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The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-src-signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) oncogenic pathway plays a central role in tumorigenesis and is involved not only in cell transformation but also in tumor escape to genotoxic treatments. Despite its importance, the molecular mechanisms by which this signaling pathway induces resistance to DNA damage remain most of the time to be characterized. In this study, we show that the EGFR-src pathway is activated in response to topoisomerase I inhibition. After treatment, this signaling cascade induced the activation of STAT3 and the binding of the transcription factor to the promoter of the Eme1 gene. Eme1 is an endonuclease involved in the processing of DNA damage after topoisomerase I inhibition. These results suggest a model by which the STAT3-mediated activation of Eme1 prevents DNA damage and enhances cell survival in response to topoisomerase inhibition. This survival pathway was inhibited by a combined treatment with a src inhibitor, SKI, and with cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody directed against the EGFR that is widely used in the treatment of colorectal cancers. We therefore propose that the benefit of anti-EGFR therapy relies on an increase of DNA damage generated by topoisomerase I inhibition. [Cancer Res 2008;68(3):815–25]

Supplementary Figure Legend from The EGFR-STAT3 Oncogenic Pathway Up-regulates the Eme1 Endonuclease to Reduce DNA Damage after Topoisomerase I Inhibition

Supplementary Figure 1 from The EGFR-STAT3 Oncogenic Pathway Up-regulates the Eme1 Endonuclease to Reduce DNA Damage after Topoisomerase I Inhibition

International audience; Over the past two decades, quantitative proteomics has emerged as an important tool for deciphering the complex molecular events involved in cancers. The number of references involving studies on the cancer metastatic process has doubled since 2010, while the last 5 years have seen the development of novel technologies combining deep proteome coverage capabilities with quantitative consistency and accuracy. To highlight key findings within this huge amount of information, the present review identified a list of tumor inva-sive biomarkers based on both the literature and data collected on a biocollection of experimental cell lines, tumor models of increasing invasiveness and tumor samples from patients with colorectal or breast cancer. Crossing these different data sources led to 76 proteins of interest out of 1,245 mentioned in the literature. Information on these proteins can potentially be translated into clinical prospects, since they represent potential targets for the development and evaluation of innovative therapies , alone or in combination. Herein, a systematical review of the biology of each of these proteins, including their specific subcellular/extracellular or multiple localizations is presented. Finally, as an important advantage of quantitative proteomics is the ability to provide data on all these molecules simultaneously in cell pellets, body fluids or paraffin-embedded sections of tumors/invaded tissues, the significance of some of their interconnections is discussed.

Senescent cells accumulation can contribute to the development of several age-related diseases, including cancer. Targeting and eliminating senescence cells, would allow the development of new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of different diseases. The 4N1Ks peptide, a 10 amino acid peptide derived from TSP1 protein, combines both features by targeting the CD47 receptor present in the surface of senescent cells and demonstrating senolytic activity, thereby representing a new strategy to take into account. Nonetheless, peptide drugs are known for their biopharmaceutical issues, such as low short half-life and tendency to aggregate, which reduces their bioavailability and limits their therapeutic potential. In order to overcome this problem, herein we propose the use of biodegradable and biocompatible sphingomyelin nanosystems (SNs), decorated with this peptide for the targeting of senescent cells. In order to efficiently associate the 4N1Ks peptide to the nanosystems while exposing it on their surface for an effective targeting of senescent cells, the 4N1Ks peptide was chemically conjugated to a PEGylated hydrophobic chain. The resulting SNs-4N1Ks (SNs-Ks), were extensively characterized for their physicochemical properties, by dynamic light scattering, multiple-angle dynamic light scattering, nanoparticle tracking analysis and atomic force microscopy. The SNs-Ks demonstrated suitable features in terms of size (∼100 nm), association efficiency (87.2 ± 6.9%) and stability in different biorelevant media. Cell toxicity experiments in MCF7 cancer cells indicated an improved cytotoxic effect of SNs-Ks, decreasing cancer cells capacity to form colonies, with respect to free peptide, and an improved hemocompatibility. Lastly, senescence escape preliminary experiments demonstrated the improvement of SNs-Ks senolytic activity of in chemotherapy-induced senescence model of breast cancer cells. Therefore, these results demonstrate for the first time the potential of the combination of SNs with 4N1Ks peptide for the development of innovative senolytic therapies to battle cancer This work was funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) and European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) (PI18/00176), and by the Axencia Galega de Coñecemento en Saúde (GAIN), Xunta de Galicia (IN607B2021/14). NANOMAG group belongs to Galician Competitive Research Group (GRC) (ED431C-2021/16), co-funded by FEDER (EU). R.J. also acknowledges the European financial support in the frame of the NanoFar program, an Erasmus Mundus Joint Doctorate program in nanomedicine and pharmaceutical innovation SI

International audience; This study aimed to identify the proteomic changes produced by curcumin treatment following stimulation of the host immune system in a rat model of malignant mesothelioma. We analyzed the proteomes of secondary lymphoid organs from four normal rats, four untreated tumorbearing rats, and four tumor-bearing rats receiving repeated intraperitoneal administrations of curcumin. Cross-comparing proteome analyses of histological sections of the spleen from the three groups first identified a list of eighty-three biomarkers of interest, thirteen of which corresponded to proteins already reported in the literature and involved in the anticancer therapeutic effects of curcumin. In a second step, comparing these data with proteomic analyses of histological sections of mesenteric lymph nodes revealed eight common biomarkers showing a similar pattern of changes in both lymphoid organs. Additional findings included a partial reduction of the increase in spleencirculating biomarkers, a decrease in C-reactive protein and complement C3 in the spleen and lymphnodes, and an increase in lymph node purine nucleoside phosphorylase previously associated with liver immunodeficiency. Our results suggest some protein abundance changes could be related to the systemic, distant non-target antitumor effects produced by this phytochemical.

Introduction Le mesotheliome pleural malin (MPM), du notamment a l’exposition aux fibres minerales telles que l’amiante, est un cancer agressif, difficile a diagnostiquer et a traiter. Il apparait donc necessaire de rechercher de nouveaux marqueurs qui permettront un diagnostic plus precoce et le developpement de nouveaux traitements. Methodes Une analyse proteomique quantitative par LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry) avec marquage iTRAQ (isobaric tagging reagents for quantitative proteomic analysis) a ete realisee sur un panel de 6 lignees cellulaires mesotheliales transformees de rat pour identifier des proteines d’interet. Differents tests fonctionnels in vitro de migration et invasion utilisant des siRNA specifiques ont ensuite ete effectues sur des lignees representatives de rat et humaine de MPM. D’autre part, la modulation de l’expression de cibles associees a la TEM (transition epithelio-mesenchymateuse) a egalement ete recherchee par western blotting. Resultats L’analyse proteomique quantitative a montre une diminution du taux de LPP (Lipoma Preferred Partner) dans les lignees mesotheliales les plus invasives. De plus, il a ete observe que l’invalidation de LPP induit une augmentation de l’invasion dans un modele de chambre de Boyden modifiee et de la migration dans un modele 2D en anneau, ceci en association avec l’apparition d’un phenotype plus mesenchymateux. Conclusion LPP jouerait un role limitant dans la progression du MPM en modulant les capacites migratoires et invasives des cellules mesotheliales via la regulation de certaines cibles de la TEM. LPP pourrait representer un nouveau marqueur diagnostic et pronostic du MPM.

International audience; Simple SummaryAggressive sarcomatoid tumors designed in inbred strains of immunocompetent rats represent useful tools for both the identification of biomarkers of invasiveness and evaluation of innovative therapies. Our aim was to investigate the molecular determinants of liver colonization and potential common biomarkers of sarcomas and sarcomatoid tumors, using the most invasive (M5-T1) of our four experimental models of peritoneal sarcomatoid malignant mesothelioma in the F344 rat. Using an advanced and robust technique of quantitative proteomics and a bank of paraffin-embedded tumor and tissue samples, we analyzed changes in the proteotype patterns of the liver from normal rats, adjacent non-tumorous liver from untreated tumor-bearing rats, and liver from tumor-bearing rats positively responding to repeated administrations of curcumin given intraperitoneally. The identification of proteome alterations accounting for the antitumor effects of curcumin and changes in the liver microenvironment, which favored the induction of an immune response, could be useful to the research community.AbstractInvestigations of liver metastatic colonization suggest that the microenvironment is preordained to be intrinsically hospitable to the invasive cancer cells. To identify molecular determinants of that organotropism and potential therapeutic targets, we conducted proteomic analyses of the liver in an aggressive model of sarcomatoid peritoneal mesothelioma (M5-T1). The quantitative changes between SWATH-MS (sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragmentation spectra) proteotype patterns of the liver from normal rats (G1), adjacent non-tumorous liver from untreated tumor-bearing rats (G2), and liver from curcumin-treated rats without hepatic metastases (G3) were compared. The results identified 12 biomarkers of raised immune response against M5-T1 cells in G3 and 179 liver biomarker changes in (G2 vs. G1) and (G3 vs. G2) but not in (G3 vs. G1). Cross-comparing these 179 candidates with proteins showing abundance changes related to increasing invasiveness in four different rat mesothelioma tumor models identified seven biomarkers specific to the M5-T1 tumor. Finally, analysis of correlations between these seven biomarkers, purine nucleoside phosphorylase being the main biomarker of immune response, and the 179 previously identified proteins revealed a network orchestrating liver colonization and treatment efficacy. These results highlight the links between potential targets, raising interesting prospects for optimizing therapies against highly invasive cancer cells exhibiting a sarcomatoid phenotype and sarcoma cells.

Oncogenes or chemotherapy treatments trigger the induction of suppressive pathways such as apoptosis or senescence. Senescence was initially defined as a definitive arrest of cell proliferation but recent results have shown that this mechanism is also associated with cancer progression and chemotherapy resistance. Senescence is therefore much more heterogeneous than initially thought. How this response varies is not really understood, it has been proposed that its outcome relies on the secretome of senescent cells and on the maintenance of their epigenetic marks.Using experimental models of senescence escape, we now described that the stability of this suppression relies on specific tRNAs and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Following chemotherapy treatment, the DNA binding of the type III RNA polymerase was reduced to prevent tRNA transcription and induce a complete cell cycle arrest. By contrast, during senescence escape, specific tRNAs such as tRNA-Leu-CAA and tRNA-Tyr-GTA were up-regulated. Reducing tRNA transcription appears necessary to control the strength of senescence since RNA pol III inhibition through BRF1 depletion maintained senescence and blocked cell persistence. mTOR inhibition also prevented CIS escape in association with a reduction of tRNA-Leu-CAA and tRNA-Tyr-GTA expression. Further confirming the role of the tRNA-Leu-CAA and tRNA-Tyr-GTA, their corresponding tRNA ligases, YARS and LARS, were necessary for senescence escape. This effect was specific since the CARS ligase had no effect on persistence. YARS and LARS inactivation reduced cell emergence and proteomic analysis indicated that this effect was associated with the down-regulation of E2F1 target genes.Overall, these findings highlight a new regulation of tRNA biology during senescence and suggest that specific tRNAs and ligases contribute to the strength and heterogeneity of this suppression.

International audience; Malignant mesothelioma (MM) still represents a devastating disease that is often detected too late, while the current effect of therapies on patient outcomes remains unsatisfactory. Invasiveness biomarkers may contribute to improving early diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment for patients, a task that could benefit from the development of high-throughput proteomics. To limit potential sources of bias when identifying such biomarkers, we conducted cross-species proteomic analyzes on three different MM sources. Data were collected firstly from two human MM cell lines, secondly from rat MM tumors of increasing invasiveness grown in immunocompetent rats and human MM tumors grown in immunodeficient mice, and thirdly from paraffin-embedded sections of patient MM tumors of the epithelioid and sarcomatoid subtypes. Our investigations identified three major invasiveness biomarkers common to the three tumor sources, CAPG, FABP4, and LAMB2, and an additional set of 25 candidate biomarkers shared by rat and patient tumors. Comparing the data to proteomic analyzes of preneoplastic and neoplastic rat mesothelial cell lines revealed the additional role of SBP1 in the carcinogenic process. These observations could provide new opportunities to identify highly vulnerable MM patients with poor survival outcomes, thereby improving the success of current and future therapeutic strategies.

International audience; Senescence is activated in response to chemotherapy to prevent the propagation of cancer cells. In transformed cells, recent studies have shown that this response is not always definitive and that persistent populations can use senescence as an adaptive pathway to restart proliferation and become more aggressive. Here we discuss the results showing that an incomplete and heterogeneous senes-cence response plays a key role in chemotherapy resistance. Surviving to successive chemotherapy regimens, chronically existing senescent cells can create a survival niche through paracrine cooperations with neighboring cells. This favors chemotherapy escape of premalignant clones but might also allow the survival of adjacent clones presenting a lower fitness. A better characterization of senescence heterogeneity in transformed cells is therefore necessary. This will help us to understand this incomplete response to therapy and how it could generate clones with increased tumor capacity leading to disease relapse. ARTICLE HISTORY

International audience; Human olfactomedin-4 (OLFM4) is a secreted protein involved in a variety of cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and cell adhesion. OLFM4 expression has been studied in several tumor types including gastric, colorectal, lung, and endometrioid cancers where it has been suggested to be an independent favorable or unfavorable prognostic marker. For breast cancer, the clinical significance of OLFM4 is still unclear. In the present study, SWATH-MS is used as a tool for the robust identification and quantification of breast tissue proteins. SWATH-MS data show that OLFM4 expression is higher in DCIS than in invasive breast cancer. In-depth analysis of the breast tumor proteome show that OLFM4 is a favorable pronostic marker. Serum OLFM4 levels in peripheral blood are also analyzed by ELISA in 825 cases, including 94 cases of healthy individuals, 61 cases of non-invasive breast tumor (DCIS) and 670 cases of breast cancer (BC). It is found that serum OLFM4 levels are significantly higher in the DCIS cohort and in the breast cancer cohort compared with the healthy controls. This result suggests that circulating OLFM4 could be an interesting biomarker of early breast cancer. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD014194.

International audience; Many cancers respond to initial treatment but most of them relapse due to the persistence of dormant tumor cells. Determining the exact nature of the dormant state is crucial to develop therapies aiming to eradicate the dormant cells. Here, we argue that therapy-induced senescence of cancer cells could be an alternative form of dormancy.

International audience; In primary cells, senescence induces a permanent proliferative arrest to prevent the propagation of malignant cells. However, the outcome of senescence is more complex in advanced cancer cells where senescent states are heterogeneous. Here, this heterogeneity is discussed and it is proposed that proteomic analysis should be used to identify specific signatures of cancer cells that use this pathway as an adaptive mechanism. Since senescent cells produce an inflammatory secretome, MRM approaches and quantification with internal standards might be particularly suited to follow the expression of the corresponding markers in body fluids. Used in combination with imaging medical technics, a better characterization of senescence heterogeneity should help to monitor the response to chemotherapy treatment.

Senescence is a tumor-suppressive mechanism induced by telomere shortening, oncogenes, or chemotherapy treatment. Although it is clear that this suppressive pathway leads to a permanent arrest in primary cells, this might not be the case in cancer cells that have inactivated their suppressive pathways. We have recently shown that subpopulations of cells can escape chemotherapy-mediated senescence and emerge as more transformed cells that induce tumor formation, resist anoikis, and are more invasive. In this study, we characterized this emergence and showed that senescent cells favor tumor growth and metastasis, in vitro and in vivo. Senescence escape was regulated by secreted proteins produced during emergence. Among these, we identified thrombospondin-1 (TSP1), a protein produced by senescent cells that prevented senescence escape. Using SWATH quantitative proteomic analysis, we found that TSP1 can be detected in the serum of patients suffering from triple-negative breast cancer and that its low expression was associated with treatment failure. The results also indicate that senescence escape is explained by the emergence of CD47low cells that express a reduced level of CD47, the TSP1 receptor. The results show that CD47 expression is regulated by p21waf1. The cell cycle inhibitor was sufficient to maintain senescence since its downregulation in senescent cells increased cell emergence. This leads to the upregulation of Myc, which then binds to the CD47 promoter to repress its expression, allowing the generation of CD47low cells that escape the suppressive arrest. Altogether, these results uncovered a new function for TSP1 and CD47 in the control of chemotherapy-mediated senescence.

International audience; The binding interactions of two neonicotinoids, imidacloprid (IMI) and thiacloprid (THI) with the extracellular domains of cockroach and honeybee alpha 6 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits in an homomeric receptor have been studied through docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The binding mode predicted for the two neonicotinoids is validated through the good agreement observed between the theoretical results with the crystal structures of the corresponding complexes with Ac-AChBP, the recognized structural surrogate for insects nAChR extracellular ligand binding domain. The binding site of the two insect alpha 6 receptors differs by only one residue of loop D, a serine residue (Ser83) in cockroach being replaced by a lysine residue (Lys108) in honeybee. The docking results show very close interactions for the two neonicotinoids with both alpha 6 nAChR models, in correspondence to the trends observed in the experimental neonicotinoid-Ac-AChBP complexes. However, the docking parameters (scores and energies) are not significantly different between the two insect alpha 6 nAChRs to draw clear conclusions. The MD results bring distinct trends. The analysis of the average interaction energies in the two insects alpha 6 nAChRs shows indeed better affinity of neonicotinoids bound to alpha 6 cockroach compared to honeybee nAChR. This preference is explained by tighter contacts with aromatic residues (Trp and Tyr) of the binding pocket. Interestingly, the non-conserved residue Lys108 of loop D of alpha 6 honeybee nAChR interacts through van der Waals contacts with neonicotinoids, which appear more favourable than the direct or water mediated hydrogen-bond interaction between the OH group of Ser83 of alpha 6 cockroach nAChR and the electronegative terminal group of the two neonicotinoids (nitro in IMI and cyano in THI). Finally, in both insects nAChRs, THI is consistently found to bind more favourably than IMI. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Senescence is a tumor suppressive mechanism that induces a permanent proliferative arrest in response to an oncogenic insult or to the genotoxic stress induced by chemotherapy. We have recently described that some cells can escape this arrest, either because senescence was incomplete or as a consequence of a phenotypic adaptation. Malignant cells which resisted senescence emerged as more transformed cells that resist anoikis and rely on survival pathways activated by Akt and Mcl-1. In this study, we further characterize senescence escape, investigating how emergent cells could reproliferate. During the initial step of chemotherapy-induced senescence (CIS), we found that cyclin D1 was upregulated and that cell emergence was prevented when its main partner cdk4 was inactivated. Results indicate that this kinase induced the upregulation of the EZH2 methylase, a component of the polycomb PRC2 complex. Downregulated during the early step of treatment, the methylase was reactivated in clones that escaped senescence. The inactivation of EZH2, either by siRNA or by specific inhibitors, led to a specific inhibition of cell emergence. We used quantitative proteomic analysis to identify new targets of the methylase involved in senescence escape. We identified proteins involved in receptor endocytosis and described new functions for the AP2M1 protein in the control of chemotherapy-mediated senescence. Our results indicate that AP2M1 is involved in the transmission of secreted signals produced by senescent cells, suggesting that this pathway might regulate specific receptors involved in the control of CIS escape. In light of these results, we therefore propose that the cdk4–EZH2–AP2M1 pathway plays an important role during chemotherapy resistance and senescence escape. Since targeted therapies are available against these proteins, we propose that they should be tested in the treatment of colorectal or breast cancers that become resistant to first-line genotoxic therapies.

International audience; Senescence was initially described by Leonard Hayflick, proposing that normal primary cells gradually loose their proliferative potential and this was latter linked to telomere shortening. Senescence is also activated by chemotherapy treatment or by oncogenic insults as illustrated by the Ras oncogene that induces a definitive proliferation arrest in primary cells. 1 This sup-pressive mechanism has been described in vivo, either in animal models, in the early steps of carcinogenesis as shown for Braf-driven melanomas 2 or in response to chemotherapy. 3 Senescence is often a consequence of DNA damage, induced either by chemotherapy or by replicative stress. This results in the up-regulation of the p53-p21 and p16-Rb pathways, leading to Rb activation and the inhibition of E2F proliferative genes within heterochromatin foci named SAHFs. The regulation of the p53-p21 axis is well characterized and mostly mediated by ATM/ATR/Chk1/2 signaling. p16INK4 upregulation remains less understood although elegant experiments have described its epigenetic regulation by the EZH2 and JMJD3 proteins. Although arrested, senescent cells exert a profound influence on their microenvironment through the production of a specific secretome or SASP (Senescence Associated Secretory Phenotype). Depending on the context, the SASP can reinforce senescence through an autocrine loop or promote oncogenic features such as migration and EMT. Recent results have described the importance of the NF-kB and CEBP transcription factors and of the mTOR pathway in the activation of this secretome. Through IL1alpha translation and regulation of the ZFP36L1 RNA binding protein, mTOR regulates the expression of several components of the SASP. These autocrine and paracrine influences raise questions about the value of senescence as a tumor suppressive mechanism, in particular as compared to apoptosis. Recent results have shown that the elimination of p16INKA-expressing cells reduces tumorigene-sis and organ deterioration during aging. 4 Important results have described that senescence can be incomplete and that melanoma cells restart proliferation following PTEN depletion. 5 Using colo-rectal cells, we have recently shown that senescence escape leads to the emergence of more transformed cells that depend on the Akt-Mcl1 pathway. In a recent study, Cahu, Sola and colleagues observed the same effect on myeloma cells. When irradiated or treated with doxorubicin, these cells enter senescence. As a consequence of DNA damage they produce a SASP that allows the emergence of cancer stem cells. One of the important conclusion of this work was that the cooperation between senescent and initiating cells is involved in myeloma relapse. In a more recent work, 6 they investigated the early response of myeloma cells, following their hypothesis that targeting cancer cells before senescence induction would be beneficial by 1) reducing the secretion of survival factors 2) preventing the emergence of cancer stem cells involved in tumor relapse. According to previous studies, 7 they used mTOR inhibitors or hypoxia induction to prevent senescence and effectively observed that this inhibited p21waf1 and reduced cell cycle arrest induced by C-ion irradiation. Interestingly, this was correlated with the up-regulation of the RAD50 gene. RAD50 is part of the MRN complex which is involved in DNA repair via homologous recom-bination. In response to C-ion irradiation, RAD50 is normally down-regulated and the authors proposed that this favors genomic instability by maintaining a low level of DNA damage. Incomplete repair induces cell cycle arrest and senescence but at the same time allows cell adaptation and the emergence of cancer initiating cells. Whether RAD50 down-regulation is necessary for senescence induction remains to be determined but it is known that this sup-pressive mechanism is correlated with DNA damage. These observations raise an interesting question about the consequences of using DNA repair inhibitors in clinical setting. Combined with genotoxic treatments, drugs targeting chk1/2 kinases or brca1/2 for instance are expected to induce cell death through mitotic catastro-phy. In front of these sustained damages, it will be interesting to determine if senescence can still function as an adaptive mechanism to DNA-repair targeting drugs and if this allows the emergence of a small population of more aggressive cells. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed. Reference [1] Perez-Mancera PA, Young AR, Narita M. Inside and out: the activities of senescence in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2014; 14:547-58; PMID:25030953; http://dx.

International audience; Mots clés Chimiothérapie Sénescence Apoptose Hétérogénéité Résistance Cancer colorectal Résumé Contrer la résistance tumorale est un enjeu majeur des traitements de chimiothérapie. Plusieurs mécanismes d'arrêt inhibent le cycle cellulaire mais alors que ceux-ci semblaient définitifs, des études récentes décrivent l'adaptation des cellules et soulignent l'importance des contrôles mitotiques et post-mitotiques. L'ensemble de ces évènements doit donc être pris en compte pour comprendre la réponse aux chimiothérapies et identifier des marqueurs prédictifs de résistance. Cependant, pour définir ces capacités d'adaptation, il faut également considérer les réponses suppressives induites par ces points de contrôle, l'apoptose et la sénescence. L'apoptose semble un mécanisme suppresseur plus efficace, si l'on considère qu'obtenir une cellule morte est un objectif plus pertinent que de conserver une cellule tumorale arrêtée mais toujours vivante et influençant son environnement. Cependant, comparer ces mécanismes pourrait supposer que toutes les cellules au sein d'une tumeur choisissent exclusivement l'une ou l'autre des réponses. Illustrée dans le cancer colorectal, l'hétérogénéité intra-tumorale, définie comme la présence de clones et altérations différents, est certainement responsable d'une hétérogénéité de réponse au sein d'une même tumeur. De plus, les notions de cellules souches, de plasticité et de micro-environnement complexifient la théorie des stratégies thérapeutiques. La coexistence de cellules proliférantes ou dédifférenciées, de cellules tumorales ou stromales ainsi que leurs relations assurent en effet des capacités d'adaptation efficaces. Au-delà de la compréhension des méca-nismes de réponse et du choix entre apoptose et sénescence, l'hétérogénéité des cellules à cibler, leur plasticité et leur interdépendance restent donc des défis majeurs pour les futures thérapies anticancéreuses. Reçu le 16 octobre 2015 Accepté le 29 octobre 2015 Disponible sur internet le : 4 janvier 2016 tome 103 > n81 > janvier 2016 http://dx.

Understanding adaptive signaling pathways in response to chemotherapy is one of the main challenges of cancer treatment. Activated in response to DNA damage, cell cycle and mitotic checkpoints activate the p53-p21 and p16-Rb pathways and induce apoptosis or senescence. Since senescent cells survive and produce a secretome that influences neighbouring cells, it is not particularly clear whether these responses are equivalent and if tumor cells escape these two suppressive pathways to the same extent. Predicting escape is also complicated by the fact that cancer cells adapt to treatments by activating the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and by producing clones with cancer-initiating cells features. Dedifferentiation pathways used in stressful conditions reconstitute dividing and sometimes more aggressive populations in response to chemotherapy. These observations illustrate the importance of tumor heterogeneity and the adaptation capacities of different intra-tumoral subclones. Depending on their oncogenic profile, on their localisation within the tumor and on their interaction with stromal cells, these subclones are expected to have different responses and adaptation capacities to chemotherapy. A complete eradication will certainly rely on combination therapies that can kill at the same time the bulk of the sensitive tumor but can also prevent plasticity and the generation of persistent clones.

International audience; Induction of senescence by chemotherapy was initially characterized as a suppressive response that prevents tumor cell proliferation. However, in response to treatment, it is not really known how cells can survive senescence and how irreversible this pathway is. In this study, we analyzed cell escape in response to irinotecan, a first line treatment used in colorectal cancer that induced senescence. We detected subpopulations of cells that adapted to chemotherapy and resumed proliferation. Survival led to the emergence of more transformed cells that induced tumor formation in mice and grew in low adhesion conditions. A significant amount of viable polyploid cells was also generated following irinotecan failure. Markers such as lgr5, CD44, CD133 and ALDH were downregulated in persistent clones, indicating that survival was not associated with an increase in cancer initiating cells. Importantly, malignant cells which resisted senescence relied on survival pathways induced by Mcl-1 signaling and to a lesser extent by Bcl-xL. Depletion of Mcl-1 increased irinotecan efficiency, induced the death of polyploid cells, prevented cell emergence and inhibited growth in low-adhesion conditions. We therefore propose that Mcl-1 targeting should be considered in the future to reduce senescence escape and to improve the treatment of irinotecan-refractory colorectal cancers.

International audience; Activated in response to chemotherapy, senescence is a tumor suppressive mechanism that induces a permanent loss of proliferation. However, in response to treatment, it is not really known how cells can escape senescence and how irreversible or incomplete this pathway is. We have recently described that cells that escape senescence are more transformed than non-treated parental cells, they resist anoikis and rely on Mcl-1. In this study, we further characterize this emergence in response to irinotecan, a first line treatment used in colorectal cancer. Our results indicate that Akt was activated as a feedback pathway during the early step of senescence. The inhibition of the kinase prevented cell emergence and improved treatment efficacy, both in vitro and in vivo. This improvement was correlated with senescence inhibition, p21waf1 downregulation and a concomitant activation of apoptosis due to Noxa upregulation and Mcl-1 inactivation. The inactivation of Noxa prevented apoptosis and increased the number of emergent cells. Using either RNA interference or p21waf1-deficient cells, we further confirmed that an intact p53-p21-senescence pathway favored cell emergence and that its downregulation improved treatment efficacy through apoptosis induction. Therefore, although senescence is an efficient suppressive mechanism, it also generates more aggressive cells as a consequence of apoptosis inhibition. We therefore propose that senescence-inducing therapies should be used sequentially with drugs favoring cell death such as Akt inhibitors. This should reduce cell emergence and tumor relapse through a combined induction of senescence and apoptosis.

International audience; Olfactomedin-4 (OLFM4, OLM4) is a 72 kDa secreted glycoprotein belonging to the olfactomedin family. The OLFM4 gene expression is regulated by the transcription factors NF-kappa B and AP-1, and the OLM4 functions are poorly understood. OLM4 has been described as being able to interact with cell surface proteins such as lectins and concanavalin-A suggesting that one function of OLM4 is to regulate cell adhesion and migration. OLM4 is a marker for intestinal stem cells and is expressed at the bottom of the intestinal crypts. Expression of OLM4 during tumor development showed that OLM4 expression is increased in the early stages of tumor initiation. As OLM4 is a secreted protein, it is a prime candidate for biomarker research for tumor detection or progression. Levels of circulating OLM4 were significantly higher in patients with gastric, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers than in healthy subjects.

International audience; To date, there is no available targeted therapy for patients who are diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC). The aim of this study was to identify a new specific target for specific treatments. Frozen primary tumors were collected from 83 adjuvant therapy-naive TNBC patients. These samples were used for global proteome profiling by iTRAQ-OFFGEL-LC-MS/MS approach in two series: a training cohort (n = 42) and a test set (n = 41). Patients who remains free of local or distant metastasis for a minimum of 5 years after surgery were classified in the no-relapse group; the others were in the relapse group. OPLS and Kaplan–Meier analyses were performed to select candidate markers, which were validated by immunohistochemistry. Three proteins were identified in the training set and validated in the test set by Kaplan–Meier method and immunohis-tochemistry (IHC): TrpRS as a good prognostic markers and DP and TSP1 as bad prognostic markers. We propose the establishment of an IHC test to calculate the score of TrpRS, DP, and TSP1 in TNBC tumors to evaluate the degree of aggressiveness of the tumors. Finally, we propose that DP and TSP1 could provide therapeutic targets for specific treatments.

Senescence is induced as a result of telomeric shortening, activation of oncogenes or in response to chemotherapy. This tumour suppression mechanism prevents the proliferation of abnormal cells and transformation. However, some studies have shown that in response to chemotherapy, senescence is more of an adaptation mechanism allowing tumour cells to escape. Thus, we have characterized new escape mechanisms allowing to define senescence heterogeneity. During our studies, we observed that the stability of this suppressive mechanism is epigenetically regulated by EZH2. This methylase modulates the expression of AP2M1, an endocytosis protein required for escape. The stability of senescence is also modulated by secreted SASP factors such as TSP1. By interaction with its receptor CD47, this glycoprotein limits the emergence of persistent cells. The reduction in the expression of this receptor then favours the escape of senescence. Finally, tRNA biosynthesis also modulates the stability of this suppressive mechanism. During the emergence of persistent cells, mTOR promotes the expression of specific tRNAs and the resolution of protein stress. The expression of the corresponding tRNA ligases is then required for escape. Thus, senescence is more heterogeneous than initially described. Its stability is disturbed by the expression of epigenetic regulators, endocytosis proteins, specific receptors and by the deregulation of tRNA biosynthesis.; La sénescence est induite suite à l’érosion télomérique, l’activation d’oncogènes ou en réponse à la chimiothérapie. Ce mécanisme de suppression tumorale empêche la prolifération de cellules anormales et la transformation. Cependant, certains travaux ont montré qu’en réponse à la chimiothérapie la sénescence constitue davantage un mécanisme d’adaptation permettant aux cellules tumorales d'échapper. Ainsi, nous avons caractérisé de nouveaux mécanismes d’échappement permettant de définir une hétérogénéité de sénescence. Lors de nos études, nous avons observé que la stabilité de ce mécanisme suppressif est régulée épigénétiquement par EZH2. Cette méthylase module l’expression d’AP2M1, une protéine d’endocytose nécessaire à l’échappement. La pérennité de la sénescence est également modulée par les facteurs sécrétés du SASP tels que la TSP1. Cette glycoprotéine limite, par interaction avec son récepteur CD47, l’émergence de cellules persistantes. La réduction de l’expression de ce récepteur favorise alors l'échappement à la sénescence. Enfin, la biosynthèse des ARNt module également la stabilité de ce mécanisme suppressif. Lors de l’émergence de cellules persistantes, mTOR favorise l’expression d’ARNt spécifiques et la résolution du stress protéique. L’expression des ARNt-ligases correspondantes est alors nécessaire à l’échappement. Ainsi, la sénescence est plus hétérogène que ce qui était initialement décrit. Sa stabilité est perturbée par l’expression de régulateurs épigénétiques, de protéines de l’endocytose, de récepteurs spécifiques et par la dérégulation de la biosynthèse d’ARNt.

Chemotherapy-induced senescence enables to trigger a durable division arrest of tumor cells. However, this tumor suppressor mechanism is neutralized in some treated cells leading mostly to cancer relapse in patients. Recently, we have described a MCL1-dependent mechanism of escape in SN-38-induced senescence from colorectal cell lines. In this study, we showed that senescent cells (PLS cells) promoted the non senescent cells (PLD cells) proliferation through mitogenic signals stimulating Cdk4 kinase activity and subsequently the cell cycle. We demonstrated that Cdk4 phosphorylated Rb on the serine 780 to inhibit its activity, allowing E2F- family transcriptional functions activation on cell cycle targets. Loss of Cdk4 expression or activity induced by RNA interference or Palbociclib reduced the emergence of proliferating clones. TheEZH2-methyltransferase, a E2F transcriptional target, is only expressed by PLD cells and this expression depends on Cdk4 activity. Moreover, loss of EZH2 expression or activity, by RNA interference or by DZNepA and GSK343 inhibitors, reduced the emergence of proliferating cells. Finally, EZH2 inhibition promotes both cell division arrest and senescence in response to Palbociclibin the SN-38-escaped cells. To conclude, this study enabled to highlight a major role of EZH2 as effector of Cdk4 in the escape mechanism induced by SN-38 a signaling pathway offering newtargeted cancer therapies., La sénescence induite par chimiothérapie permet l’arrêt pérenne de la division des cellules tumorales. Néanmoins, ce mécanisme de suppression tumorale peut être neutralisé par certaines cellules traitées, ce qui se traduit généralement par une rechute des patients. Récemment, nous avons décrit dans des cellules colorectales un mécanisme d’échappement à la sénescence induite par le SN-38 dépendant de la protéine de survie MCL1. Cette étude montre que les cellules sénescentes (PLS) favorisent la prolifération des cellules non-sénescentes (PLD) par l’intermédiaire de signaux mitogéniques activant la kinase Cdk4 et par conséquent la reprise de la division. Nous démontrons que Cdk4 inhibe Rb par phosphorylation de la sérine 780, permettant l’activation des fonctions transcriptionnelles des facteurs E2F sur les gènes du cycle cellulaire. La perte d’activité de Cdk4 par ARN interférence ou par le Palbociclib réduit l’émergence de clones proliférants. La méthyltransférase EZH2 est une cible de E2F exclusivement exprimée par les PLD et son expression dépend de l’activité de Cdk4. Par ailleurs, l’utilisation d’ARN interférence dirigé contre EZH2 ou des inhibiteurs chimiques DNZepA et GSK343 réduit également l’émergence de clones proliférants. Enfin, son inhibition potentialise à la fois l’arrêt de la division et la sénescence en réponse au Palbociclib dans les cellules ayant échappé au SN-38. Ainsi, ces travaux ont permis de mettre en évidence un rôle important de EZH2 en tant qu’effecteur de Cdk4 dans le mécanisme d’échappement au SN-38, une voie susceptible d’apporter des nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques dans le traitement du cancer.