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2. SahulArch: A geochronological database for the archaeology of Sahul

Author

Saktura, Wanchese M., primary, Rehn, Emma, additional, Linnenlucke, Lauren, additional, Munack, Henry, additional, Wood, Rachel, additional, Petchey, Fiona, additional, Codilean, Alexandru T., additional, Jacobs, Zenobia, additional, Cohen, Tim J., additional, Williams, Alan N., additional, and Ulm, Sean, additional

Published
2023
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3. OCTOPUS Web Feature Service (WFS) User Guide

Author

Rehn, Emma, Munack, Henry, Saktura, Wanchese M, Codilean, Alexandru T, and Ulm, Sean

Subjects
OCTOPUS database, 26Al, 10Be, user guide, cosmogenic radionuclide exposure dating, TL, radiocarbon dating, optically stimulated luminescence, supporting documentation, OSL, web feature service, thermoluminescence
Abstract

This user guide outlines how to use the Web Feature Service (WFS) through third-party software, specifically QGIS and/or R software environment as these software solutions are free and open-source (https://qgis.org, https://www.r-project.org/). For an overview of the OCTOPUS database, see: https://epicaustralia.org.au/resource/octopus https://www.re3data.org/repository/r3d100013702 For detailed information about the OCTOPUS database structure, data collections, and documentation, see: https://zenodo.org/communities/octopus-database/

Published
2022
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4. OCTOPUS database (v.2)

Author

Codilean, Alexandru T., primary, Munack, Henry, additional, Saktura, Wanchese M., additional, Cohen, Tim J., additional, Jacobs, Zenobia, additional, Ulm, Sean, additional, Hesse, Paul P., additional, Heyman, Jakob, additional, Peters, Katharina J., additional, Williams, Alan N., additional, Saktura, Rosaria B. K., additional, Rui, Xue, additional, Chishiro-Dennelly, Kai, additional, and Panta, Adhish, additional

Published
2022
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5. Dense vegetation promotes denudation in Patagonian rainforests

Author

Mohr, Christian H, primary, Tolorza, Violeta, additional, Georgieva, Viktoria, additional, Munack, Henry, additional, Wilcken, Klaus M, additional, Fülöp, Réka-Hajnalka, additional, Codilean, Alexandru T, additional, Parra, Eric, additional, and Carretier, Sebastien, additional

Published
2022
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6. OCTOPUS Database v.2: The SahulArch TL collection (v.2)

Author

Saktura, Wanchese M, Rehn, Emma, Munack, Henry, Codilean, Alexandru T, Jacobs, Zenobia, Williams, Alan, Ulm, Sean, Saktura, Wanchese M, Rehn, Emma, Munack, Henry, Codilean, Alexandru T, Jacobs, Zenobia, Williams, Alan, and Ulm, Sean

Abstract

Database of published thermoluminescence (TL) ages for archaeological records from Sahul. Sample locations were obfuscated within a radius of 25 km and spatial data includes sample locations as circular polygons. The data uses the WGS84/Pseudo-Mercator (EPSG: 3857) projected coordinate reference system. Sample metadata is comprehensive and includes bibliographic, contextual, and sample preparation and measurement related information.

Published
2022

7. OCTOPUS Database v.2: The SahulArch OSL collection (v.2)

Author

Saktura, Wanchese M, Rehn, Emma, Munack, Henry, Codilean, Alexandru T, Jacobs, Zenobia, Williams, Alan, Ulm, Sean, Saktura, Wanchese M, Rehn, Emma, Munack, Henry, Codilean, Alexandru T, Jacobs, Zenobia, Williams, Alan, and Ulm, Sean

Abstract

Database of published optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages for archaeological records from Sahul. Sample locations were obfuscated within a radius of 25 km and spatial data includes sample locations as circular polygons. The data uses the WGS84/Pseudo-Mercator (EPSG: 3857) projected coordinate reference system. Sample metadata is comprehensive and includes bibliographic, contextual, and sample preparation and measurement related information.

Published
2022

8. OCTOPUS Database v.2: The SahulArch Radiocarbon collection (v.2)

Author

Saktura, Wanchese M, Rehn, Emma, Linnenlucke, Lauren, Munack, Henry, Wood, Rachel, Petchey, Fiona, Codilean, Alexandru T, Jacobs, Zenobia, Williams, Alan, Ulm, Sean, Saktura, Wanchese M, Rehn, Emma, Linnenlucke, Lauren, Munack, Henry, Wood, Rachel, Petchey, Fiona, Codilean, Alexandru T, Jacobs, Zenobia, Williams, Alan, and Ulm, Sean

Abstract

Database of published radiocarbon ages for archaeological records from Sahul. Sample locations were obfuscated within a radius of 25 km and spatial data includes sample locations as circular polygons. The data uses the WGS84/Pseudo-Mercator (EPSG: 3857) projected coordinate reference system. Sample metadata is comprehensive and includes bibliographic, contextual, and sample preparation and measurement related information.

Published
2022

9. OCTOPUS database (v.2)

Author

Codilean, Alexandru T; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1895-5633, Munack, Henry; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3750-9674, Saktura, Wanchese M; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7198-7776, Cohen, Tim J, Jacobs, Zenobia, Ulm, Sean, Hesse, Paul P, Heyman, Jakob, Peters, Katharina J; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5967-0928, Williams, Alan N, Saktura, Rosaria B K, Rui, Xue, Chishiro-Dennelly, Kai, Panta, Adhish, Codilean, Alexandru T; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1895-5633, Munack, Henry; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3750-9674, Saktura, Wanchese M; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7198-7776, Cohen, Tim J, Jacobs, Zenobia, Ulm, Sean, Hesse, Paul P, Heyman, Jakob, Peters, Katharina J; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5967-0928, Williams, Alan N, Saktura, Rosaria B K, Rui, Xue, Chishiro-Dennelly, Kai, and Panta, Adhish

Abstract

OCTOPUS v.2 is an Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) compliant web-enabled database that allows users to visualise, query, and download cosmogenic radionuclide, luminescence, and radiocarbon ages and denudation rates associated with erosional landscapes, Quaternary depositional landforms, and archaeological records, along with ancillary geospatial (vector and raster) data layers. The database follows the FAIR (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reuse) data principles and is based on open-source software deployed on the Google Cloud Platform. Data stored in the database can be accessed via a custom-built web interface and via desktop geographic information system (GIS) applications that support OGC data access protocols. OCTOPUS v.2 hosts five major data collections. CRN Denudation and ExpAge consist of published cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al measurements in modern fluvial sediment and glacial samples respectively. Both collections have a global extent; however, in addition to geospatial vector layers, CRN Denudation also incorporates raster layers, including a digital elevation model, gradient raster, flow direction and flow accumulation rasters, atmospheric pressure raster, and CRN production scaling and topographic shielding factor rasters. SahulSed consists of published optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and thermoluminescence (TL) ages for fluvial, aeolian, and lacustrine sedimentary records across the Australian mainland and Tasmania. SahulArch consists of published OSL, TL, and radiocarbon ages for archaeological records, and FosSahul consists of published late-Quaternary records of direct and indirect non-human vertebrate (mega)fauna fossil ages that have been systematically quality rated. Supporting data are comprehensive and include bibliographic, contextual, and sample-preparation- and measurement-related information. In the case of cosmogenic radionuclide data, OCTOPUS also includes all necessary information and input files for the recalculat

Published
2022

10. OCTOPUS database (v.2)

Author

Codilean, Alexandru T, Munack, Henry, Saktura, Wanchese M, Cohen, Tim J, Jacobs, Zenobia, Ulm, Sean, Hesse, Paul P, Heyman, Jakob, Peters, Katharina J, Williams, Alan N, Saktura, Rosaria B K, Rui, Xue, Chishiro-Dennelly, Kai, Panta, Adhish, University of Zurich, and Codilean, Alexandru T

Subjects
10207 Department of Anthropology, 300 Social sciences, sociology & anthropology, 1900 General Earth and Planetary Sciences, General Earth and Planetary Sciences
Abstract

OCTOPUS v.2 is an Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) compliant web-enabled database that allows users to visualise, query, and download cosmogenic radionuclide, luminescence, and radiocarbon ages and denudation rates associated with erosional landscapes, Quaternary depositional landforms, and archaeological records, along with ancillary geospatial (vector and raster) data layers. The database follows the FAIR (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reuse) data principles and is based on open-source software deployed on the Google Cloud Platform. Data stored in the database can be accessed via a custom-built web interface and via desktop geographic information system (GIS) applications that support OGC data access protocols. OCTOPUS v.2 hosts five major data collections. CRN Denudation and ExpAge consist of published cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al measurements in modern fluvial sediment and glacial samples respectively. Both collections have a global extent; however, in addition to geospatial vector layers, CRN Denudation also incorporates raster layers, including a digital elevation model, gradient raster, flow direction and flow accumulation rasters, atmospheric pressure raster, and CRN production scaling and topographic shielding factor rasters. SahulSed consists of published optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and thermoluminescence (TL) ages for fluvial, aeolian, and lacustrine sedimentary records across the Australian mainland and Tasmania. SahulArch consists of published OSL, TL, and radiocarbon ages for archaeological records, and FosSahul consists of published late-Quaternary records of direct and indirect non-human vertebrate (mega)fauna fossil ages that have been systematically quality rated. Supporting data are comprehensive and include bibliographic, contextual, and sample-preparation- and measurement-related information. In the case of cosmogenic radionuclide data, OCTOPUS also includes all necessary information and input files for the recalculation of denudation rates using the open-source program CAIRN. OCTOPUS v.2 and its associated data curation framework allow for valuable legacy data to be harnessed that would otherwise be lost to the research community. The database can be accessed at https://octopusdata.org (last access: 1 July 2022). The individual data collections can also be accessed via their respective digital object identifiers (DOIs) (see Table 1).

Published
2022
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12. OCTOPUS Database v.2: The SahulSed Lacustrine TL collection

Author

Cohen, Timothy J, Fu, Xiao, Price, David, Rui, Xue, Saktura, Rosaria B.K, Munack, Henry, Codilean, Alexandru T, Cohen, Timothy J, Fu, Xiao, Price, David, Rui, Xue, Saktura, Rosaria B.K, Munack, Henry, and Codilean, Alexandru T

Abstract

Database of published thermoluminescence (TL) ages for lacustrine sedimentary records from Sahul. Spatial data includes sample locations (point) and uses the WGS84/Pseudo-Mercator (EPSG: 3857) projected coordinate reference system. Sample metadata is comprehensive and includes bibliographic, contextual, and sample preparation and measurement related information.

Published
2021

13. OCTOPUS Database v.2: The SahulArch Radiocarbon collection

Author

Saktura, Wanchese M, Munack, Henry, Codilean, Alexandru T, Wood, Rachel, Petchey, Fiona, Jacobs, Zenobia, Williams, Alan, Ulm, Sean, Saktura, Wanchese M, Munack, Henry, Codilean, Alexandru T, Wood, Rachel, Petchey, Fiona, Jacobs, Zenobia, Williams, Alan, and Ulm, Sean

Abstract

Database of published radiocarbon ages for archaeological records from Sahul. Sample locations were obfuscated within a radius of 25 km and spatial data includes sample locations as circular polygons. The data uses the WGS84/Pseudo-Mercator (EPSG: 3857) projected coordinate reference system. Sample metadata is comprehensive and includes bibliographic, contextual, and sample preparation and measurement related information.

Published
2021

14. OCTOPUS Database v.2: The SahulSed Fluvial TL collection

Author

Cohen, Timothy J, Saktura, Wanchese M, Jansen, John D, Price, David, Rui, Xue, Saktura, Rosaria B.K, Munack, Henry, Codilean, Alexandru T, Cohen, Timothy J, Saktura, Wanchese M, Jansen, John D, Price, David, Rui, Xue, Saktura, Rosaria B.K, Munack, Henry, and Codilean, Alexandru T

Abstract

Database of published thermoluminescence (TL) ages for fluvial sedimentary records from Sahul. Spatial data includes sample locations (point) and uses the WGS84/Pseudo-Mercator (EPSG: 3857) projected coordinate reference system. Sample metadata is comprehensive and includes bibliographic, contextual, and sample preparation and measurement related information.

Published
2021

15. OCTOPUS Database v.2: The CRN Denudation Global collection

Author

Codilean, Alexandru T, Munack, Henry, Codilean, Alexandru T, and Munack, Henry

Abstract

Database of published cosmogenic Be-10 and Al-26 concentrations from modern river sediment and basin-averaged denudation rates inferred from these data. Ancillary spatial data includes: sample site location (point), basin outline (polygon), digital elevation model (raster), D8 flow direction and flow accumulation grids (raster), topographic gradient (raster), atmospheric pressure (raster), and cosmogenic nuclide production scaling factor and topographic shielding grids (raster). The vector spatial data uses the WGS84/Pseudo-Mercator (EPSG: 3857) projected coordinate reference system. The raster data uses the WGS86/UTM projected coordinate reference system, UTM zones depending on the extent and location of each data package. Sample metadata is comprehensive and includes all necessary information and input files for the recalculation of denudation rates using the CAIRN model (https://github.com/LSDtopotools/LSDTopoTools_CRNBasinwide). All denudation rates were recalculated and harmonised using CAIRN. The extent of the data is global, excluding Australia.

Published
2021

16. OCTOPUS Database v.2: The SahulSed Aeolian OSL collection

Author

Cohen, Timothy J, Fu, Xiao, Hesse, Paul, Rui, Xue, Saktura, Rosaria B.K, Munack, Henry, Codilean, Alexandru T, Cohen, Timothy J, Fu, Xiao, Hesse, Paul, Rui, Xue, Saktura, Rosaria B.K, Munack, Henry, and Codilean, Alexandru T

Abstract

Database of published optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages for aeolian sedimentary records from Sahul. Spatial data includes sample locations (point) and uses the WGS84/Pseudo-Mercator (EPSG: 3857) projected coordinate reference system. Sample metadata is comprehensive and includes bibliographic, contextual, and sample preparation and measurement related information.

Published
2021

17. OCTOPUS Database v.2: The SahulSed Aeolian TL collection

Author

Cohen, Timothy J, Fu, Xiao, Hesse, Paul, Price, David, Rui, Xue, Saktura, Rosaria B.K, Munack, Henry, Codilean, Alexandru T, Cohen, Timothy J, Fu, Xiao, Hesse, Paul, Price, David, Rui, Xue, Saktura, Rosaria B.K, Munack, Henry, and Codilean, Alexandru T

Abstract

Database of published thermoluminescence (TL) ages for aeolian sedimentary records from Sahul. Spatial data includes sample locations (point) and uses the WGS84/Pseudo-Mercator (EPSG: 3857) projected coordinate reference system. Sample metadata is comprehensive and includes bibliographic, contextual, and sample preparation and measurement related information.

Published
2021

18. OCTOPUS Database v.2: The SahulArch TL collection

Author

Saktura, Wanchese M, Munack, Henry, Codilean, Alexandru T, Jacobs, Zenobia, Williams, Alan, Ulm, Sean, Saktura, Wanchese M, Munack, Henry, Codilean, Alexandru T, Jacobs, Zenobia, Williams, Alan, and Ulm, Sean

Abstract

Database of published thermoluminescence (TL) ages for archaeological records from Sahul. Sample locations were obfuscated within a radius of 25 km and spatial data includes sample locations as circular polygons. The data uses the WGS84/Pseudo-Mercator (EPSG: 3857) projected coordinate reference system. Sample metadata is comprehensive and includes bibliographic, contextual, and sample preparation and measurement related information.

Published
2021

19. OCTOPUS Database v.2: The SahulArch OSL collection

Author

Saktura, Wanchese M, Munack, Henry, Codilean, Alexandru T, Jacobs, Zenobia, Williams, Alan, Ulm, Sean, Saktura, Wanchese M, Munack, Henry, Codilean, Alexandru T, Jacobs, Zenobia, Williams, Alan, and Ulm, Sean

Abstract

Database of published optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages for archaeological records from Sahul. Sample locations were obfuscated within a radius of 25 km and spatial data includes sample locations as circular polygons. The data uses the WGS84/Pseudo-Mercator (EPSG: 3857) projected coordinate reference system. Sample metadata is comprehensive and includes bibliographic, contextual, and sample preparation and measurement related information.

Published
2021

20. OCTOPUS Database v.2: The CRN Denudation Australian collection

Author

Codilean, Alexandru T, Munack, Henry, Codilean, Alexandru T, and Munack, Henry

Abstract

Database of published cosmogenic Be-10 and Al-26 concentrations from modern river sediment and basin-averaged denudation rates inferred from these data. Ancillary spatial data includes: sample site location (point), basin outline (polygon), digital elevation model (raster), D8 flow direction and flow accumulation grids (raster), topographic gradient (raster), atmospheric pressure (raster), and cosmogenic nuclide production scaling factor and topographic shielding grids (raster). The vector spatial data uses the WGS84/Pseudo-Mercator (EPSG: 3857) projected coordinate reference system. The raster data uses the WGS86/UTM projected coordinate reference system, UTM zones depending on the extent and location of each data package. Sample metadata is comprehensive and includes all necessary information and input files for the recalculation of denudation rates using the CAIRN model (https://github.com/LSDtopotools/LSDTopoTools_CRNBasinwide). All denudation rates were recalculated and harmonised using CAIRN. The extent of the data covers Australia.

Published
2021

21. OCTOPUS Database v.2: The SahulSed Fluvial OSL collection

Author

Cohen, Timothy, Saktura, Wanchese M, Jansen, John D, Rui, Xue, Saktura, Rosaria B.K, Munack, Henry, Codilean, Alexandru T, Cohen, Timothy, Saktura, Wanchese M, Jansen, John D, Rui, Xue, Saktura, Rosaria B.K, Munack, Henry, and Codilean, Alexandru T

Abstract

Database of published optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages for fluvial sedimentary records from Sahul. Spatial data includes sample locations (point) and uses the WGS84/Pseudo-Mercator (EPSG: 3857) projected coordinate reference system. Sample metadata is comprehensive and includes bibliographic, contextual, and sample preparation and measurement related information.

Published
2021

22. OCTOPUS Database v.2: The SahulSed Lacustrine OSL collection

Author

Cohen, Timothy J, Fu, Xiao, Rui, Xue, Saktura, Rosaria B.K, Munack, Henry, Codilean, Alexandru T, Cohen, Timothy J, Fu, Xiao, Rui, Xue, Saktura, Rosaria B.K, Munack, Henry, and Codilean, Alexandru T

Abstract

Database of published optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages for lacustrine sedimentary records from Sahul. Spatial data includes sample locations (point) and uses the WGS84/Pseudo-Mercator (EPSG: 3857) projected coordinate reference system. Sample metadata is comprehensive and includes bibliographic, contextual, and sample preparation and measurement related information.

Published
2021

25. OCTOPUS: An open cosmogenic isotope and luminescence database

Author

Codilean, Alexandru Tiberiu, Munack, Henry, Cohen, Tim J, Saktura, Wanchese, Gray, Andrew G, Mudd, Simon M, Codilean, Alexandru Tiberiu, Munack, Henry, Cohen, Tim J, Saktura, Wanchese, Gray, Andrew G, and Mudd, Simon M

Abstract

We present a database of cosmogenic radionuclide and luminescence measurements in fluvial sediment. With support from the Australian National Data Service (ANDS) we have built infrastructure for hosting and maintaining the data at the University of Wollongong and making this available to the research community via an Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC)-compliant web service. The cosmogenic radionuclide (CRN) part of the database consists of 10Be and 26Al measurements in modern fluvial sediment samples from across the globe, along with ancillary geospatial vector and raster layers, including sample site, basin outline, digital elevation model, gradient raster, flow-direction and flow-accumulation rasters, atmospheric pressure raster, and CRN production scaling and topographic shielding factor rasters. Sample metadata are comprehensive and include all necessary information for the recalculation of denudation rates using CAIRN, an open-source program for calculating basin-wide denudation rates from 10Be and 26Al data. Further all data have been recalculated and harmonised using the same program. The luminescence part of the database consists of thermoluminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) measurements in fluvial sediment samples from stratigraphic sections and sediment cores from across the Australian continent and includes ancillary vector and raster geospatial data. The database can be interrogated and downloaded via a custom-built web map service. More advanced interrogation and exporting to various data formats, including the ESRI Shapefile and Google Earth's KML, is also possible via the Web Feature Service (WFS) capability running on the OCTOPUS server. Use of open standards also ensures that data layers are visible to other OGC-compliant data-sharing services. OCTOPUS and its associated data curation framework provide the opportunity for researchers to reuse previously published but otherwise unusable CRN and luminescence data. This delivers

Published
2018

27. OCTOPUS - CRN International

Author

Codilean, Alexandru T, Cohen, Timothy, Munack, Henry, Codilean, Alexandru T, Cohen, Timothy, and Munack, Henry

Abstract

Compilation of published cosmogeninc Be-10 and Al-26 (where available) denudation rates along with all ancillary GIS vector (sample site and basin outline) and raster (DEM, D8 flow direction, D8 flow accumulation, topographic gradient, atmospheric pressure, production scaling, and topographic shielding) layers. Sample metadata is comprehensive and includes all necessary information for the recalculation of denudation rates using the CAIRN open source denudation rate code (https://github.com/LSDtopotools/LSDTopoTools_CRNBasinwide). Further all data have been recalculated and harmonised using the same code. The extent of the data is global, excluding Australia. Development funding for this dataset was received from Australian National Data Service (ANDS) High Value Collections.

Published
2017

28. OCTOPUS - OSL/TL Australia

Author

Codilean, Alexandru T, Cohen, Timothy, Munack, Henry, Saktura, Wanchese M, Codilean, Alexandru T, Cohen, Timothy, Munack, Henry, and Saktura, Wanchese M

Abstract

Compilation of published OSL and TL ages along with ancillary GIS vector (sample site and basin outline) and raster (DEM, D8 flow direction, D8 flow accumulation, topographic gradient) layers. The extent of the data is limited to the Australian continent. Development funding for this dataset was received from Australian National Data Service (ANDS) High Value Collections.

Published
2017

29. OCTOPUS - CRN Australia

Author

Codilean, Alexandru T, Cohen, Timothy, Munack, Henry, Codilean, Alexandru T, Cohen, Timothy, and Munack, Henry

Abstract

Compilation of published cosmogeninc Be-10 and Al-26 (where available) denudation rates along with all ancillary GIS vector (sample site and basin outline) and raster (DEM, D8 flow direction, D8 flow accumulation, topographic gradient, atmospheric pressure, production scaling, and topographic shielding) layers. Sample metadata is comprehensive and includes all necessary information for the recalculation of denudation rates using the CAIRN open source denudation rate code (https://github.com/LSDtopotools/LSDTopoTools_CRNBasinwide). Further all data have been recalculated and harmonised using the same code. The extent of the data is limited to the Australian continent. Development funding for this dataset was received from Australian National Data Service (ANDS) High Value Collections.

Published
2017

31. From phantom blocks to denudational noise

Author

Munack, Henry (Dr)

Subjects
ddc:550, Institut für Geowissenschaften
Abstract

Knowing the rates and mechanisms of geomorphic process that shape the Earth’s surface is crucial to understand landscape evolution. Modern methods for estimating denudation rates enable us to quantitatively express and compare processes of landscape downwearing that can be traced through time and space—from the seemingly intact, though intensely shattered, phantom blocks of the catastrophically fragmented basal facies of giant rockslides up to denudational noise in orogen-wide data sets averaging over several millennia. This great variety of spatiotemporal scales of denudation rates is both boon and bane of geomorphic process rates. Indeed, processes of landscape downwearing can be traced far back in time, helping us to understand the Earth’s evolution. Yet, this benefit may turn into a drawback due to scaling issues if these rates are to be compared across different observation timescales. This thesis investigates the mechanisms, patterns and rates of landscape downwearing across the Himalaya-Tibet orogen. Accounting for the spatiotemporal variability of denudation processes, this thesis addresses landscape downwearing on three distinctly different spatial scales, starting off at the local scale of individual hillslopes where considerable amounts of debris are generated from rock instantaneously: Rocksliding in active mountains is a major impetus of landscape downwearing. Study I provides a systematic overview of the internal sedimentology of giant rockslide deposits and thus meets the challenge of distinguishing them from macroscopically and microscopically similar glacial deposits, tectonic fault-zone breccias, and impact breccias. This distinction is important to avoid erroneous or misleading deduction of paleoclimatic or tectonic implications. -> Grain size analysis shows that rockslide-derived micro-breccia closely resemble those from meteorite impact or tectonic faults. -> Frictionite may occur more frequently that previously assumed. -> Mössbauer-spectroscopy derived results indicate basal rock melting in the absence of water, involving short-term temperatures of >1500°C. Zooming out, Study II tracks the fate of these sediments, using the example of the upper Indus River, NW India. There we use river sand samples from the Indus and its tributaries to estimate basin-averaged denudation rates along a ~320-km reach across the Tibetan Plateau margin, to answer the question whether incision into the western Tibetan Plateau margin is currently active or not. -> We find an about one-order-of-magnitude upstream decay—from 110 to 10 mm kyr^-1—of cosmogenic Be-10-derived basin-wide denudation rates across the morphological knickpoint that marks the transition from the Transhimalayan ranges to the Tibetan Plateau. This trend is corroborated by independent bulk petrographic and heavy mineral analysis of the same samples. -> From the observation that tributary-derived basin-wide denudation rates do not increase markedly until ~150–200 km downstream of the topographic plateau margin we conclude that incision into the Tibetan Plateau is inactive. -> Comparing our postglacial Be-10-derived denudation rates to long-term (>10^6 yr) estimates from low-temperature thermochronometry, ranging from 100 to 750 mm kyr^-1, points to an order- of-magnitude decay of rates of landscape downwearing towards present. We infer that denudation rates must have been higher in the Quaternary, probably promoted by the interplay of glacial and interglacial stages. Our investigation of regional denudation patterns in the upper Indus finally is an integral part of Study III that synthesizes denudation of the Himalaya-Tibet orogen. In order to identify general and time-invariant predictors for Be-10-derived denudation rates we analyze tectonic, climatic and topographic metrics from an inventory of 297 drainage basins from various parts of the orogen. Aiming to get insight to the full response distributions of denudation rate to tectonic, climatic and topographic candidate predictors, we apply quantile regression instead of ordinary least squares regression, which has been standard analysis tool in previous studies that looked for denudation rate predictors. -> We use principal component analysis to reduce our set of 26 candidate predictors, ending up with just three out of these: Aridity Index, topographic steepness index, and precipitation of the coldest quarter of the year. -> Topographic steepness index proves to perform best during additive quantile regression. Our consequent prediction of denudation rates on the basin scale involves prediction errors that remain between 5 and 10 mm kyr^-1. -> We conclude that while topographic metrics such as river-channel steepness and slope gradient—being representative on timescales that our cosmogenic Be-10-derived denudation rates integrate over—generally appear to be more suited as predictors than climatic and tectonic metrics based on decadal records. Die Kenntnis von Raten und Mechanismen geomorphologischer Prozesse, die die Erdoberfläche gestalten, ist entscheidend für das Verständnis von quartärer Landschaftsgeschichte. Denudationsraten sind dabei das Mittel zur Quantifizierung und zum Vergleich von Oberflächenabtrag; hinweg über zeitliche und räumliche Größenordnungen – von den optisch unversehrten, jedoch durchgehend zerrütteten “Phantom Blocks” der basalen Fazies katastrophaler Bergstürze bis hin zum “Denudational Noise”, dem durchaus informativen Rauschen in Datensätzen, die über ganze Orogene und tausende Jahre von Landschaftsgeschichte integrieren. Diese große räumlich-zeitliche Variabilität von Denudationsprozessen ist Chance und Herausforderung zugleich. Zum einen können Denudationsprozesse weit in der Zeit zurückverfolgt werden, was hilft, Landschaftsgeschichte nachzuvollziehen. Andererseits hat es sich gezeigt, dass geomorphologische Prozessraten mit dem Zeitraum ihrer Beobachtung skalieren, was einen Vergleich über zeitliche Größenordnungen hinweg erschwert. Diese Dissertation untersucht in drei Studien die Mechanismen, Muster und Raten von Denudation im Himalaja-Tibet Orogen. Der räumlichen (und zeitlichen) Variabilität von Denudationsprozessen folgend beginnt diese Arbeit dort, wo bedeutende Mengen von Festgestein schlagartig in erodierbaren Schutt umgewandelt werden: Bergstürze sind ein Hauptantrieb der Abtragung von aktiven Gebirgen. Studie I systematisiert die interne Sedimentologie gigantischer Bergsturzablagerungen. Sie adressiert damit Herausforderungen durch die makro- und mikroskopische Ähnlichkeit von Bergsturzablagerungen mit glazialen Ablagerungen, tektonischen Störungsbrekkzien und Impaktbrekkzien. Ziel einer solchen Systematisierung ist die Vermeidung fehlerhafter paläoklimatischer oder -tektonischer Interpretationen. -> Bergsturzbrekkzien sind auf mikroskopischer Ebene nicht von tektonischen oder Impaktbrekkzien unterscheidbar. -> Friktionit könnte weit häufiger vorkommen, als bisher angenommen. -> Mössbauer-Spektroskopie deutet auf Temperaturen ≥ 1500° C sowie die Abwesenheit von Wasser als Schmiermittel hin. Auf der mesoskaligen Ebene von Einzugsgebieten verfolgt Studie II, am Beispiel des oberen Indus in NW Indien den Weg dieser Sedimente, denn sie geben Auskunft über beckenweite Denudationsraten, sowie Pfade und Muster des Sedimenttransports am westlichen Tibetplateaurand. Diese Informationen sollen helfen, die Mechanismen der Einschneidung großer Flüsse in das Tibetplateau, sowie den gegenwärtigen erosionalen Status des Plateaurandes zu verstehen. -> Die beckenweiten Denudationsraten in den Tributären des Indus nehmen stromabwärts – und damit über den morphologischen Tibetplateaurand hinweg – von 10 auf 110 mm kyr^-1 zu. Dieser Trend wird durch unabhängige Petrographie- und Schwermineralanalysen aus denselben Proben nachgezeichnet. -> Es zeigt sich allerdings, dass der morphologische Plateaurand und der hierfür erwartbare Anstieg der Denudationsraten um ~150–200 km versetzt sind. Hieraus schließen wir, dass der westliche Rand des Tibetischen Plateaus rezent nicht maßgeblich erodiert wird. -> Ein Vergleich unserer postglazialen Denudationsraten von kosmogenem Be-10 mit Langzeit- (>10^6 yr)-Thermochronometriedaten von 100 bis 750 mm kyr^-1 deutet auf einen spätquartären Rückgang von Denudationsraten im Transhimalaya hin. Folglich muss es früher während des Quartärs Zeiten höherer erosionaler Effizienz gegeben haben. Studie III fokussiert schließlich, in einer Analyse beckenweiter Be-10-Denudationsraten, auf Denudationsmuster und -mechanismen für das gesamte Himalaja-Tibet Orogen. Auf der Suche nach zeit-invarianten tektonischen, klimatischen oder topographischen Prädiktoren für Denudationsraten wird ein Datensatz von 297 orogenweit verteilten Einzugsgebieten untersucht. Um Einblicke in die gesamte Response-Verteilung zwischen Denudationsrate und Prädiktor zu erhalten nutzen wir – anstelle der in diesem Zusammenhang vielbenutzten Methode der kleinsten Quadrate – Quantil-Regression. -> Dafür reduzieren wir einen Satz von 26 möglichen Prädiktoren, unter Nutzung der Hauptkomponentenanalyse, auf drei Prädiktoren: Ariditätsindex, topographischer Steilheitsindex und Niederschlag des kältesten Quartals. -> Die additive Quantil-Regression dieser drei Prädiktoren zeigt, dass der Steilheitsindex die besten Ergebnisse im Sinne einer zeit-invarianten Beziehung zwischen Denudationsrate und Prädiktoren liefert. -> Zusammenfassend zeigt sich, dass topographisch basierte Prädiktoren geeigneter für die Vorhersage von kosmogenen beckenweiten Denudationsraten sind als klimatische oder tektonische Prädiktoren. Wir erklären dieses Resultat mit den jeweils über Jahrtausende integrierenden Maßzahlen für Topographie und kosmogenen Denudationsraten, und der daraus folgenden Inkompatibilität der kosmogenen Denudationsraten mit den tektonischen und klimatischen Prädiktoren, die lediglich auf Jahrzehnten von Messungen beruhen.

Published
2015

32. Postglacial denudation of western Tibetan Plateau margin outpaced by long-term exhumation.

Author

Munack, Henry, Korup, Oliver, Resentini, Alberto, Limonta, Mara, Garzanti, Eduardo, Blöthe, Jan H., Scherler, Dirk, Wittmann, Hella, and Kubik, Peter W.

Subjects
*GLACIAL erosion, *PERIGLACIAL processes, *EROSION, *PLATEAUS
Abstract

The Indus River, one of Asia's premier rivers, drains the western Tibetan Plateau and the Nanga Parbat syntaxis. These two areas juxtapose some of the lowest and highest topographic relief and commensurate denudation rates in the Himalaya-Tibet orogen, respectively, yet the spatial pattern of denudation rates upstream of the syntaxis remains largely unclear, as does the way in which major rivers drive headward incision into the Tibetan Plateau. We report a new inventory of 10Be-based basinwide denudation rates from 33 tributaries flanking the Indus River along a 320 km reach across the western Tibetan Plateau margin. We find that denudation rates of up to 110 mm k.y.-1 in the Ladakh and Zanskar Ranges systematically decrease eastward to 10 mm k.y. -1 toward the Tibetan Plateau. Independent results from bulk petrographic and heavy mineral analyses support this denudation gradient. Assuming that incision along the Indus exerts the base-level control on tributary denudation rates, our data show a systematic eastward decrease of landscape downwearing, reaching its minimum on the Tibetan Plateau. In contrast, denudation rates increase rapidly 150-200 km downstream of a distinct knickpoint that marks the Tibetan Plateau margin in the Indus River longitudinal profile. We infer that any vigorous headward incision and any accompanying erosional waves into the interior of the plateau mostly concerned reaches well below this plateau margin. Moreover, reported long-term (>106 yr) exhumation rates from low-temperature chronometry of 0.1-0.75 mm yr-1 consistently exceed our 10Be-derived denudation rates. With averaging time scales of 10³-104 yr for our denudation data, we report postglacial rates of downwearing in a tectonically idle landscape. To counterbalance this apparent mismatch, denudation rates must have been higher in the Quaternary during glacial-interglacial intervals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014
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