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Background/Objectives: Aesthetics is a challenging aspect to restore for both dentists and dental technicians. One of the characteristics of aesthetic restoration is the shade. The purpose of the study is to assess the accuracy of the shade selection feature of intraoral scanners (CEREC Omnican, 3Shape TRIOS) in comparison with an already established method—the VITA Easyshade V spectrophotometer (VE)—and test if there is any significant difference between the three devices. Methods: To conduct this in vitro study, the VITA Classical shade guide was used. The intraoral scanners would not be able to scan the VITA Classical as it is, hence, a study model (SM) was fabricated. To be able to test the accuracy of the intraoral scanners (IOSs) in detecting the dental color, a spectrophotometer had to be included in the study, as it was shown that it is the most accurate instrument for this purpose. Therefore, for the current study, the VITA Easyshade V spectrophotometer (VITA Zahnfabrik, Bad Sackingen, Germany) was selected. Results: The accuracy of the three devices when measuring the shade of the study model was calculated as a percentage. When comparing the primary results of the VE and the results obtained by the Omnicam and TRIOS, the latter is the most accurate (26.67%), whereas the other two scored 20%. The study also revealed the limitations of the instrumental devices that were used. Conclusions: First, both the VE and IOSs obtained unexpectedly low accuracy results. Possibly, the material VC is made of influenced the final accuracy values, but in practice, on a daily basis, dental materials represent a factor that cannot really be controlled.

Aim of the study Treatment possibilities for complete edentulous cases by placing implants result in superior functional results, for better aesthetics, as well as stability, strength and support of prostheses and improved masticatory efficiency. Materials and methods The objective of this study is to highlight the importance of fabricating appropriate implant-based fixed prostheses through the appropriate selection and design of all their components in the treatment plan for our patient, with total edentulousness. A 56-year-old patient presented himself at the dental office, with complete edentulous status, in both arches, and the treatment was the “Fast and Fixed” option of “All on 6” in the maxilla jaw and “All on 4” in the mandible, with framework from zirconia and PEEK, respectively. Results The rehabilitation of complete edentulous status with fixed implant supported prostheses is one of the challenging treatments, because of the aesthetic and functional factors that should be considered. Conclusions There is a superior prognosis of oral rehabilitation with implants compared to traditional methods, and statistical data shown a high success rate of around 95% for 10 years. Fixed restorative systems on dental implants are considered the ideal solution for replacing missing teeth in the case of total edentulous arches.

Tooth whitening has gained popularity as a cosmetic dental procedure, aiming to enhance smile aesthetics. However, an emerging phenomenon known as “tooth whitening addiction” or “bleachorexia” has drawn attention due to patients exhibiting excessive and compulsive behaviours towards tooth whitening procedures. Material and Method: A systematic electronic search was performed in electronic databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Science direct. After evaluation 38 studies were finally analysed. Results. This review discusses the idea of teeth whitening addiction, considers how it relates to addictive behaviours, and looks at any potential psychological causes that may be at play. Conclusions: Dental providers must be aware of the addictive nature of these behaviours as well as any potential psychological implications. Dental professionals can effectively manage tooth whitening addiction while ensuring the overall oral health and well-being of their patients by implementing a holistic strategy that includes dental and psychological examinations, appropriate patient education, and multidisciplinary collaboration. The prevalence, psychological causes, and long-term effects of tooth whitening addiction must be further investigated in order to provide evidence-based interventions and recommendations in this developing field of study.

There is ample literature evidence to support that periodontal therapy has an impact on the local and systemic host immune responses, despite contradicting data from the literature reporting both a decrease and increase in systemic antibody levels following treatment. The clinical guidelines for the treatment of patients with periodontitis stages I–III published from the European Federation of after the patient has been informed about his/her condition, the first step in the treatment process is directed toward motivation, targeting behavioral changes to achieve adequate self-performed oral hygiene practices and controlling local and systemic modifiable risk factors. A systematic review indicates positive associations across patient-reported experiences, self-rated and objectively measured health outcomes in relation to a wide range of areas and settings. Despite patient-reported experiences and patient-reported outcomes of therapy being closely related, there are differences between the two concepts. Frequent re-evaluation of oral hygiene reinforcement outcomes is suggested, aiming to reinforce a patient’s motivation and keep the patient up to date with any changes that might occur in the periodontal status, enabling the patient to actively participate in the progress of the treatment plan. In conclusion, short-term perturbations of antibody responses occur during the active phase of periodontal therapy.

This narrative review summarizes the current evidence about the role that the fabrication and presence of dental prostheses and tooth-related factors have on the initiation and progression of gingivitis and periodontitis. Tooth anatomic factors, such as root abnormalities and fractures, and tooth relationships in the dental arch and with the opposing dentition can enhance plaque retention. Tooth-supported and/or tooth-retained restorations and their design, fabrication, delivery, and materials have often been associated with plaque retention and loss of attachment. Hypersensitivity reactions can occur to dental materials. Placement of restoration margins within the junctional epithelium and supracrestal connective tissue attachment can be associated with gingival inflammation and, potentially, recession. Restoration margins located within the gingival sulcus do not cause gingivitis if patients are compliant with self-performed plaque control and periodic maintenance. The presence of fixed prostheses finish lines within the gingival sulcus or the wearing of partial, removable dental prostheses does not cause gingivitis if patients are compliant with self-performed plaque control and periodic maintenance.

Periodontitis patients are known to have increased circulating lipopolysaccharide activity and metabolic disturbances, which may be either the cause or effect of endotoxemia. This review approaches endotoxemia as a possible molecular mediator between periodontitis and increased risk of cardiometabolic disorders. Observations that bacteria disseminate into circulation after toothbrushing and periodontal procedures and assumptions that endotoxin may disseminate through inflamed periodontium and bleeding gums support the idea of endotoxemia in periodontitis. However, the evidence that periodontitis-associated dysbiosis contributes to endotoxemia is not as strong as in the case of gut microbiome dysbiosis. We describe the structure-function relationship of lipopolysaccharide, the local and systemic inflammatory and immunological responses caused by lipopolysaccharide, current knowledge on endotoxemia in periodontitis, factors affecting the levels of endotoxemia, and its relation to cardiometabolic disorders. They are physically, microbiologically, and biochemically connected to each other, and only crumbs of information are known about this connection. Although the causality is insufficiently demonstrated thus far, many studies have associated changes of the gut microbiome composition, function, and specific bacterial metabolites with cardiometabolic diseases, whereas research on the oral microbiome has severely fallen behind.

Introduction. As the area of nano-based platforms for antimicrobial treatment aimed at pathogenic oral biofilms continues to expand, this review serves to bring together researchers from several disciplines to foster more collaboration and discovery among dental practitioners.

The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current evidence of some popular food supplements and superfoods that might be of interest in periodontology. Although the number of publications investigating the effect of these products on human health and their possible use in medicine is increasing, only little is known so far regarding their effects on periodontal tissues and their possible use in periodontal treatment or medicine. In summary, an increasing number of studies have revealed aspects and effects of these so-called lifestyle or fitness supplements and superfoods that may have an impact on periodontal health and healing after treatment. However, some the current evidence is of a very low quality, and more validated scientific data are required before their possible use in prevention or treatment of periodontal diseases can be made.

Aim of the study An important innovation in the field of prosthodontics is represented by the emergence of computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology, which allows to obtain remarkable results in terms of anatomical and functional rehabilitation. Material and methods This study consisted in evaluating the software available on the market, used in prosthetics respecting the technologies and concepts of digital dentistry – among them, an important role is played by the Digital Smile Design method. Articles in the scientific literature (PubMed, Google Scholar) on the use of this software were analysed, and it was observed that allows excellent communication with patients, on one hand, and on the other hand, provides the doctor with the optimal tool for a correct therapeutic option, through algorithms. Results Digital technologies allow accurate treatment planning and facilitate the obtaining of aesthetic, functional and predictable prosthetic structures, Digital Smile Design benefiting from the application of a digital workflow for oral rehabilitation that can be evaluated and analysed by the patient, doctor and technician. Conclusions The information present in the scientific papers shows a positive evolution of digital technologies.

The technologies for full dentures realization are almost the same for more than fifty years despite their being associated with many risks of error. In recent years, digital technologies have been increasingly used in dental practice, due to the many advantages it offers. The CAD / CAM technologies, are moving constantly in new directions, to provide exciting, innovative products and systems, with the highest quality standards. Thanks to CAD/CAM technologies, perfect clinical restorations can be achieved, with no secondary reactions and excellent esthetic appearance, through a digital cooperation between dentists and dental laboratories. CAD/CAM technology allows the realization of a well-fitting, aesthetic, and durable prosthetic appliances. Conventional technologies also have a number of advantages and disadvantages that must be known, and computerized methods have not only advantages but also disadvantages. We cannot notice that there is an ideal technology, but that we can choose, knowingly, the most appropriate method for each clinical case. The present paper aims to comparatively analyze a series of clinical parameters of conventional complete and CAD-CAM complete dentures.

Aim of the study Aesthetic, morphological and functional oral rehabilitation using fixed ceramic prostheses is an important method to improve the appearance of an oral cavity, to change the physiognomy in the anterior area of the dental arch, or in the case of teeth lost, both in the anterior and posterior areas of the upper/lower dental arch. Material and methods The paper aims to present a clinical case, for which oral rehabilitation was performed by applying fixed metal-ceramic prostheses, both on maxillary and mandibular arches (on implants), using modern technology (CAD/CAM) for the stage of scanning, designing of the metal structure and final restorations. Results A complete digital approach for oral rehabilitation with fixed dental prostheses has not yet been scientifically investigated, and therefore it is used a mixed analog–digital workflow, today. Conclusions The theme approached, through the practical aspects using modern technologies of design and computerized milling (Exocad, CAM), in case of rehabilitation of reduced edentulous, both in the classic situation of preparation and in case of application of structures on implants, offers the possibility to appreciate each of the stages of the workflow, to understand the importance of observing the computerized technology (by scanning and CAD design).

Periodontology has been defined as the scientific study of the periodontium in health and disease. The objective of this overview of principles of periodontology is presentation of current and established concepts. Aspects of the history, classification and epidemiology of the most common periodontal diseases are discussed. People exhibiting periodontal abnormalities, for example impairments of tissue integrity or function, are said to have periodontal diseases. Periodontal diseases are arguably among the most ancient and common infectious diseases affecting humans, leading to permanent destruction of the supporting structures of the dentition and ultimately tooth loss. The new classification is complex and will take time to fully incorporate into patient care globally.

Periodontal diseases are arguably among the most ancient and common infectious diseases affecting humans, leading to permanent destruction of the supporting structures of the dentition and ultimately tooth loss. It has been established that dental biofilm (‘‘plaque’’), consisting of many microbial species and their products, is an etiological agent of periodontal disease. It is widely accepted that immunological and inflammatory responses to dental plaque via hostparasite interaction are manifested by clinical signs 40 Dentino et al. and symptoms of periodontal diseases.

Digital technologies-Computer Aided Design-Computer Aided Manufacruring (CAD-CAM) are constantly improving, equipment and materials becoming more and more efficient; the main goal is to perform as many of the prosthetic restorations directly in the dental office, eliminating the intervention of the dental laboratory. This article aims to present the steps of a dental ceramic bridge realization, using direct CAD-CAM technology, the subtractive method. Minimizing the treatment time and number of appointments is not only favorable for the patient but also excludes possible complications during the treatment, allowing to obtain optimal prosthetic appliances, with a simplified workflow. Patients want to benefit from a quick treatment, which does not cause discomfort, and which ensures a complete restoration of all the functions of the dento-maxilar system.

Full Dentures represents the classic therapeutic solution for complete edentulous patients, due to their advantages. The choice of the optimal therapeutic solution must be based on a correct and complete clinical and complementary examination. The difficulties of choosing a therapeutic strategy consist in finding a balance in satisfying the patient’s requirements and the objective demands of the individuality of the oral cavity. The aim of this article is to present a clinical case that illustrates the technology of restoring the physiognomic function of a total edentulous case by rendering the aesthetic aspect of artificial gum, for a complete maxillary denture. The polychromy method is a technique that consists of the superimposition of different shades of colors in order to restore the most natural appearance of artificial gingiva. This method allows obtaining prostheses with a better aesthetic appearance, comparing to the classical ones.

The fixed prosthetic rehabilitations represent a current treatment solution, due to their advantages: high mechanical resistance, optimal aesthetic aspect, good clinical longevity, excellent, biocompatibility. The modification of some technological parameters influences the internal microstructure of dental alloys and, implicitly, the mechanical properties of the metallic dental bridges .The paper aims to investigate the influence and practical importance of the technological factors in designing and creating the metallic infrastructures by pouring: studies have been made in order to highlight the role of the heat source, during the melting, on the microstructure of the alloys and, implicitly, the effects exerted upon the oral tissues. In our study we used three alloys: Brealloy C+B 270 (Bredent), Heraenium P (Kulzer), Remanium 2001 (Dentaurum). We tested the hardness of the pouring raw samples and of the structures obtained after the thermal optimization treatments. The melting, pouring and slow cooling often lead to non-homogeneous prosthetic parts, with modified mechanical properties, important to the poured part. Since the raw structure after the pouring is not convenient to provide the desired features, thermal treatments are necessary to achieve a harmonious blend of physical, mechanical, chemical and biological properties

The interrelation between orthodontics and periodontics is evident. In daily practice is common to meet patients with periodontal disease associated with dental malpositions. In addition, it is also common to observe dental migrations secondary to periodontal disease. In this context, the dentist may have to question the possibility and the necessity of orthodontic treatment. The question is if orthodontic treatment improves the existing periodontal situation and if is possible to perform orthodontic treatment on a reduced periodontium without causing other complications. This review highlights three most important periodontal complications of the orthodontic treatment and it assesses the necessity of the periodical periodontal controls and treatments before, during and after the orthodontic treatment.

Aim of the study Over time, the aesthetic solutions for different types of restorations have become more complex requiring knowledge of the biodynamic and aesthetic principles of the materials and the characteristics of these materials in order to obtain a ceramic fixed prosthesis that is considered optimal from all points of view. Material and methods The case report is represented by a 30-years old patient, who need an aesthetic rehabilitation of anterior dental arch by applying a ceramic fixed prosthesis with zirconia framework. Results The Zirconium Framework construction stage was done with the aid of the CAD-CAM system. The CAD component virtually realizes the design of the future zirconium framework, and the CAM component physically realizes this framework structure based on the data previously provided. In order to achieve the aesthetic component of the structure so prepared, we are passing the application stages of the ceramic masses – VITA VM 13 ceramic masses. Conclusions Particular properties of ceramic masses and zirconium, especially, – a varied Chroma, close to a vital tooth, brightness and translucency, will allow the development of aesthetic restorations and their guiding towards natural integration.

The mandible is a mobile bone, capable of extremely complex movement in which, horizontal ram, especially the two vertical branches are subject to deformation that may be combined in different ways. Aim Highlighting the mandibular deformation by medial flexure and comparing it on natural and implanted arches by using a computer analysis method. Material and method Measurements were performed on a group of 15 volunteers of both sexes among students of the Faculty of Dental Medicine Iasi. Selection criteria included: dental arches integrity (presence of the wisdom tooth was considered to be optional); aged between 20 and 30and balanced occlusion. The study was completed by selecting 10 volunteers from a group of 25 patients addressed to Oral Rehabilitation Service, Faculty of Dentistry, Iasi. Patients of both sexes, aged between 25 and 47 years presented different classes of edentulous maxilla and /or mandible. The impression was performed with silicone impression material of the addition type (vinilpolisiloxan) with very high viscosity and fast curing (Virtual Putty Ivoclar Vivadent-, fast set). Then, there were 2D scanned using a personal scanner (BENQ SCANNER 555O) at a magnification of 1200% and a resolution of 600 pixels. Each image was calibrated for 10 mm opening. Using Image Tool software. Results The jaw displacement, from rest position relative to maximum opening, determined a mandibular arch narrowing up to 1.5 mm. The results vary widely between subjects. The magnitude of the deflections increased with distance from the foramen. The values obtained so far are similar to those published in the literature. Conclusions Maximum medial flexure has been determined in the maximum opening of the mouth, intermolars distance being less than 100 μm for implant arches. The values for dental implant arches are lower from those of natural dental arches.

For a predictable result the clinician should master both the clinical and the technological dimenssions in such a way that the two components will be synergetic in the benefit of the patient. A 38 years old female patient came to our clinic accusing pain at the level of tooth 2.2. Clinically we could see that the tooth was cover by a PFM crown which as incorectly adapted at the cervical level. The patient said that during the last years she had many crowns replaced at the level of the same tooth but the discomfort still persisted.Although the technological procedure of manufacturing a zirconia based ceramic crown is much demanding than the one for the PFM crown, in anterior unidental complex restorations, it is highly indicated because it will provide superior periodontal stability.

Purpose The aim of our study was to verify the variety of some permanent teeth, known as having multiple morphological variations: maxillary incisors, maxillary molars, mandibular premolars and molars. Material and Method. For this study we used intraoral images taken in a dental private practice, in Athens (Greece), between July 2014-July 2016. The study group was composed by 239 patients (105 males and 134 females) aged 17 to 52 years. The results were statistically analyzed with SPSS 16.0. Results. We found some expected morphological aspects, as are described in the literature, but there are some findings quite surprising, especially the number of cusps in mandibular premolars and molars. Conclusions The dentist should be aware that the diversity in human body it is found also in the diversity of teeth morphology. Although in dental school he is receiving a large amount of knowledge, he must continue to learn from his own clinical experience, because in real life, the real morphology is more diverse than in textbooks.

Introduction. Gingival eviction technique in order to register impressions for single crowns is still a very debated topic. The aim of this research is to emphasize the level of training of different students from different dental schools in different countries across the globe. Materials and methods. Using the logistics of the International Association of Dental Students (IADS) located in Geneve-Switzerland we have built a data base with different e-mail adresses from dental students worldwide. We have selected 200 e-mails from dental students’ representatives from 32 countries. Results and Discussions. We can notice that in every dental school they are tought to record impressions mainly using the retraction cord. In the same time all the instructors are emphasizing the importance of eviction and we can see that almost the entire sample population of students are recording impressions using the eviction technique. Conclusions. The modern methods of gingival eviction (laser, expansyl, astringent paste) are not very popular among the students and this might be also because of economic reasons and of the university facility.

Oral rehabilitation is a crucial aspect of dental medicine, focusing on restoring and enhancing the function, aesthetics, and overall quality of life for patients with missing or compromised teeth. The use of technology in restorative dentistry has significantly advanced the field, offering various options for dental prostheses, including implant-supported caps, micro-supported dentures, fixed partial dentures, and removable dentures. Increasing the performance of restorations was the major objective of these digital techniques. Computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology is utilized for the production of dentures, record bases, radiographic guides, conversion dentures, and verification jigs. This technology has revolutionized the fabrication process, offering precision and efficiency in creating dental prostheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decisive role of chronic occlusal trauma in causing tissue stress is widely recognized. It could be the condition that facilitates bacterial infection of the periodontium and the transformation of saprophytic flora into opportunistic pathogens. Abnormal stressors such as malocclusion, parafunctions, and lingual dysfunction are present in the vast majority of cases of chronic gingival and periodontal inflammation. Treatment involving occlusal balancing by selective occlusal adjustment generates enormous changes in dental and periodontal areas regarding microcirculation, leading to improved tissue tropism and, consequently, bacterial dynamics. This study aimed to determine the benefits of treating periodontitis patients with combined occlusal adjustment and oral hygiene procedures compared to oral hygiene procedures used alone. The results show that one month after treatment, the bacterial flora of patients in group 2, treated by occlusal adjustment and dental hygiene procedures, showed a significantly higher cocci content than Group 1, treated only by oral hygiene. This difference reached an extremely high significance level (p

The medical and dental fields are experiencing a significant shift in approach thanks to the integration of artificial intelligence (AI). With a vast influx of patient data, there is a pressing need for sophisticated software capable of organizing and preserving this information effectively. The emergence of AI-driven models and computer vision techniques for identifying patterns in clinical and histopathological images related to oral pathology lesions holds promise for enhancing diagnostic accuracy and prognostic predictions. While microscopic morphology remains the gold standard in diagnostic pathology, its reliance on individual pathologists introduces variability. Consequently, AI presents a potential solution for achieving consistent and more precise diagnoses. Moreover, by analyzing extensive data from the patients’ medical chart the artificial neural network could provide a presumptive diagnosis and an invaluable screening tool in predicting individual risk for oral pathology based on information regarding their risk factors, systemic diseases and conditions and clinical pathological data. Within oral and maxillofacial pathology, AI stands poised to elevate diagnostic accuracy, tailor treatment, and ultimately enhance patient outcomes. Nevertheless, the integration of AI in healthcare demands meticulous attention to ethical, legal, and regulatory complexities. Moreover, given the nascent nature of AI technology, prudence is paramount when deploying it in this specialized domain.

This study aimed to evaluate the degree of periodontal involvement in subjects with and without bruxism, with generalized chronic periodontitis of varying severity grades, and to assess the effects of occlusal correction therapy in association with non-surgical periodontal therapy on periodontal status. The following periodontal parameters were analyzed: probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), Papilar bleeding index (PBI) and Plaque Index (PI), and X-rays, at the initial (pre-therapeutic) moment and at 3 months after therapy completion. The present study demonstrated that bruxism generates significant clinical changes in a periodontopathic environment. High values of periodontal attachment loss, recessions, missing teeth, tooth mobility, and furcation lesions translate into major losses of periodontal tissue in patients with periodontal disease and bruxism. Periodontal therapy, combined with occlusal correction and bruxism therapy, resulted in statistically significant improvements in periodontal parameters. Thus, occlusal trauma therapy in patients with bruxism becomes an absolute necessity in periodontal therapy.

It is important for patients to understand that these conditions can be treated, but the success of treatment greatly depends on their level of oral hygiene. Selecting the appropriate toothbrush and mastering the correct brushing technique to effectively remove dental plaque while avoiding any potential damage to the gums. In addition to toothbrushes, there are other devices available for comprehensive dental cleaning, such as floss, interdental sticks, interdental brushes, and oral irrigators. Currently, self-care recommendations for dental implants are primarily based on existing knowledge regarding natural teeth cleaning. Patient education on oral hygiene is an important component of their overall treatment. Maintaining a regular oral hygiene routine is essential for taking care of our mouths, ensuring healthy teeth, and achieving fresh breath. In conclusion, biofilm disruption mechanical methods integrated is indispensable for comprehensive oral healthcare.

Smoking and diabetes mellitus have been recognized as significant modifying factors of the evolution of periodontitis, being considered at the moment as descriptive factors in the periodontitis grading system. The purpose of this study was to assess the consequence of smoking, type 2 diabetes, and the combination of these two factors on clinical periodontal parameters, on the levels of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and also on ratios of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines by using a commercially available kit-based multiplex fluorescent immunoassay. The study was carried out on 124 volunteers (control (C) group = 29, diabetes mellitus (DM) group = 32, smoking (S) group = 31, and S + DM group = 32). Total mean bleeding on probing was significantly lower in the S and S + DM groups, compared to that of the other groups (p < 0.05). Total amounts of TGF-β, MIP-1α, IL-6, IL-2, and IL-17 were significantly increased in the periodontally healthy sites of diabetes patients (p < 0.05), compared to those of the controls. Systemically healthy smoking patients had higher values of GM-CSF, TGF-β, IL-4, TNF-α, IL-5, and IL-7, while diabetic smoking patients showed higher values of IL-4, TGF-β, and MIP-1α. In smoking and systemically healthy patients, IL-23, IL-7, and IL-12 showed increased concentrations, while concentrations of TGF-β, MIP-1α, IL-2, IL-7, IL-12, IL-17, IL-21, and IL-23 were higher in smoking DM patients. In conclusion, in our study, diabetes mellitus induced a general pro-inflammatory state, while smoking mainly stimulated immunosuppression in the periodontal tissues of periodontitis subjects.