (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.13–1.34) in patients with multimorbidity. Conclusion: The risk of oral health problems and dental treatment increased in association with the number of chronic diseases in Korean adults. The authors emphasise the risks and importance of oral health in a large population affected by multiple chronic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractDental biofilm is a highly complicated and dynamic structure comprising not only microbial communities but also the surrounding matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), including polysaccharides, proteins, extracellular DNA (eDNA) and other biopolymers. In recent years, the important role of bacterial eDNA in dental biofilms has gradually attracted attention. In this review, we present recent studies on the presence, dynamic conformation and release of oral bacterial eDNA. Moreover, updated information on functions associated with oral bacterial eDNA in biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, activation of the immune system and immune evasion is highlighted. Finally, we summarize the role of oral bacterial eDNA as a promising target for the treatment of oral diseases. Increasing insight into the versatile roles of bacterial eDNA in dental biofilms will facilitate the prevention and treatment of biofilm-induced oral infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral non-communicable diseases, particularly dental caries and periodontal disease, impose a significant global health burden. The underlying microbial dysbiosis is a prominent factor, driving interest in strategies that promote a balanced oral microbiome. Lactobacillus plantarum, a gram-positive lactic acid bacterium known for its adaptability, has gained attention for its potential to enhance oral health. Recent studies have explored the use of probiotic L. plantarum in managing dental caries, periodontal disease, and apical periodontitis. However, a comprehensive review on its effects in this context is still lacking. Aims: This narrative review evaluates current literature on L. plantarum's role in promoting oral health and highlights areas for future research. Content: In general, the utilization of L. plantarum in managing non-communicable biofilm-dependent oral diseases is promising, but additional investigations are warranted. Key areas for future study include: exploring its mechanisms of action, identifying optimal strains or strain combinations of L. plantarum, determining effective delivery methods and dosages, developing commercial antibacterial agents from L. plantarum, and addressing safety considerations related to its use in oral care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a common oral mucosal disease, clinically categorized into erosive OLP (EOLP) and non-erosive OLP (NEOLP) based on symptoms, but its pathogenic mechanism remains unclear. This study aims to explore the relationship between OLP and the oral microbiome. Methods: We collected oral mucosal samples from 49 patients and 10 healthy individuals and conducted 16S rRNA and ITS gene sequencing to explore the oral fungal and bacterial communities. Results: We observed significantly lower α diversity of fungi in the EOLP group, with Candida being significantly enriched as the main dominant genus. In the NEOLP group, Aspergillaceae were significantly enriched. The EOLP group showed significant enrichment of Aggregatibacter and Lactobacillus, but the relative abundance of Streptococcus was notably lower than in the other two groups. In the NEOLP group, two species including Prevotella intermedia were significantly enriched. The microbial co-occurrence and co-exclusion networks display distinct characteristics across the three groups, with Lactobacillus assuming a significant bridging role in the ELOP group. Conclusions: Our study indicates that EOLP and NEOLP experience varying degrees of dysbiosis at both the fungal and bacterial levels. Therefore, the pathogenic mechanisms and interactive relationships of these microbiota associated with OLP merit further in-depth investigation. Key messages: The microbial community in the oral lesions of EOLP patients exhibits highly distinctive features, both in terms of bacteria and fungi. In NEOLP patients, the overall bacterial composition does not exhibit significant differences compared to the healthy population, but P. intermedia and Aspergillaceae are notably enriched. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Microbiomes are essential components of the human body, and their populations are substantial. Under normal circumstances, microbiomes coexist harmoniously with the human body, but disturbances in this equilibrium can lead to various diseases. The oral microbiome is involved in the occurrence and development of many oral and gastrointestinal diseases. This review focuses on the relationship between oral microbiomes and oral and upper gastrointestinal diseases, and therapeutic strategies aiming to provide valuable insights for clinical prevention and treatment. Methods: To identify relevant studies, we conducted searches in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science using keywords such as "oral microbiome," "oral flora, " "gastrointestinal disease, " without any date restrictions. Subsequently, the retrieved publications were subject to a narrative review. Results: In this review, we found that oral microbiomes are closely related to oral and gastrointestinal diseases such as periodontitis, dental caries, reflux esophagitis, gastritis, and upper gastrointestinal tumors (mainly the malignant ones). Oral samples like saliva and buccal mucosa are not only easy to collect, but also display superior sample stability compared to gastrointestinal tissues. Consequently, analysis of the oral microbiome could potentially serve as an efficient preliminary screening method for high-risk groups before undergoing endoscopic examination. Besides, treatments based on the oral microbiomes could aid early diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. Conclusions: Oral microbiomes are essential to oral and gastrointestinal diseases. Therapies centered on the oral microbiomes could facilitate the early detection and management of these conditions. Key messages: 1. Various microbiomes exist in the oral cavity. 2. Under normal circumstances, oral microbes and human health coexist in harmony, once this balance is broken, it may cause a variety of diseases. 3. Oral microbiota are associated with upper digestive diseases, which are expected to be an effective triage for high-risk population before endoscopic screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the manifestations of bacteriophages in different oral disease ecologies, including periodontal diseases, dental caries, endodontic infections, and oral cancer, as well as to propel phage therapy for safer and more effective clinical application in the field of dentistry. Methods: In this literature review, we outlined interactions between bacteriophages, bacteria and even oral cells in the oral ecosystem, especially in disease states. We also analyzed the current status and future prospects of phage therapy in the perspective of different oral diseases. Results: Various oral bacteriophages targeting at periodontal pathogens as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Treponema denticola and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, cariogenic pathogen Streptococcus mutans, endodontic pathogen Enterococcus faecalis were predicted or isolated, providing promising options for phage therapy. In the realm of oral cancer, aside from displaying tumor antigens or participating in tumor-targeted therapies, phage-like particle vaccines demonstrated the potential to prevent oral infections caused by human papillomaviruses (HPVs) associated with head-and-neck cancers. Conclusion: Due to their intricate interactions with bacteria and oral cells, bacteriophages are closely linked to the progression and regression of diverse oral diseases. And there is an urgent need for research to explore additional possibilities of bacteriophages in the management of oral diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We tested the hypothesis that Parkinson's disease (PA) alters the periodontitis-associated oral microbiome. Method: Patients with periodontitis with Parkinson's disease (PA+P) and without PA (P) and systemically and periodontally healthy individuals (HC) were enrolled. Clinical, periodontal and neurological parameters were recorded. The severity of PA motor functions was measured. Unstimulated saliva samples and stool samples were collected. Next-generation sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA (V1-V3 regions) was performed. Results: PA patients had mild-to-moderate motor dysfunction and comparable plaque scores as those without, indicating that oral hygiene was efficient in the PA+P group. In saliva, there were statistically significant differences in beta diversity between HC and PA+P (p = 0.001), HC and P (p = 0.001), and P and PA+P (p = 0.028). The microbial profiles of saliva and fecal samples were distinct. Mycoplasma faucium, Tannerella forsythia, Parvimonas micra, and Saccharibacteria (TM7) were increased in P; Prevotella pallens, Prevotella melaninogenica, Neisseria multispecies were more abundant in PA+P group, Ruthenibacterium lactatiformans, Dialister succinatiphilus, Butyrivibrio crossotus and Alloprevotella tannerae were detected in fecal samples in P groups compared to healthy controls. Conclusions: No significant differences were detected between Parkinson's and non-Parkinson's gut microbiomes, suggesting that Parkinson's disease modifies the oral microbiome in periodontitis subjects independent of the gut microbiome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The oral microbiome is a complex and dynamic assemblage of microorganisms that colonize different sites of the oral cavity maintaining both oral and systemic health. Therefore, when its composition is altered, oral diseases occur. Among oral inflammatory pathologies, periodontal diseases affect the tissues surrounding the teeth, representing the main cause of tooth loss and one of the most important threats to the oral health. Lifestyle and eating habits influence the composition of the human oral microbiota and the development and progression of oral diseases. In this context, the Mediterranean Diet (MD) model, comprising both healthy dietary choices and lifestyle, is linked to the prevention of several metabolic and chronic-degenerative pathological processes, including oral diseases. Indeed, the MD is a plant-based diet, enriched of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant nutrients, which may induce beneficial effects against dental caries and periodontal diseases. Aim: This review summarizes the role of the oral microbiome in the development of the oral diseases and the potential of MD in modulating the oral microbiome leading to implications for oral health. Conclusions: The data collected highlight the need to promote the MD pattern along with the correct hygiene habits to prevent the development of oral diseases. 3 key messages: The oral microbiome is a complex and dynamic assemblage of microorganisms that colonize different sites of the oral cavity maintaining both oral and systemic health. The Mediterranean Diet (MD) model, comprising both healthy dietary choices and lifestyle, is linked to the prevention of several metabolic and chronic degenerative pathological processes, including oral diseases. The MD may represent a potential player in the link between oral microbiome and oral diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nitrate (NO3−) has been suggested as a prebiotic for oral health. Evidence indicates dietary nitrate and nitrate supplements can increase the proportion of bacterial genera associated with positive oral health whilst reducing bacteria implicated in oral disease(s). In contrast, chlorhexidine-containing mouthwashes, which are commonly used to treat oral infections, promote dysbiosis of the natural microflora and may induce antimicrobial resistance. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was undertaken, surrounding the effects of nitrate on the oral microbiota. Results: Overall, n = 12 in vivo and in vitro studies found acute and chronic nitrate exposure increased (representatives of) health-associated Neisseria and Rothia (67% and 58% of studies, respectively) whilst reducing periodontal disease-associated Prevotella (33%). Additionally, caries-associated Veillonella and Streptococcus decreased (25% for both genera). Nitrate also altered oral microbiome metabolism, causing an increase in pH levels (n = 5), which is beneficial to limit caries development. Secondary findings highlighted the benefits of nitrate for systemic health (n = 5). Conclusions: More clinical trials are required to confirm the impact of nitrate on oral communities. However, these findings support the hypothesis that nitrate could be used as an oral health prebiotic. Future studies should investigate whether chlorhexidine-containing mouthwashes could be replaced or complemented by a nitrate-rich diet or nitrate supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental caries and periodontal disease are amongst the most prevalent global disorders. Their aetiology is rooted in microbial activity within the oral cavity, through the generation of detrimental metabolites and the instigation of potentially adverse host immune responses. Due to the increasing threat of antimicrobial resistance, alternative approaches to readdress the balance are necessary. Advances in sequencing technologies have established relationships between disease and oral dysbiosis, and commercial enterprises seek to identify probiotic and prebiotic formulations to tackle preventable oral disorders through colonisation with, or promotion of, beneficial microbes. It is the metabolic characteristics and immunomodulatory capabilities of resident species which underlie health status. Research emphasis on the metabolic environment of the oral cavity has elucidated relationships between commensal and pathogenic organisms, for example, the sequential metabolism of fermentable carbohydrates deemed central to acid production in cariogenicity. Therefore, a focus on the preservation of an ecological homeostasis in the oral environment may be the most appropriate approach to health conservation. In this review we discuss an ecological approach to the maintenance of a healthy oral environment and debate the potential use of probiotic and prebiotic supplementation, specifically targeted at sustaining oral niches to preserve the delicately balanced microbiome. Key messages: The balance of oral homeostasis requires delicate adjustments to prevent and counteract disease. The metabolic activities of the complete microbiome, not only key pathogens or commensals, are important to the maintenance of health. Metabolomics techniques can be valuable in identifying environmental niches deficient in disease that can act as targets for probiotic and prebiotic treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Severe recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) represents a therapeutic challenge because of its impact on the patient's quality of life. Additionally, no approved systemic therapies are available. Roflumilast, a phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitor, has shown promise in other inflammatory dermatological conditions. This study aimed to assess the characteristics, effectiveness, and safety of roflumilast in treating RAS in routine clinical practice. Methods: This is a single cohort ambispective observational study conducted in five Spanish centers. Twenty‐two patients with RAS treated with roflumilast participated. Data collection included demographic, clinical, and outcome variables. Statistical analysis compared the outcomes of 12 weeks of roflumilast treatment with a similar prior period without treatment. Results: During treatment with roflumilast, a significant reduction in flare‐ups (88%) and oral ulcers (94%) was observed compared to the untreated period. A reduction in pain (66%) and ulcer duration (63%) was observed. Adverse effects (AEs) occurred in 13 patients, predominantly headache and gastrointestinal disturbances. Most of these were self‐limiting or manageable with dose adjustment. Treatment was withdrawn in three cases, mainly because of AEs. Conclusions: This study suggests that roflumilast may effectively treat RAS by reducing the number of flare‐ups and ulcers, their duration, and the symptomatology produced by the ulcers. In addition, roflumilast has a good safety profile, is well tolerated at low doses, and does not require close monitoring. These characteristics and its favorable economic profile make roflumilast a promising therapeutic option in this pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited access to pediatric oral health care in rural US areas is a substantial dental public health problem. In 2010, the Eastman Institute for Oral Health at the University of Rochester, initiated a synchronous teledentistry program to enhance oral health screenings, treatment planning, and treatment completion for rural pediatric patients who reside in the Western region of New York. Data from dental records of all pediatric patients who were participants in the teledentistry program from its inception on April 13, 2010 through December 31, 2022, were reviewed. Multiple logistic regression models were used to study the association between treatment compliance rate and age, sex, treatment modality, and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Data from the dental records of 1,168 children were reviewed. Nine hundred fifty-four children (81.6%) completed the recommended treatment within 6 months of synchronous teledentistry consultation. Treatment completion rates varied significantly according to treatment modality. In-office consultation had the highest rate (96.8%), followed by oral sedation (89.7%) and operating room treatment (89.5%). Nitrous oxide (66.7%) had the lowest rate (P <.0001). Children recommended for nitrous oxide anxiolysis had the lowest odds of completing treatment (odds ratio, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.18 to 0.36; P <.0001) compared with other treatment modalities. Being older decreased the likelihood of completing treatment (odds ratio, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.85 to 0.99; P =.02). The COVID-19 pandemic did not significantly affect compliance rates. Synchronous teledentistry consultations with rural pediatric patients and their guardians or caregivers can effectively facilitate treatment completion for children with complex treatment needs in underserved areas. Synchronous teledentistry is a practical adjunct tool to be considered in dental offices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) comprises more than 90% of oral cavity cancer and remains the leading cause of death in oral disease. Limited studies have been conducted to evaluate cellular histomorphometry changes in OSCC compared to premalignant lesions such as Dysplastic leukoplakia (DL), Nondysplastic leukoplakia (NDL), and normal epithelial. This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted on total 72 samples, including superficial areas of squamous cell carcinoma (SCCSF), Invasive Front of Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCCIF), Apparently Normal Adjacent Oral Mucosa (SCCANM) or normal margin, Dysplastic leukoplakia (DL), Nondysplastic leukoplakia (NDL), and normal oral mucosa tissue (NOM) (N = 12 per group). ANOVA was used to compare the nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio (N/C), nucleus area (NA), and cellular area (CA) of the stained hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) samples in the studied groups. A P value less than 0.05 was considered to be a significant level. There was a significant increase in the CA, NA, and N/C in the basal and parabasal layers from normal epithelium to dysplastic epithelium and OSCC. The highest NA, CA, and N/C were in the SCCIF and SCCSF groups, respectively, and the lowest was observed in NOM. In addition, SCCANM basal and parabasal layer cells had a significant difference in N/C compared to NOM, which indicates a high risk of SCCANM transformation into malignancy. Cell histomorphometry changes were observed from normal tissue to premalignant lesions and OSCC. These parameters can be used as indicators of the potential for transformation into malignancy in premalignant lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Utility values enable relative comparisons across various health conditions, providing information for efficient allocation of healthcare resources. This study aimed to (1) quantify the utility values attributable to oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) in Japanese adults and (2) develop models for converting the 14‐item Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐14) scores into EuroQoL 5‐dimension 5‐level (EQ‐5D‐5L)‐based utility values. Methods: This was a cross‐sectional study. Data from a large‐scale Internet survey of Japanese adults conducted in 2022 (n = 28 405; mean age 48.2 years) were analysed. Multiple linear regression models were fitted to investigate the association between OHIP‐14 scores and EQ‐5D‐5L‐based utility values, adjusting for confounders. Conversion models were developed using a random half of the participants, and the observed and predicted utility values in the other half were compared to evaluate the model performance. Results: Among the participants, 55.2% scored 0, 20.9% scored 1–5 and 23.9% scored 6–56 on the OHIP‐14, corresponding mean utility values of 0.93, 0.90 and 0.84, respectively. A one‐point increase in the OHIP‐14 score was associated with a lower utility value (coefficient: −0.0053; 95% confidence interval:health‐related quality of life −0.0056, −0.0051). The estimated utility value attributable to OHIP‐14 was −23.3 per 1000 individuals, greater than that for other prevalent chronic conditions, including hypertension and diabetes (−2.9 and −7.1 per 1000 individuals, respectively). The conversion model incorporated the OHIP‐14 total score, age, sex and self‐rated health, predicted utility scores on average and captured differences according to the number of teeth lost. However, there was a discrepancy between predicted and observed utility values in the lower utility value groups. Conclusion: OHRQoL substantially impacted utility values at the population level. The OHIP‐14 holds the potential as a valuable tool for predicting average utility values based on oral health conditions; however, the prediction performance was relatively low for individuals with a lower health‐related quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess the prevalence of non‐utilization of dental care in Lebanon and associated socioeconomic factors and self‐care behaviours. Methods: A nationwide, quantitative, survey‐based study was conducted by trained interviewers with Lebanese residents aged ≥18 years between July and September 2019. Univariate analyses were performed using Pearson Chi Square test or the Fisher's exact test followed by a binary logistic regression using the SPSS Version 25. Results: Of the 1070 participants, 247 (23.1%) did not utilise any type of healthcare and 144/247 (58.3%) did not utilise dental care. The prevalence of non‐utilization of dental care was estimated at 13.5%. Only 4.7% of the respondents consulted their dentist in the past year, among which 53% cited pain/emergencies as the reason for their consultation. Socioeconomic factors associated with the non‐utilization of dental care were lack of social medical insurance (OR, 0.49 [95% CI, 0.31 to 0.79]) and long waiting time/patient time restriction (OR, 2.05 [95% CI, 1.26 to 3.35]). On the other hand, facilitators for utilization of dental care included ethical standards/personal qualities of the dentist (OR, 0.53 [95% CI, 0.32 to 0.88]) and convenient cost with respect to the individual's economic status (OR, 0.28 [95% CI, 0.18 to 0.43]). Conclusion: This study suggests that dental care practices in Lebanon, including the non‐utilization of dental care, are suboptimal. Measures such as reducing sugar and tobacco consumption, providing information on oral hygiene, and using fluoride products are inexpensive; however, implementing these measures may take substantial time and input by multiple stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The Toddler Oral Health Intervention (TOHI) was launched in 2017 to promote oral health prevention at well‐baby clinics, with a focus on parents with children aged 6–48 months. This study aims to evaluate the integrity of motivational interviewing (MI) as one of the core intervention pillars in the TOHI study. Methods: The TOHI study was conducted at nine well‐baby clinics in the central and southern regions of the Netherlands, with 11 trained oral health coaches (OHCs) delivering a tailored individual counselling programme. Audio recordings of counselling sessions were uploaded by the OHCs into an online portal for feedback and integrity evaluation purposes. A trained independent assessor evaluated MI integrity using the MITI 4.2.1 coding scale. IBM SPSS Statistics was used to analyse the data, with ratings on technical and relational components and behavior counts computed by adding up the scores and categorizing them into six key MI skills. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages and median scores with interquartile ranges, were calculated. Results: The median ratings on the technical and relational components were 2.5 (IQR 2.0–3.5) and 3.5 (IQR 3.0–4.0) out of a maximum of 5, with 45% and 58% of recordings showing fair or good MI integrity, respectively. A median of 38% (IQR 25–55%) of complex reflections and a reflection‐to‐question ratio of 0.7 (IQR 0.4–1.0), with 47% and 24% of recordings showing fair or good MI integrity, respectively. Median counts of MI‐adherent and non‐adherent statements were 3.0 (IQR 2.0–5.0) and 0.0 (IQR 0.0–1.0), respectively. The duration of recordings and MI integrity varied among oral health coaches. Conclusion: Overall, this study revealed that, while intensive training was provided, not all OHCs in the TOHI study met fair thresholds for MI integrity. These findings emphasize the necessity of ongoing training, reflection and support to achieve and maintain a fair or good level of MI integrity in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral hypofunction is the stage before oral dysfunction. The subjective symptoms of poor oral function and the decline in oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) that occur in the oral hypofunction stage can be missed. Objective: This multicentre cross‐sectional study was performed to examine the relationships between the test results for oral hypofunction, subjective frailty symptoms and OHRQoL of outpatients in dental clinics. Methods: The basic characteristics and oral function test results of 637 dental clinic outpatients were evaluated. The subjective symptoms of physical and oral frailty were investigated using a questionnaire. OHRQoL was assessed using the Japanese short version of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐JP16) and OHRQoL dimension score. Results: The overall prevalence of oral hypofunction was 37.8%, with no significant difference between men and women. No significant differences in the presence or absence of subjective symptoms of frailty and a high OHIP score were observed based on sex. However, the prevalence of oral hypofunction was significantly different among the age groups and increased with age. The subjective symptoms of frailty score, OHIP score and OHRQoL dimension score were significantly higher in patients with versus without oral hypofunction. Age, number of underlying diseases, total score for subjective symptoms of frailty, total score for OHIP and OHRQoL dimension score were significantly associated with oral hypofunction. Conclusion: Oral hypofunction may affect the subjective symptoms of frailty and OHRQoL in older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This article aims to provide a first-of-its-kind summary of the literature on oral capillaroscopy—a non-invasive technique used to study the structure of tiny blood vessels beneath the mouth's surface in different conditions and lesions. This research has shown that oral capillaroscopy can provide both qualitative and quantitative insights into the health of these microvessels and highlight differences and peculiarities in specific diseases and conditions. This technology has promising applications in oral pathology and oncology, where it can be used to study cancer-related blood vessel growth in real time and monitor chronic inflammatory diseases. Future research may focus on using capillaroscopy to image oral potentially malignant disorders and better understand their microvascular components for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. The oral cavity may suffer from diseases and lesions of different natures that can result in changes to the underlying microvasculature. These changes are typically observed during the examination of biopsy samples, but there is still a need to investigate methods for characterizing them in live tissues. Capillaroscopy, a medical imaging technique using polarized light and magnification, has shown promise in providing enhanced imaging of the oral mucosa microvasculature in preliminary studies. The present work proposed to review the literature on what capillaroscopy is, its applications in the imaging of oral mucosa microvasculature, and its diagnostic and prognostic significance in various diseases and conditions. While there is the limited literature available, further research in oral capillaroscopy, particularly in the field of oral oncology, is needed to determine its potential benefits in diagnosing and predicting outcomes for potentially malignant oral disorders and cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objective Methods Results Conclusion To summarize the current knowledge of the neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and its critical role in various oral diseases.We reviewed the recent research on NETs through PubMed and Web of Science. An analysis of recent research results was summarized from three aspects: NETs induction and formation, functions of NETs, and NETs in oral diseases.The relationship between neutrophils and NETs is critical to the body's defense against microbial invasion. NETs can effectively combat pathogens with an anti‐inflammatory effect and meanwhile it can contribute to inflammation. Moreover, it can synergize with other immune cells to respond to stimuli, such as pathogens, host‐derived mediators, and drugs. It was revealed that NETs play different roles to influence various oral diseases like periodontitis, endodontic infection, oral mucosal diseases, maxillofacial tumors, and many other oral diseases.The balance between the protective and potentially harmful effects of NETs is a key factor in determining the outcome of infections and inflammatory responses. The role of NETs in oral diseases needs to be further studied to enable better understanding of its role in the different oral diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid emergence of antibiotic‐resistant pathogens, nanomaterial‐assisted catalytic sterilization has been well developed to combat pathogenic bacteria by elevating the level of reactive oxygen species including hydroxyl radical (·OH). Although promising, the ultra‐short lifetime and limited diffusion distance of ·OH severely limit their practical antibacterial usage. Herein, the rational design and preparation of novel virus‐like copper silicate hollow spheres (CSHSs) are reported, as well as their applications as robust artificial bacteriophages for localized bacterial capture and enhanced catalytic sterilization in the treatment of oral infectious diseases. During the whole process of capture and killing, CSHSs can efficiently capture bacteria via shortening the distance between bacteria and CSHSs, produce massive ·OH around bacteria, and further iinducing the admirable effect of bacterial inhibition. By using mucosal infection and periodontitis as typical oral infectious diseases, it is easily found that the bacterial populations around lesions in animals after antibacterial treatment fall sharply, as well as the well‐developed nanosystem can decrease the inflammatory reaction and promote the hard or soft tissue repair. Together, the high Fenton‐like catalytic activity, strong bacterial affinity, excellent antibacterial activity, and overall safety of the nanoplatform promise its great therapeutic potential for further catalytic bacterial disinfection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the most prevalent oral health issues affecting mankind is tooth loss. Besides extractions due to periodontal disease and caries, accidents and lack of dental knowledge can also result in tooth loss. Nevertheless, no known published studies have examined how edentulous patients in Uganda have lived with tooth loss. The objective of the present study was to investigate experiences of tooth loss among Ugandan edentulous patients attending Makerere University Dental Hospital. Methods: This was a cross-sectional qualitative study using purposive recruitment of respondents. A total of 15 respondents were chosen from a variety of socio-economic groups. Qualitative data were collected using oral interviews in form of note taking and an audio-recorder. The data collected comprised the causes of tooth loss, the physical and psychological effects of losing teeth, the difficulties in managing oral hygiene when one is toothless, coping mechanisms, and supportive interventions after losing natural teeth. The collected data were transcribed and analyzed thematically using a software, Atlas Ti. The generated qualitative data were summarized as text, while demographic characteristics were presented in a table. Results: Oral infections such as periodontal disease (which destroy tooth supporting tissues), tooth decay and trauma from accidents were reportedly the main causes of tooth loss. In case of tooth pain as a first symptom, most patients choose self-medication with over-the-counter drugs and home remedies. They only consult dental professionals when the condition deteriorates. Tooth loss was associated with problems of eating, facial aesthetics and low self-esteem. Conclusion: The present study found that tooth loss was caused by periodontal disease, tooth decay and trauma from accidents. Loss of teeth was escalated by poor health seeking behavior. Tooth loss resulted in pain, eating difficulties, speech difficulties, poor facial appearance and consequently low self-esteem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objective Materials and Methods Results Conclusions Trial Registration Oral diseases, specifically malignant lesions, are serious global health concerns requiring early diagnosis for effective treatment. In recent years, deep learning (DL) has emerged as a powerful tool for the automated detection and classification of oral lesions. This research, by conducting a scoping review and meta‐analysis, aims to provide an overview of the progress and achievements in the field of automated detection of oral lesions using DL.A scoping review was conducted to identify relevant studies published in the last 5 years (2018–2023). A comprehensive search was conducted using several electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus.Two reviewers independently assessed the studies for eligibility and extracted data using a standardized form, and a meta‐analysis was conducted to synthesize the findings.Fourteen studies utilizing various DL algorithms were identified and included for the detection and classification of oral lesions from clinical images. Among these, three were included in the meta‐analysis. The estimated pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.86 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.80–0.91) and 0.67 (95% CI = 0.58–0.75), respectively.The results of meta‐analysis indicate that DL algorithms improve the diagnosis of oral lesions. Future research should develop validated algorithms for automated diagnosis.Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/4n8sm) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontitis is one of the most prevalent oral diseases leading to tooth loss in adults, and is characterized by the destruction of periodontal supporting structures. Traditional therapies for periodontitis cannot achieve ideal regeneration of the periodontal tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a promising approach to periodontal tissue regeneration. Recently, the prominent role of MSCs in this context has been attributed to microRNAs (miRNAs), which participate in post-transcriptional regulation and are crucial for various physiological and pathological processes. Additionally, they function as indispensable elements in extracellular vesicles, which protect them from degradation. In periodontitis, MSCs-derived miRNAs play a pivotal role in cellular proliferation and differentiation, angiogenesis of periodontal tissues, regulating autophagy, providing anti-apoptotic effects, and mediating the inflammatory microenvironment. As a cell-free strategy, their small size and ability to target related sets of genes and regulate signaling networks predispose miRNAs to become ideal candidates for periodontal tissue regeneration. This review aims to introduce and summarize the potential functions and mechanisms of MSCs-derived miRNAs in periodontal tissue repair and regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has shown an ability to promote wound healing by modulating biological processes without causing thermal damage. This scoping review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of CAP application in the oral wound healing process. Design: An electronic literature search was conducted using PubMed/Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and grey literature (Google Scholar). The search included all articles published up to October 11, 2023. Only studies focusing on the different CAP types' effects on oral cavity wounds or cells were included in the review. Results: This review analyzed 13 studies including seven cell culture studies, one animal study, and five human studies (three in vivo and two ex vivo). The findings from the reviewed articles suggest that CAP may have therapeutic potential. It can maintain cell viability and influence gene expression, accelerate wound healing, and modulate inflammation‐related cytokines. DBD plasma exhibited time‐sensitive effects on cellular behavior and microplasma irradiation positively impacted cell count, biochemical profiles, and cellular migration. Conclusion: The application of CAP has been shown to have a positive impact on the healing of oral wounds in cell culture, animal, and human studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the prevalence of herpesviruses among the Yanomami indigenous population and their association with Heck's disease. Topics include the detection of various herpesviruses (such as HSV-1, EBV, and HHV-6) in saliva, the clinical presentation of Heck's disease, and the demographic factors influencing viral excretion and disease manifestation.

Objective: To analyze multiple‐causal models, including socioeconomic, obesity, sugar consumption, alcohol smoking, caries, and periodontitis variables in pregnant women with early sugar exposure, obesity, and the Chronic Oral Disease Burden in their offspring around the first 1000 days of life. Methods: The BRISA cohort study, Brazil, had two assessments: at the 22nd–25th gestational weeks and during the child's second year (n = 1141). We proposed a theoretical model exploring the association between socioeconomic and pregnancy factors (age, smoking, alcohol, sugars, obesity, periodontitis, and caries) and child's variables (sugars and overweight) with the outcome, Chronic Oral Disease Burden (latent variable deduced from visible plaque, gingivitis, and tooth decay), using structural equation modeling. Results: Caries and periodontitis were correlated in pregnant women. Addictive behaviors in the gestational period were correlated. Obesity (Standardized coefficient ‐ SC = 0.081; p = 0.047) and added sugar consumption (SC = 0.142; p = 0.041) were observed intergenerationally in the pregnant woman‐child dyads. Sugar consumption by the children (SC = 0.210; p = 0.041) increased the Chronic Oral Disease Burden. Conclusions: Poor caries and periodontal indicators were correlated in pregnant women and their offspring. Obesity and sugar consumption act intergenerationally. Oral health in early life may change life trajectory since the worst oral conditions predict main NCDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic graft‐versus‐host disease (cGVHD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT). The sclerodermatous form of cGVHD can be particularly debilitating; however, orofacial sclerodermatous involvement remains poorly described. Objective: To characterize orofacial features of sclerodermatous cGVHD in a single center cohort of patients who underwent alloHCT. Study Design: Retrospective data were collected from electronic medical records and analyzed descriptively. Results: There were 39 patients who received alloHCT between 1993 and 2017 and developed orofacial sclerodermatous cGVHD. Concomitant cutaneous sclerodermatous cGVHD was common (n = 20, 51%). Orofacial sclerodermatous cGVHD features included fibrous bands of the buccal mucosa (n = 23, 59%), limited mouth opening (n = 19, 54%), perioral fibrosis (n = 8, 21%), and focal gingival recession (n = 4, 10%). Oral mucosal fibrosis was observed at the site of active or resolved chronic lichenoid inflammation in 30 patients, with all but two also presenting with a history of ulcerations. Management included jaw stretching exercises (n = 10; 6 stable/improved), surgery (n = 3; 2 improved), and intralesional corticosteroid injections (n = 2; 2 improved). Conclusions: Orofacial involvement with sclerodermatous cGVHD can present with multiple manifestations including fibrous banding, limited mouth opening, perioral fibrosis, and focal gingival recession. Surgical and non‐surgical management strategies may improve clinical function and reduce morbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To explore the association between oral conditions and their interaction with salt taste disability among American adults. Methods: Data from the 2013–2014 NHANES cycle were used (n = 2373). The exposures were periodontitis, defined by the 2017 EFP‐AAP classification, dental caries, missing teeth, and edentulism, as per the DMF‐T index, and xerostomia. The outcome was salt taste disability, objectively assessed. Covariates included sex, age, educational level, poverty index, obesity, diabetes, smoking, alcohol consumption, and medications related to mouth dryness. Weighted multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to evaluate the relationship between oral conditions and their interaction and salt taste disability. Results: Participants who reported xerostomia were more likely to have salt taste disability (OR 2.42; 95%CI 1.44–4.07), especially those older than 60 years (OR 3.63; 95%CI 1.72–7.63). Among participants aged 40–59, xerostomia increased the chance of salt taste disability; however, the confidence interval included the null value. The interactions between xerostomia and edentulism increased the chance of salt taste disability. Conclusion: Oral conditions seem to influence the ability to taste salt. Dental professionals may help identify individuals with taste alterations and raise their awareness of the risk of systemic diseases that require the reduction of salt intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Cannabinoid-based medicines (CBMs) are being used widely in older people. However, information on the incidence of adverse events (AEs) is limited. Objective To quantify the incidence rate difference (IRD) of AEs in middle aged and older adults of age ≥50 years receiving CBMs and also examine associations with weekly doses. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsychInfo, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov (1st Jan 1990–12th June 2023). Methods We included randomised clinical trials (RCTs) using CBMs with mean participant age ≥50 years for medicinal purposes for all clinical indications. Paired reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data and appraised risk of bias. We estimated pooled effect-sizes IRD under the random-effects model. Results Data from 58 RCTs (37 moderate-high quality studies, pooled n = 6611, mean age range 50–87 years, 50% male, n = 3450 receiving CBMs) showed that compared with controls, the incidence of all-cause and treatment-related AEs attributable to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-containing CBMs were: THC alone [IRD:18.83(95% Confidence Interval [CI], 1.47–55.79) and 16.35(95% CI, 1.25–48.56)] respectively; THC:cannabidiol (CBD) combination [IRD:19.37(95% CI, 4.24–45.47) and 11.36(95% CI, 2.55–26.48)] respectively. IRDs of serious AEs, withdrawals and deaths were not significantly greater for CBMs containing THC with or without CBD. THC dose-dependently increased the incidence of dry mouth, dizziness/lightheadedness, mobility/balance/coordination difficulties, dissociative/thinking/perception problems and somnolence/drowsiness. The interaction of weekly THC:CBD doses played a role in mostly neurological, psychiatric and cardiac side-effects. Conclusions Although CBMs in general are safe and acceptable in middle aged and older adults, one needs to be mindful of certain common dose-dependent side-effects of THC-containing CBMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Background: Thalassemia is a hemoglobinopathy-associated genetic disease resulting due to defective synthesis of globin chains, causing defects in the skeletal and oral structures. Aim: This cross-sectional study was designed to analyze the prevalence of dental caries, oral health status, malocclusion status, and dental treatment needs in thalassemic children. Materials and Methods: Institutional Ethical committee clearance was obtained before starting the study. The study sample comprised 100 thalassemic and 100 normal children in which oral disease markers like dmft/DMFT index, plaque index, gingival index, and Angle's classification for malocclusion were used. The statistical tool used was 'one-way ANOVA' with the probability set at 0.05. Results and Observations: Statistically significant differences in prevalence of dental caries, periodontal disease, malocclusion, and treatment needs were noted in thalassemic individuals when compared to normal subjects. Conclusion: The present study has given an insight into the various oral and dentomaxillofacial manifestations of thalassemia, thus considering the importance of routine oral examination for the prevention of dental caries and periodontal diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on pediatric sore throats in the emergency department, highlighting the need to differentiate viral and bacterial causes, identify life-threatening conditions like epiglottitis, and implement effective diagnostic and treatment strategies.

Background: The role of microbiome, particularly Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), in periodontal disease and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been recently explored. This study aimed to evaluate the Fn presence and its levels in oral rinse samples from Brazilian OSCC patients and healthy individuals and its association with sociodemographic, clinical, and oral health features. Methods: In this case–control study, 80 participants were included, 31 OSCC patients and 49 individuals without a cancer history. Clinical data were collected, and an oral exam was done on a subset of the cohort. Fn levels were evaluated by droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) in oral rinse samples and were categorized as Fn‐high or Fn‐low based on the median number of copies per reaction. Results: OSCC patients showed higher levels of Fn (68%, p = 0.03) than controls, and all OSCC cases were diagnosed with periodontal disease (100%, p = 1.0). In the univariate analysis, Fn‐high level was more frequently present in OSCC cases compared to controls (p = 0.01). It was also observed that Fn‐high level OSCC cases were significantly associated with self‐reported non‐white ethnicity (71.4%, p = 0.01) and had more infiltrative lesions (57.1%, p = 0.02) than Fn‐low OSCC cases. Fn‐high levels in oral rinse samples, were significantly more prevalent among OSCC than in controls. Conclusions: In OSCC patients, Fn‐high levels were associated with non‐white ethnicity and lesions with infiltrative clinical aspects. Among OSCC cases, all had periodontal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanozyme materials combine the advantages of natural enzymes and artificial catalysis, and have been widely applied in new technologies for dental materials and oral disease treatment. Based on the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress pathways in the occurrence and therapy of oral diseases, a comprehensive review was conducted on the methods and mechanisms of nanozymes and their dental materials in treating different oral diseases. This review is based on literature surveys from PubMed and Web of Science databases, as well as reviews of relevant researches and publications on nanozymes in the therapy of oral diseases and oral tumors in international peer-reviewed journals. Given the unique function of nanozymes in the generation and elimination of ROS, they play an important role in the occurrence, development, and treatment of different oral diseases. The application of nanozymes in dental materials and oral disease treatment was introduced, including the latest advances in their use for dental caries, pulpitis, jaw osteomyelitis, periodontitis, oral mucosal diseases, temporomandibular joint disorders, and oral tumors. Future approaches were also summarized and proposed based on the characteristics of these diseases. This review will guide biomedical researchers and oral clinicians to understand the mechanisms and applications of nanozymes in the therapy of oral diseases, promoting further development in the field of dental materials within the oral medication. It is anticipated that more suitable therapeutic agents or dental materials encapsulating nanozymes, specifically designed for the oral environment and simpler for clinical utilization, will emerge in the forthcoming future. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hygiene is an important area related to personal health and socialization. Regular toothbrushing can prevent painful procedures related to tooth decay and gum disease and reduce bad breath and plaque that may interfere with social and professional acceptance. Unfortunately, many individuals with disabilities do not engage in regular and thorough preventative dental hygiene, placing them at risk for oral disease. Using a multiple baseline design, three participants who independently brushed their teeth but did not brush frequently or thoroughly were taught to self‐evaluate and record using a self‐management (SM) checklist. The findings of this study suggest that SM may be a helpful method for improving the frequency and quality of toothbrushing. Outcomes regarding supporting individuals to achieve maximal independence in these essential life skills are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: To describe longitudinal oral health symptom patterns of patients receiving concurrent chemotherapy and radiation therapy for head and neck cancer (HNC) and examine associations between phenotypic characteristics, including human papillomavirus (HPV) status and oral health symptoms. SAMPLE & SETTING: A pilot retrospective longitudinal chart review (N = 270) of patients with HNC at a northeastern U.S. regional cancer institute. METHODS & VARIABLES: HPV status and oral health symptoms (pain, mucositis, taste alteration, xerostomia, dysphagia, and candidiasis) were examined during treatment (six weeks) and survivorship (three months). Latent transition analysis was conducted across each time point. RESULTS: The latent transition analysis revealed classes with moderate to high symptom expression persisted into survivorship. The HPV-negative phenotype had higher symptom expression across treatment and survivorship. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Patients with HPVnegative HNC may require early intervention, while considering social determinants of health to attenuate symptom expression and improve outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory conditions that require early screening for effective long‐term management. Oral neutrophil counts (ONCs) correlate with periodontal inflammation. This study investigates a point‐of‐care test using a neutrophil enzyme activity (NEA) colorimetric strip for measuring periodontal inflammation. Methods: This prospective study had two phases. Phase 1 validated the relationship between ONCs and periodontal inflammation with 90 participants. Phase 2 examined the test's applicability in a real‐world setting through a multicentre clinical trial with 375 participants at four sites. ONCs were quantified in oral rinses using laboratory‐based methods, and the NEA strip was used for ONC stratification. Clinical measures included bleeding on probing (BoP), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL). Results: ONCs were significantly elevated in patients with Grade B periodontitis and deep periodontal pockets (PD ≥ 5 mm, CAL ≥ 5 mm). The NEA strip accurately classified patients into high or low ONC categories, showing 80% sensitivity, 82.5% specificity and an AUC of 0.89. It also assessed the effectiveness of periodontal therapy in reducing ONC and inflammation. The test was user‐friendly, with no reported discomfort among patients. Conclusion: The NEA strip is a user‐friendly and rapid screening tool for detecting high ONCs associated with periodontal inflammation and for evaluating the effectiveness of periodontal therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purpose of this review was to present the basic concepts of metabolomics methodology and the use of saliva for diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive strategies. Material and methods: This review followed the focus in: “saliva metabolomics” and “oral diseases”. The authors searched studies on PubMed database. The inclusion criteria were original studies and reviews that assessed metabolomics techniques. A descriptive analysis was performed considering the study design, approach system, clinical steps, and tools for the determination of profile or biomarkers metabolites, and the advantages and disadvantages. Results: Metabolomic analyses use a combination of analytical instrumentation and informatic tools to provide information on metabolite characteristics. In this review we described different technologies applied and the advantages and limitations of each technique. Furthermore, in the literature search, we retrieved 25 studies that investigated saliva metabolites in oral diseases: 8 studies used targeted analysis and 17 untargeted metabolomics approaches. Most studies included patients with periodontal diseases, oral squamous cell carcinoma, and Sjögren Syndrome. The most frequently reported metabolites were glycine, leucine, phenylalanine, dipeptides, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, tyrosine, choline, taurine, lactate, valine, and proline. Conclusions: Metabolomics analysis has emerged as a powerful tool for tumor diagnosis and to enhance tumor classification, including salivary gland tumors (SGTs). It also holds promise for developing personalized treatment plans and defining more precise prognostic categories. Clinical relevance: Metabolomics is the most functional and comprehensive technique for monitoring and understanding gene functions and identifying the biochemical state of an organism in response to genetic and environmental changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candida albicans are ubiquitous fungal organisms that colonize the oral cavity of healthy individuals without causing disease. C. albicans is an opportunistic microorganism with several virulent factors that influence the inflammatory process and allow it to invade tissues, evade host defense mechanisms, and release toxins, facilitating proliferation and degradation. At present, increasing emphasis is placed on polymicrobial interactions between C. albicans and various bacterial pathogens. Such interaction is mutually beneficial for both parties: it is competitive and antagonistic. Their complex interaction and colonization in the oral cavity serve as the basis for several oral diseases. The dispersion of C. albicans in saliva and the systemic circulation is noted in association with other bacterial populations, suggesting their virulence in causing disease. Hence, it is necessary to understand fungal–bacterial interactions for early detection and the development of novel therapeutic strategies to treat oral diseases. In this paper, we review the mutualistic interaction of C. albicans in oral biofilm formation and polymicrobial interactions in oral diseases. In addition, C. albicans virulence in causing biofilm-related oral diseases and its presence in saliva are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autophagy is an intrinsic breakdown system that recycles organelles and macromolecules, which influences metabolic pathways, differentiation, and thereby cell survival. Oral health is an essential component of integrated well-being, and it is critical for developing therapeutic interventions to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the maintenance of oral homeostasis. However, because of the complex dynamic relationship between autophagy and oral health, associated treatment modalities have not yet been well elucidated. Determining how autophagy affects oral health at the molecular level may enhance the understanding of prevention and treatment of targeted oral diseases. At the molecular level, hard and soft oral tissues develop because of complex interactions between epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Aging contributes to the progression of various oral disorders including periodontitis, oral cancer, and periapical lesions during aging. Autophagy levels decrease with age, thus indicating a possible association between autophagy and oral disorders with aging. In this review, we critically review various aspects of autophagy and their significance in the context of various oral diseases including oral cancer, periapical lesions, periodontal conditions, and candidiasis. A better understanding of autophagy and its underlying mechanisms can guide us to develop new preventative and therapeutic strategies for the management of oral diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Periodontitis is a common oral disease marked by gingival inflammation and alveolar bone loss. This study evaluated the efficacy of chamomile tincture and lidocaine hydrochloride (CLH) gel in mitigating periodontal inflammation and bone loss and uncovered the molecular mechanisms involved, both in vitro and in vivo. Methods: A periodontitis model was induced in Sprague Dawley rats by ligating the mandibular first molars. Sixty rats were divided into four groups: control (C), periodontitis (PD), periodontitis + CLH gel once daily (G1), and periodontitis + CLH gel thrice daily (G3). Clinical, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), biological, and histological evaluations were performed, focusing on osteoclastogenesis, osteogenesis, and inflammatory cytokine production. The effect of CLH gel on inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 cells was also assessed through co-culture assays under Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) infection, with RNA-sequencing, qPCR, and Western blot analyses to explore underlying mechanisms. Results: CLH gel significantly reduced gingival and systemic inflammation and mitigated bone loss by enhancing the bone volume to tissue volume ratio and trabecular thickness via the RANKL/OPG axis in rats. The G3 group showed marked reductions in osteoclasts and increases in osterix-positive cells compared to other groups. In vitro, CLH gel reduced the inflammatory phenotype of macrophages in the periodontitis microenvironment by modulating Type II interferon (IFN-γ) networks. Conclusions: CLH gel reduced inflammation and bone loss in rat periodontitis, promoting osteogenesis and inhibiting osteoclastogenesis. It also suppressed macrophage inflammation via Type II interferon networks under P. gingivalis stimulation. These findings suggest that CLH gel has potential as an adjunctive therapy for periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oral mycobiome plays a critical role in maintaining oral and systemic health, with its composition and function influenced by various physiological and environmental factors. This descriptive review explores the changes in the oral mycobiome among postmenopausal women, examining how aging and associated inflammatory processes contribute to these alterations. These changes are linked to an increased prevalence of xerostomia, oral dysbiosis, and inflammation, which can negatively impact both oral and systemic health. We discuss the impact of hormonal fluctuations and immune senescence on fungal diversity and abundance, highlighting key species implicated in oral and systemic diseases. The review also examines the role of systemic conditions and medications, which are common in postmenopausal women, in further exacerbating oral mycobiome alterations. Lastly, it highlights the need for future research to better understand these interactions and develop targeted therapeutic strategies. The current literature indicates a significant association between menopausal status, age-related mycobiome shifts, and increased inflammatory responses, suggesting potential pathways for intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Respiratory and periodontal diseases are among the most common diseases affecting humans worldwide. Periodontal disease is a risk factor for aspiration pneumonia and other respiratory diseases. However, the evidence supporting the link between respiratory and periodontal disease is inconclusive and insufficient. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between oral disease symptoms and respiratory diseases. Materials and Methods: Adults who underwent oral examinations and lung disease tests were recruited from the 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). A total of 14,956 individuals participated in the 2019 KNHANES. Among the 6846 participants who underwent oral examinations, 1320 children and adolescents were excluded. Additionally, of the 4119 adults aged ≥40 years who underwent dual lung function tests, those who did not respond to key independent confounding variables were excluded. The final sample consisted of 2988 adults. Results: Complex sample multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the risk of restrictive ventilation disorder was lower in individuals without chewing discomfort compared to individuals with chewing discomfort (odds ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.479–0.996), and the difference was statistically significant. Only one significant difference was observed between the two groups. Conclusions: Chewing discomfort is a major periodontal health-related factor associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although the exact mechanism underlying the relationship between masticatory discomfort and COPD remains unclear, masticatory discomfort is an early symptom of oral diseases. The findings from this study provide additional basic data for the prevention of oral diseases and COPD in Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to clarify the factors influencing picky eating in children with disabilities based on the hypothesis that primary disease or oral function is involved in picky eating. The subjects were 242 children aged 3–6 years receiving outpatient feeding therapy at our clinic. The subjects' general and oral conditions and picky eating were assessed by their medical recodes. Resultingly, 79 children showed picky eating. Using logistic regression analysis, associated factors of picky eating were primary disease (p =.04), nutritional methods (p =.01), and oral hypersensitivity (p =.04). The relationship with the primary disease suggests the influence of the characteristics of the primary disease. The relationship with oral hypersensitivity may be attributed to avoiding certain sensations. Additionally, the study revealed that the subjects employed tube feeding to compensate for reduced nutritional intake due to picky eating. This study indicated that primary disease and nutritional method as general conditions and oral hypersensitivity as an oral function were possible factors for picky eating. Picky eating was found to occur at varying frequencies depending on the underlying primary disease, especially when the child struggled to tolerate different sensations experienced during meals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study utilized data from the 2022 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey to examine the utilization of preventive dental care among adolescents from multicultural families and analyze the associated factors. Methods: The number of adolescents from multicultural families, based on parental nationality, was 1361. The dependent variables were asymptomatic dental visits, sealant experience, and scaling experience. The independent variables included health perception factors (subjective health status, subjective oral health status), health behaviors (fruit consumption frequency, vegetable consumption frequency, sugary drink consumption frequency, drinking experience, smoking experience), and oral health behaviors (daily tooth-brushing frequency, tooth brushing after lunch, use of oral care products, oral symptom experience). Confounding variables included demographic variables (age, grade) and socioeconomic variables (academic performance, economic level, parental education level, mother's nationality). Statistical analyses were conducted using a complex samples cross-tabulation and complex samples logistic regression. Results: Asymptomatic dental visits were significantly associated with subjective oral health status and sugary drink consumption. Those who perceived their oral health as "Healthy" had an odds ratio (OR) of 3.34 (CI = 1.76–6.32; p < 0.001), and those who perceived themselves "Normal" had an OR of 2.03 (CI = 1.08–3.82; p = 0.029). A sugary drink consumption of less than three times per week was linked with an OR of 1.68 (CI = 1.05–2.70; p = 0.031). Sealant experience was associated with brushing before bedtime (OR = 2.27, CI = 1.18–4.35; p = 0.014) and using more than one oral care product (OR = 1.97, CI = 1.27–3.07; p = 0.003). Scaling experience associated with oral symptoms (OR = 1.94, CI = 1.21–3.11; p = 0.006). Conclusions: To enhance access to preventive dental care utilization for adolescents from multicultural families, efforts are needed to raise subjective oral health awareness, improve oral health behaviors, and develop strategies that ensure timely preventive dental care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractDue to the complexity of oral physiology and pathology, the treatment of oral diseases faces multiple and complex clinical requirements. Mucosa-adhesive films (MAFs) with a single layer have demonstrated considerable potential in delivering therapeutic bioactive ingredients directly to the site of oral diseases. However, their functions are often hindered by certain factors such as limited loading capacity, poor site specificity, and sensitivity to mechanical stimuli. To overcome these limitations, the development of multi-layer MAFs has become a focal point for recent research. This involves the improvement of construction methods for multi-layer MAFs to minimize potential health risks from residual solvents, and conducting comprehensive in vivo studies to evaluate their safety and therapeutic efficacy more accurately, thus paving the way for their commercialization. Additionally, the exploration of multi-layer MAFs as personalized drug delivery systems could further broaden their application prospect. Precisely, multi-layer MAFs compensate for the shortcomings of current therapeutic strategies for oral diseases to a great extent, indicating a promising future in the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]