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The literature has neglected to analyse employer associations as organizations facing potential environmental threats to their financial sustainability. We examine associations' responses to collective bargaining decentralization, a major, contemporary threat. Using a qualitative, comparative case approach, we examine eight associations - four each in Australia and Italy - to develop a model of response types. Stronger decentralization effects increase associations' exposure to new and heightened competition, which in turn produces stronger association responses. These include prioritizing commercial over associational objectives. We analyse responses using strategic choice and resource dependence theories, finding that associations use both. However, the decision how to combine them reflects environmental conditions as well as choices linking organizational purpose and financial sustainability.

Le organizzazioni ad alta affidabilità: tratti distintivi e fabbisogni di apprendimento; Il ruolo della formazione nelle organizzazioni ad alta affidabilità; La formazione in organizzazioni ad alta affidabilità: gli ambienti simulati di apprendimento; Gli ambienti simulati di apprendimento delle strategie militari; I simulatori di volo e le simulazioni aeronautiche complesse; Simulazioni militari e aeronautiche: una tassonomia; Gli ambienti simulati di apprendimento nella sanità; Gli ambienti di simulazione nel settore business