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Adolescence is a fundamental period for female athletes to develop athletic performance, mitigate injury risk, and gain collegiate sport scholarships, but there is also a high incidence of sport-related injuries. Physical profiling and athlete screening can support the individualisation of training programmes; however, there is a lack of data pertaining to the reliability of athletic performance and injury surrogate measures in adolescent female athletes. The aim of this study was to quantify the between-session reliability of an athletic performance and injury mitigation testing battery in female adolescent athletes. A total of 31 post-peak height velocity (PHV) (3.00 ± 0.82 years) female athletes (age: 16.20 ± 1.20 years; standing height: 166.00 ± 6.00 cm; mass: 65.5 ± 10.70 kg) from various sports (track and field = 1; lacrosse = 2; basketball = 2; soccer = 3; softball = 11; volleyball = 12) completed two sessions of a multicomponent testing battery 48 h to 1 week apart including the assessment of 33 measures addressing lower-limb isometric strength, eccentric strength, reactive strength, linear sprint and change of direction speed, and lower limb control. Of the 33 measures, between sessions, 29 had a high to nearly perfect intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (0.508–0.979), and 26 measures were not statistically significantly different between sessions (p ≤ 0.05). All measures demonstrated low to acceptable coefficient variation (CV%) (0.61–14.70%). The testing battery used can be utilised for recruitment and longitudinal monitoring within sports organisations for female adolescent athletes.

Prolonged sedentary behaviour (SB) i.e. longer bouts, is suggested to have a range of negative health effects, independent of habitual light and medium-to-vigorous physical activity (LIPA or MVPA). Any effect on musculoskeletal size, architecture or morphology has seldom been reported in older adults. Moreover, no study has yet determined if any association would persist following adjustment for covariates. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the associations between SB, and properties of the Gastrocnemius Medialis (GM) muscle, in a cross-sectional sample of older adults using compositional data analysis. 105 healthy older adults (73±6y) wore a thigh mounted tri-axial accelerometer for seven consecutive days, and underwent ultrasound [e.g. muscle length (Lm), anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA), muscle volume (VM), fascicle length (LF), & physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA)], body composition (e.g. DEXA) and health (e.g. medical history) assessments. In-unadjusted models, SB time was negatively associated with ACSA at 75% of Lm (R2adj = 0.085), VM (R2adj = 0.020), and PCSA (R2adj = 0.039). Standing was positively associated with pennation angle (R2adj = 0.110), which persisted following co-variate adjustment (R2adj = 0.296). In fully adjusted models, both SB & LIPA time were associated with ACSA at 75% of Lm (Both R2adj = 0.393). Standing and light activity time were also associated with LF, VM, & PCSA (R2adj 0.116-0.573). In fully adjusted models, SB pattern parameters (i.e. the manner in which sedentary behaviour is accumulated daily throughout waking hours such as the timing, duration and frequency of sedentary bouts), were associated with GM muscle properties (R2adj 0.156-0.564) including LM, LF, and VM. The pattern, rather than accumulated daily SB time, was associated with the size and architecture of the GM. Our results suggest that regardless of co-existing habitual physical activities, SB bouts should be kept short and freque

Findings are inconsistent with regards to whether menstrual cycle phase-associated changes in physical functioning exist. It is possible that such discrepancies are due to varying rigour in experimental approaches. The current study aimed to systematically evaluate any effect of carefully tracked menstrual cycle phase on precisely measured muscle structure and function in a physically active group (contemporary dancers). Eleven women aged (M [SD]) 23.5 [2.94] years, undergoing 10.5 [1.73] hours of contemporary dance practice and 6.12 [2.36] hours of other physical activity per week, were recruited. Sex hormone level (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), skin temperature and ovulation kits), physical pain assessments (Ice Water Test, Visual Analogue Scale, The Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire, Self-Estimated Functional Inability Because of Pain Questionnaire, and Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale), muscle architecture measurement (B-mode ultrasonography), and physical functioning (dynamometry, force-platform and electromyography) on both lower limbs were measured at three time points during one cycle, following three months of menstrual cycle monitoring. There was no difference in musculoskeletal flexibility variables between follicular, ovulatory, or luteal phases. Nonetheless, oestrogen change was associated with variability in 11 musculoskeletal variables, progesterone change was associated with variability in 7, and relaxin change was associated with variability in 15. Negative correlations existed between progesterone and flexibility and between oestrogen and jump variables. Moreover, oestrogen and relaxin were associated with increased musculoskeletal compliance, whilst progesterone was associated with increased muscle stiffness. In short, in absolute sex hormone levels, 'inter-individual' variances appear more impactful than 'intra-individual' variances. Not only are oestrogen and progesterone associated with differing musculoskeletal outcomes, but r

The menstrual cycle is an important biological process that can have implications for women’s participation in activities of daily life. The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand women’s experiences, interactions, and perceptions of sport and exercise participation throughout the menstrual cycle. Five focus groups with 25 physically active women were conducted to investigate women’s perceptions of their menstrual cycle, their thoughts, feelings, and actions in sport and exercise environments throughout the menstrual cycle. The dramaturgical writings of Goffman were used to understand women’s self-presentation and experiences of interactional dynamics in sport and exercise environments. The findings highlight that the period was the most impactful aspect of the menstrual cycle on physically active women’s experiences of sport and exercise participation. The results explore strategies that the women adopted to manage their appearance, concerns that informed women’s decision-making processes, and the women’s purposeful impression management when undertaking sport and exercise during their period, particularly in interactions with male sport coaches. The findings emphasize the importance of unpacking the often-implicit norms and expectations associated with the period in order to normalize dialogues with practitioners (e.g., coaches) and support women’s continued participation in sport and exercise throughout the menstrual cycle. Lay summary: Following five focus groups with 25 physically active women, we found that concerns over what others might think if they found out that women were on their period led our participants to choose clothes selectively and suppress their discomfort in many interactions when participating in sport and exercise situations.Implications for practice Fear of leakage of menstrual blood and concerns over subsequent reactions of others (e.g., coaches, other gym members) makes the period particularly impactful on how women feel and

Background: Heritability explains 45-82% of muscle mass and strength variation, yet polygenic models for muscle phenotypes in older women are scarce. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to (1) assess if total genotype predisposition score (GPSTOTAL) for a set of polymorphisms differed between older women with low and high muscle mass, and (2) utilise a data-driven GPS (GPSDD) to predict the variance in muscle size and strength-related phenotypes. Methods: In three-hundred 60- to 91-year-old Caucasian women (70.7 ± 5.7 years), skeletal muscle mass, biceps brachii thickness, vastus lateralis anatomical cross-sectional area (VLACSA), hand grip strength (HGS), and elbow flexion (MVCEF) and knee extension (MVCKE) maximum voluntary contraction were measured. Participants were classified as having low muscle mass if the skeletal muscle index (SMI) < 6.76 kg/m2 or relative skeletal muscle mass (%SMMr) < 22.1%. Genotyping was completed for 24 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). GPSTOTAL was calculated from 23 SNPs and compared between the low and high muscle mass groups. A GPSDD was performed to identify the association of SNPs with other skeletal muscle phenotypes. Results: There was no significant difference in GPSTOTAL between low and high muscle mass groups, irrespective of classification based on SMI or %SMMr. The GPSDD model, using 23 selected SNPs, revealed that 13 SNPs were associated with at least one skeletal muscle phenotype: HIF1A rs11549465 was associated with four phenotypes and, in descending number of phenotype associations, ACE rs4341 with three; PTK2 rs7460 and CNTFR rs2070802 with two; and MTHFR rs17421511, ACVR1B rs10783485, CNTF rs1800169, MTHFR rs1801131, MTHFR rs1537516, TRHR rs7832552, MSTN rs1805086, COL1A1 rs1800012, and FTO rs9939609 with one phenotype. The GPSDD with age included as a predictor variable explained 1.7% variance of biceps brachii thickness, 12.5% of VLACSA, 19.0% of HGS, 8.2% of MVCEF, and 9.6% of MVCKE. Conc

Purpose Despite poor sleep quality being recognised in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, reports from milder forms of Muscular Dystrophy (MD), and accompanied associations with quality of life (QoL), pain and fatigue, remain limited however. Methods Adult males (n = 15 Beckers MD (BMD), n = 12 Limb-Girdle MD (LGMD), n = 12 Fascioscapulohumeral (FSHD), n = 14 non-MD (CTRL)) completed assessments of body composition (Bio-electrical impedance), sleep (7-day 24-hour tri-axial accelerometer, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Insomnia Severity Index, QoL (SF36-v2), pain (Visual analogue scale), fatigue (Modified Fatigue Index Scale) and functional assessments (Brookes and Vignos). Results FSHD and BMD reported worse sleep than CTRL on the PSQI. FSHD scored worse than CTRL on the Insomnia Severity Index (P<0.05). 25–63% and 50–81% of adults with MD reported poor sleep quality using the Insomnia Severity Index and PSQI, respectively. Accelerometery identified no difference in sleep quality between groups. Associations were identified between sleep measures (PSQI global and insomnia severity) with mental or physical QoL in LGMD, BMD and FSHD. Multiple regression identified associations between sleep impairment and fatigue severity (all MDs), body composition (BMD & LGMD), upper and lower limb function (LGMD, FSHD) and age (FSHD). Conclusions 25–81% of men with MD, depending on classification, experience sleep impairment, using self-report sleep measures. Whilst BMD and FSHD showed worse sleep outcomes than CTRL, no group difference was observed between LGMD and CTRL, however all groups showed associations with sleep impairment and higher levels of fatigue. These findings, and associations with measures of health and wellbeing, highlight an area for further research which could impact QoL in adults with MD.

Cigarette smokers try to quit using several strategies including electronic cigarette use (vaping). An alternative, easy and cheap method is exercise. However, little is known about the efficacy of aerobic exercise (AE) to augment smoking and vaping cessation. This study aimed to systematically review and discuss the reported effects of AE on long-term vaping and smoking cessation in randomized control trials (RCTs). RCTs were searched on different databases. The outcome measures included long-term vaping or smoking cessation and maximal or peak oxygen uptake (VO2max/peak) after vaping- or smoking cessation. Meta-analysis was conducted to examine the effects of AE on long-term vaping and smoking cessation, and the effects of AE on VO2max/peak. Cochrane Risk of Bias tool 2 was used to assess trials quality. Thirteen trials were included (5 high, 2 moderate and 6 low quality). Although two high quality trials revealed that 3 vigorous supervised AE sessions a week for 12 to 15 weeks increased the number of long-term successful quitters, the meta-analysis including the other trials showed that AE did not significantly increase success rate of long-term quitters. However, VO2max/peak was improved at the end of treatment. There were no trials on AE and vaping cessation. No evidence was found that AE promotes long-term smoking cessation. Nevertheless, AE improved VO2max and/or VO2peak in quitters.

Purpose Investigate the impact of 12-weeks’ moderate-intensity resistance training on psychological parameters in ambulatory adults with Facioscapulohumeral, Becker, and Limb–girdle muscular dystrophy. Methods Seventeen adults with Facioscapulohumeral (n = 6), Limb–girdle (n = 6; types 2A, 2B, 2L, and 2I), or Becker (n = 5) muscular dystrophy took part. Participants were tested at baseline (PRE), after a 12-week control period (PRE2), and after a 12-week supervised resistance training programme (POST). Training included multi-joint and single-joint resistance exercises. Outcomes from self-report questionnaires were health-related quality of life, depressive symptoms, trait anxiety, self-esteem, and physical self-worth. Results No difference in outcome measures, except depressive symptoms, was found in the control period (PRE to PRE2). Symptoms of depression were reduced by 9% from PRE to PRE2 (p < 0.05) and by a further 19% from PRE2 to POST (p < 0.05). Other changes from PRE2 to POST were that trait anxiety reduced by 10%, self-esteem increased by 10%, physical self-worth increased by 20%, and quality of life improved in 8 domains (p < 0.05). Conclusion These findings demonstrate the positive impact of moderate-intensity resistance training on psychological health and quality of life in adults with Facioscapulohumeral, Becker, and Limb–girdle muscular dystrophies. Implications for rehabilitation Resistance training can have a positive impact on psychological health and quality of life in adults with Facioscapulohumeral, Becker, and Limb–girdle muscular dystrophy. Healthcare professionals should consider including moderate-intensity resistance training within the management and treatment programmes of adults with Facioscapulohumeral, Becker, and Limb–girdle muscular dystrophy.

Purpose We investigated the combined impact of ageing and obesity on Achilles tendon (AT) properties in vivo in men, utilizing three classification methods of obesity. Method Forty healthy, untrained men were categorised by age (young (18–49 years); older (50–80 years)), body mass index (BMI; normal weight (≥18.5–<25); overweight (≥25–<30); obese (≥30)), body fat% (normal adipose (<28%); high adiposity (≥28%)) and fat mass index (FMI; normal (3–6); excess fat (>6–9); high fat (>9). Assessment of body composition used dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, gastrocnemius medialis (GM)/AT properties used dynamometry and ultrasonography and endocrine profiling used multiplex luminometry. Results Older men had lower total range of motion (ROM; −11%; P = 0.020), GM AT force (−29%; P < 0.001), stiffness (−18%; P = 0.041), Young’s modulus (−22%; P = 0.011) and AT stress (−28%; P < 0.001). All three methods of classifying obesity revealed obesity to be associated with lower total ROM (P = 0.014–0.039). AT cross sectional area (CSA) was larger with higher BMI (P = 0.030). However, after controlling for age, higher BMI only tended to be associated with greater tendon stiffness (P = 0.074). Interestingly, both AT CSA and stiffness were positively correlated with body mass (r = 0.644 and r = 0.520) and BMI (r = 0.541 and r = 0.493) in the young but not older adults. Finally, negative relationships were observed between AT CSA and pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β. Conclusions This is the first study to provide evidence of positive adaptations in tendon stiffness and size in vivo resulting from increased mass and BMI in young but not older men, irrespective of obesity classification.

Purpose Investigate the impact of 12-weeks’ moderate-intensity resistance training on psychological parameters in ambulatory adults with Facioscapulohumeral, Becker, and Limb–girdle muscular dystrophy. Methods Seventeen adults with Facioscapulohumeral (n = 6), Limb–girdle (n = 6; types 2A, 2B, 2L, and 2I), or Becker (n = 5) muscular dystrophy took part. Participants were tested at baseline (PRE), after a 12-week control period (PRE2), and after a 12-week supervised resistance training programme (POST). Training included multi-joint and single-joint resistance exercises. Outcomes from self-report questionnaires were health-related quality of life, depressive symptoms, trait anxiety, self-esteem, and physical self-worth. Results No difference in outcome measures, except depressive symptoms, was found in the control period (PRE to PRE2). Symptoms of depression were reduced by 9% from PRE to PRE2 (p < 0.05) and by a further 19% from PRE2 to POST (p < 0.05). Other changes from PRE2 to POST were that trait anxiety reduced by 10%, self-esteem increased by 10%, physical self-worth increased by 20%, and quality of life improved in 8 domains (p < 0.05). Conclusion These findings demonstrate the positive impact of moderate-intensity resistance training on psychological health and quality of life in adults with Facioscapulohumeral, Becker, and Limb–girdle muscular dystrophies. Implications for rehabilitation Resistance training can have a positive impact on psychological health and quality of life in adults with Facioscapulohumeral, Becker, and Limb–girdle muscular dystrophy. Healthcare professionals should consider including moderate-intensity resistance training within the management and treatment programmes of adults with Facioscapulohumeral, Becker, and Limb–girdle muscular dystrophy.

The menstrual cycle is an important biological process in women that is associated with a range of physical symptoms, which can shape how women think, feel, and participate in activities of daily life. This study employed a mixed-methods design to investigate adult women’s physical activity throughout the menstrual cycle. One hundred and twenty-eight participants completed an online questionnaire that explored events of the menstrual cycle (e.g., bleeding, pain, fatigue) and physical activity. Semistructured interviews with 21 questionnaire respondents unpacked individual experiences of physical activity throughout the menstrual cycle. From the questionnaire data, 44 participants were categorized as avoiders and 84 as nonavoiders of physical activity due to menstrual events. Avoiders of physical activity reported longer periods, heavier menstrual flow, and higher levels of fatigue and pain compared with nonavoiders. Interviews revealed that avoidance of physical activity ranged from complete avoidance to adaptation (e.g., types of exercise). Reasons for avoidance and adaptation of physical activity included menstrual symptoms, personal thoughts, and concerns about other people’s views of the period. The present study findings emphasize the importance of not only evaluating prevalent physical symptoms, but also unpacking women’s individual perspectives and established societal norms to better understand and normalize physical activity throughout the menstrual cycle.

The impacts of potentially treatable psychological parameters on quality of life are relatively unreported in adults with Facioscapulohumeral, Becker and Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. The purpose of this study was to compare quality of life, psychological parameters, and physical function between adults with muscular dystrophy and controls, and to examine relationships among these parameters in muscular dystrophy. Twenty-one adults with muscular dystrophy (n = 7 Becker, n = 8 Facioscapulohumeral, n = 6 Limb-girdle) and ten age-matched controls participated. Outcome measures were health-related quality of life, depressive symptoms, trait anxiety, self-esteem, physical self-worth and six-minute walk distance. Quality of life scores were lower in the muscular dystrophy groups than the control (p < .05). Depressive symptoms had the greatest association with quality of life in the Mental Health domain (r= -0.89, p < .001). Depressive symptoms also had the most associations with quality of life (7 of 10 domains), followed by trait anxiety (6 of 10 domains), physical self-worth (5 of 10 domains), self-esteem (4 of 10 domains) and six-minute walk distance (3 of 10 domains). Psychological parameters and, to a lesser extent, physical function impact quality of life in muscular dystrophy. This study provides a rationale to include psychological assessment and treatment within muscular dystrophy healthcare.

Background Current investigations into physical behaviour in Muscular Dystrophy (MD) have focussed largely on physical activity (PA). Negative health behaviours such as sedentary behaviour (Physical Behaviour) and sitting time (Posture Classification) are widely recognised to negatively influence health, but by contrast are poorly reported, yet could be easier behaviours to modify. Methods 14 ambulant men with MD and 12 healthy controls (CTRL) subjects completed 7-days of free-living with wrist-worn accelerometry, assessing physical behaviour (SB or PA) and Posture Classification (Sitting or Standing), presented at absolute (minutes) or relative (% Waking Hours). Participant body composition (Fat Mass and Fat Free Mass) were assessed by Bioelectrical Impedance, while functional status was assessed by 10 m walk test and a functional scale (Swinyard Scale). Results Absolute Sedentary Behaviour (2.2 Hours, p = 0.025) and Sitting Time (1.9 Hours, p = 0.030 was greater in adults with MD compared to CTRL and Absolute Physical Activity (3.4 Hours, p < 0.001) and Standing Time (3.2 Hours, p < 0.001) was lower in adults with MD compared to CTRL. Absolute hours of SB was associated with Fat Mass (Kg) (R = 0.643, p < 0.05) in ambulatory adults with MD, Discussion This study has demonstrated increased Sedentary Behaviour (2.2 hours) and Sitting time (1.9 Hours) in adults with MD compared to healthy controls. Extended waking hours in sitting and SB raises concerns with regards to progression of potential cardio-metabolic diseases and co-morbidities in MD.

Obesity may aggravate the effects of sarcopenia on skeletal muscle structure and function in the elderly, but no study has attempted to identify the gene variants associated with sarcopenia in obese women. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to: (1) describe neuromuscular function in sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic women with or without obesity; (2) identify gene variants associated with sarcopenia in older obese women. In 307 Caucasian women (71 ± 6 years, 66.3 ± 11.3 kg), skeletal muscle mass was estimated using bioelectric impedance, and function was tested with a 30 s one-leg standing-balance test. Biceps brachii thickness and vastus lateralis cross-sectional area (VLACSA) were measured with B-mode ultrasonography. Handgrip strength, maximum voluntary contraction elbow flexion (MVCEF), and knee extension torque (MVCKE) were measured by dynamometry, and MVCKE/VLACSA was calculated. Genotyping was performed for 24 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), selected based on their previous associations with muscle-related phenotypes. Based on sarcopenia and obesity thresholds, groups were classified as sarcopenic obese, non-sarcopenic obese, sarcopenic non-obese, or non-sarcopenic non-obese. A two-way analysis of covariance was used to assess the main effects of sarcopenia and obesity on muscle-related phenotypes and binary logistic regression was performed for each SNP to investigate associations with sarcopenia in obesity. There were no significant obesity * sarcopenic status interactions for any of the investigated muscle-related phenotypic parameters. Neither sarcopenia nor obesity had a significant effect on biceps brachii thickness, but sarcopenia was associated with lower VLACSA (p = 0.003). Obesity was associated with lower MVCEF (p = 0.032), MVCKE (p = 0.047), and MVCKE/VLACSA (p = 0.012) with no significant effect of sarcopenia. Adjusted for age and height, three SNPs (ACTN3 rs1815739, MTHFR rs1801131, and MTHFR rs1537516) were associated with sarcop

Purpose: (1) To determine the contribution of diet, time spent outdoors, and habitual physical activity (PA) on vitamin D status in men with cerebral palsy (CP) compared to physical activity matched controls (TDC) without neurological impairment; (2) to determine the role of vitamin D on musculoskeletal health, morphology, and function in men with CP compared to TDC. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional comparison study where 24 active, ambulant men with CP aged 21.0 ± 1.4 years (Gross Motor Function Classification Score (I–II) and 24 healthy TDC aged 25.3 ± 3.1 years completed in vivo assessment of musculoskeletal health, including: vastus lateralis anatomical crosssectional area (VL ACSA), isometric knee extension maximal voluntary contraction (KE iMVC), 10 m sprint, vertical jumps (VJ), and radius and tibia bone ultrasound (US) Tus and Zus scores. Assessments of vitamin D status through venous samples of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and parathyroid hormone, dietary vitamin D intake from food diary, and total sun exposure via questionnaire were also taken. Results: Men with CP had 40.5% weaker KE iMVC, 23.7% smaller VL ACSA, 22.2% lower VJ, 14.6% lower KE iMVC/VL ACSA ratio, 22.4% lower KE iMVC/body mass (BM) ratio, and 25.1% lower KE iMVC/lean body mass (LBM) ratio (all p < 0.05). Radius Tus and Zus scores were 1.75 and 1.57 standard deviations lower than TDC, respectively (p < 0.05), whereas neither tibia Tus nor Zus scores showed any difference compared to TDC (p > 0.05). The 25(OH)D was not different between groups, and 90.9% of men with CP and 91.7% of TDC had low 25(OH)D levels when compared to current UK recommendations. The 25(OH)D was positively associated with KE iMVC/LBM ratio in men with CP (r = 0.500, p = 0.020) but not in TDC (r = 0.281, p = 0.104). Conclusion: Musculoskeletal outcomes in men with CP were lower than TDC, and despite there being no difference in levels of 25(OH)D between the groups, 25 (OH)D was associated with strength (KE

There is a scarcity of studies that have investigated the role of multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on a range of muscle phenotypes in an elderly population. The present study investigated the possible association of 24 SNPs with skeletal muscle phenotypes in 307 elderly Caucasian women (aged 60–91 years, 66.3 ± 11.3 kg). Skeletal muscle phenotypes included biceps brachii thickness, vastus lateralis cross-sectional areas, maximal hand grip strength, isometric knee extension and elbow flexion torque. Genotyping for 24 SNPs, chosen on their skeletal muscle structural or functional links, was conducted on DNA extracted from blood or saliva. Of the 24 SNPs, 10 were associated with at least one skeletal muscle phenotype. HIF1A rs11549465 was associated with three skeletal muscle phenotypes and PTK2 rs7460 and ACVR1B rs10783485 were each associated with two phenotypes. PTK2 rs7843014, COL1A1 rs1800012, CNTF rs1800169, NOS3 rs1799983, MSTN rs1805086, TRHR rs7832552 and FTO rs9939609 were each associated with one. Elderly women possessing favourable genotypes were 3.6–13.2% stronger and had 4.6–14.7% larger muscle than those with less favourable genotypes. These associations, together with future work involving a broader range of SNPs, may help identify individuals at particular risk of an age-associated loss of independence.

Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for respiratory disorders, cardiovascular diseases and even decrements in muscle function. Electronic cigarette use (vaping) is considered a healthier alternative to cigarette smoking and may help in smoking cessation. However, the effects of vaping are not clear yet and particularly the long-term effects of vaping are largely unknown. Some reports suggest that vaping maybe as harmful for e.g. respiratory function, as cigarette smoking. In this narrative review the effects of vaping and cigarette smoking on respiratory, cardiovascular and muscle function are compared. Overall, vaping has been found to cause similar effects as smoking on lung function and cardiovascular function. Future studies are needed to clarify the severity of smoking- and vaping-induced decrements on muscle function.