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Table S1. Specific primers and probes used for real-time PCR and Illumina HiSeq sequencing (V6 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene). Table S2. Mock community analysis results. The initial composition of mock community (strains), phylotype identifications according to Greengenes (GG) and HOMD reference databases, and relative abundance of each phylotype are presented. Table S3. Differentially abundant OTUs between erythritol and control groups based zero-inflated Gaussian mixture model. A negative value for fold change (logFC) indicates an increase in the relative abundance of a particular OTU in the erythritol group compared to the control group. Table S4. Differentially abundant OTUs between erythritol and xylitol groups based zero-inflated Gaussian mixture model. A negative value for fold change (logFC) indicates an increase in the relative abundance of a particular OTU in the erythritol group compared to the xylitol group. Table S5. Differentially abundant genera between erythritol and sorbitol groups, and erythritol and xylitol groups based zero-inflated Gaussian mixture model. A negative value for fold change (logFC) indicates an increase of the relative abundance of a particular genus in the erythritol group compared to the sorbitol or xylitol group. Statistically significant changes are asterisked. Table S6. Details of molecular methods [34, 35, 37–44] (DOC 114 kb)

Over the previous hundred years, immense developments in health care management and medical education have taken place in Estonia. The first dental school was founded in Tartu by D. Levinovich in 1909, providing education for students of many nationalities. The majority of the lecturers were private associate professors from the University of Tartu. Dentistry was first taught to medical students in the medical faculty of the University of Tartu in 1935 when Valter Hiie was appointed associate professor. When he was elected adjunct professor, the Chair of Dentistry was founded in 1938. This article gives a detailed overview of the developments in Estonian dentistry from the first associate professorship to the establishment of the Institute of Dentistry in 2016, including the changes in curriculum, infrastructure and staff. Research, including students’ scientific activity, an inseparable part of instruction at the University, is also explored. The first registered dental organisation called the Estonian Society for Dentists was founded in 1921 in Tartu to represent the interests of dental practitioners. Activities of Estonian non-profit dental organisations have been described in the article in four periods that differ from one other in view of activity and essence. Despite differences, the main aim of these organisations was to stand for excellent and easily accessible treatment, dental education and health policy development. University lecturers have always been actively involved in the activities of dental organisations in Estonia as proponents of well-rounded continuous education and dental practice. Over the previous hundred years, constant active intervention in the development of the Estonian society with a focus on the health care system has led to modern high-quality dental care in Estonia., Tartu Ülikooli ajaloo küsimusi, No 45 (2017): Muutuste sajand Eesti meditsiinis

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