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Background Clostridioides difficile was listed as an urgent antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threat in a report by the CDC in 2019. AMR drives the evolution of C. difficile and facilitates its emergence and spread. The C. difficile Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CDARS) study is nationwide longitudinal surveillance of C. difficile infection (CDI) in Australia. Objectives To determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of C. difficile isolated in Australia between 2015 and 2018. Methods A total of 1091 strains of C. difficile were collected over a 3 year period by a network of 10 diagnostic microbiology laboratories in five Australian states. These strains were tested for their susceptibility to nine antimicrobials using the CLSI agar incorporation method. Results All strains were susceptible to metronidazole, fidaxomicin, rifaximin and amoxicillin/clavulanate and low numbers of resistant strains were observed for meropenem (0.1%; 1/1091), moxifloxacin (3.5%; 38/1091) and vancomycin (5.7%; 62/1091). Resistance to clindamycin was common (85.2%; 929/1091), followed by resistance to ceftriaxone (18.8%; 205/1091). The in vitro activity of fidaxomicin [geometric mean MIC (GM) = 0.101 mg/L] was superior to that of vancomycin (1.700 mg/L) and metronidazole (0.229 mg/L). The prevalence of MDR C. difficile, as defined by resistance to ≥3 antimicrobial classes, was low (1.7%; 19/1091). Conclusions The majority of C. difficile isolated in Australia did not show reduced susceptibility to antimicrobials recommended for treatment of CDI (vancomycin, metronidazole and fidaxomicin). Resistance to carbapenems and fluoroquinolones was low and MDR was uncommon; however, clindamycin resistance was frequent. One fluoroquinolone-resistant ribotype 027 strain was detected.

Background: Clostridioides difficile was listed as an urgent antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threat in a report by the CDC in 2019. AMR drives the evolution of C. difficile and facilitates its emergence and spread. The C. difficile Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CDARS) study is nationwide longitudinal surveillance of C. difficile infection (CDI) in Australia. Objective(s): To determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of C. difficile isolated in Australia between 2015 and 2018. Method(s): A total of 1091 strains of C. difficile were collected over a 3 year period by a network of 10 diagnostic microbiology laboratories in five Australian states. These strains were tested for their susceptibility to nine antimicrobials using the CLSI agar incorporation method. Result(s): All strains were susceptible to metronidazole, fidaxomicin, rifaximin and amoxicillin/clavulanate and low numbers of resistant strains were observed for meropenem (0.1%; 1/1091), moxifloxacin (3.5%; 38/1091) and vancomycin (5.7%; 62/1091). Resistance to clindamycin was common (85.2%; 929/1091), followed by resistance to ceftriaxone (18.8%; 205/1091). The in vitro activity of fidaxomicin [geometric mean MIC (GM)=0.101 mg/L] was superior to that of vancomycin (1.700 mg/L) and metronidazole (0.229 mg/L). The prevalence of MDR C. difficile, as defined by resistance to >=3 antimicrobial classes, was low (1.7%; 19/1091). Conclusion(s): The majority of C. difficile isolated in Australia did not show reduced susceptibility to antimicrobials recommended for treatment of CDI (vancomycin, metronidazole and fidaxomicin). Resistance to carbapenems and fluoroquinolones was low and MDR was uncommon; however, clindamycin resistance was frequent. One fluoroquinolone-resistant ribotype 027 strain was detected. Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.

In the early 2000s, a binary toxin (CDT)-producing strain of Clostridium difficile, ribotype 027 (RT027), caused extensive outbreaks of diarrheal disease in North America and Europe. This strain has not become established in Australia, and there is a markedly different repertoire of circulating strains there compared to other regions of the world. The C. difficile Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CDARS) study is a nationwide longitudinal surveillance study of C. difficile infection (CDI) in Australia. Here, we describe the molecular epidemiology of CDI in Australian health care and community settings over the first 5 years of the study, 2013 to 2018. Between 2013 and 2018, 10 diagnostic microbiology laboratories from five states in Australia participated in the CDARS study. From each of five states, one private (representing community) and one public (representing hospitals) laboratory submitted isolates of C. difficile or PCR-positive stool samples during two collection periods per year, February-March (summer/autumn) and August-September (winter/spring). C. difficile was characterized by toxin gene profiling and ribotyping. A total of 1,523 isolates of C. difficile were studied. PCR ribotyping yielded 203 different RTs, the most prevalent being RT014/020 (n = 449; 29.5%). The epidemic CDT+ RT027 (n = 2) and RT078 (n = 6), and the recently described RT251 (n = 10) and RT244 (n = 6) were not common, while RT126 (n = 17) was the most prevalent CDT+ type. A heterogeneous C. difficile population was identified. C. difficile RT014/020 was the most prevalent type found in humans with CDI. Continued surveillance of CDI in Australia remains critical for the detection of emerging strain lineages.Copyright © 2020 American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Background: Clostridioides difficile was listed as an urgent antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threat in a report by the CDC in 2019. AMR drives the evolution of C. difficile and facilitates its emergence and spread. The C. difficile Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CDARS) study is nationwide longitudinal surveillance of C. difficile infection (CDI) in Australia. Objective(s): To determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of C. difficile isolated in Australia between 2015 and 2018. Method(s): A total of 1091 strains of C. difficile were collected over a 3 year period by a network of 10 diagnostic microbiology laboratories in five Australian states. These strains were tested for their susceptibility to nine antimicrobials using the CLSI agar incorporation method. Result(s): All strains were susceptible to metronidazole, fidaxomicin, rifaximin and amoxicillin/clavulanate and low numbers of resistant strains were observed for meropenem (0.1%; 1/1091), moxifloxacin (3.5%; 38/1091) and vancomycin (5.7%; 62/1091). Resistance to clindamycin was common (85.2%; 929/1091), followed by resistance to ceftriaxone (18.8%; 205/1091). The in vitro activity of fidaxomicin [geometric mean MIC (GM)=0.101 mg/L] was superior to that of vancomycin (1.700 mg/L) and metronidazole (0.229 mg/L). The prevalence of MDR C. difficile, as defined by resistance to >=3 antimicrobial classes, was low (1.7%; 19/1091). Conclusion(s): The majority of C. difficile isolated in Australia did not show reduced susceptibility to antimicrobials recommended for treatment of CDI (vancomycin, metronidazole and fidaxomicin). Resistance to carbapenems and fluoroquinolones was low and MDR was uncommon; however, clindamycin resistance was frequent. One fluoroquinolone-resistant ribotype 027 strain was detected. Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.

In the early 2000s, a binary toxin (CDT)-producing strain of Clostridium difficile, ribotype 027 (RT027), caused extensive outbreaks of diarrheal disease in North America and Europe. This strain has not become established in Australia, and there is a markedly different repertoire of circulating strains there compared to other regions of the world. The C. difficile Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CDARS) study is a nationwide longitudinal surveillance study of C. difficile infection (CDI) in Australia. Here, we describe the molecular epidemiology of CDI in Australian health care and community settings over the first 5 years of the study, 2013 to 2018. Between 2013 and 2018, 10 diagnostic microbiology laboratories from five states in Australia participated in the CDARS study. From each of five states, one private (representing community) and one public (representing hospitals) laboratory submitted isolates of C. difficile or PCR-positive stool samples during two collection periods per year, February-March (summer/autumn) and August-September (winter/spring). C. difficile was characterized by toxin gene profiling and ribotyping. A total of 1,523 isolates of C. difficile were studied. PCR ribotyping yielded 203 different RTs, the most prevalent being RT014/020 (n = 449; 29.5%). The epidemic CDT+ RT027 (n = 2) and RT078 (n = 6), and the recently described RT251 (n = 10) and RT244 (n = 6) were not common, while RT126 (n = 17) was the most prevalent CDT+ type. A heterogeneous C. difficile population was identified. C. difficile RT014/020 was the most prevalent type found in humans with CDI. Continued surveillance of CDI in Australia remains critical for the detection of emerging strain lineages.Copyright © 2020 American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Background Clostridioides difficile was listed as an urgent antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threat in a report by the CDC in 2019. AMR drives the evolution of C. difficile and facilitates its emergence and spread. The C. difficile Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CDARS) study is nationwide longitudinal surveillance of C. difficile infection (CDI) in Australia. Objectives To determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of C. difficile isolated in Australia between 2015 and 2018. Methods A total of 1091 strains of C. difficile were collected over a 3 year period by a network of 10 diagnostic microbiology laboratories in five Australian states. These strains were tested for their susceptibility to nine antimicrobials using the CLSI agar incorporation method. Results All strains were susceptible to metronidazole, fidaxomicin, rifaximin and amoxicillin/clavulanate and low numbers of resistant strains were observed for meropenem (0.1%; 1/1091), moxifloxacin (3.5%; 38/1091) and vancomycin (5.7%; 62/1091). Resistance to clindamycin was common (85.2%; 929/1091), followed by resistance to ceftriaxone (18.8%; 205/1091). The in vitro activity of fidaxomicin [geometric mean MIC (GM) = 0.101 mg/L] was superior to that of vancomycin (1.700 mg/L) and metronidazole (0.229 mg/L). The prevalence of MDR C. difficile, as defined by resistance to ≥3 antimicrobial classes, was low (1.7%; 19/1091). Conclusions The majority of C. difficile isolated in Australia did not show reduced susceptibility to antimicrobials recommended for treatment of CDI (vancomycin, metronidazole and fidaxomicin). Resistance to carbapenems and fluoroquinolones was low and MDR was uncommon; however, clindamycin resistance was frequent. One fluoroquinolone-resistant ribotype 027 strain was detected.

In the early 2000s, a binary toxin (CDT)-producing strain of Clostridium difficile, ribotype 027 (RT027), caused extensive outbreaks of diarrheal disease in North America and Europe. This strain has not become established in Australia, and there is a markedly different repertoire of circulating strains there compared to other regions of the world. The C. difficile Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CDARS) study is a nationwide longitudinal surveillance study of C. difficile infection (CDI) in Australia. Here, we describe the molecular epidemiology of CDI in Australian health care and community settings over the first 5 years of the study, 2013 to 2018. Between 2013 and 2018, 10 diagnostic microbiology laboratories from five states in Australia participated in the CDARS study. From each of five states, one private (representing community) and one public (representing hospitals) laboratory submitted isolates of C. difficile or PCR-positive stool samples during two collection periods per year, February-March (summer/autumn) and August-September (winter/spring). C. difficile was characterized by toxin gene profiling and ribotyping. A total of 1,523 isolates of C. difficile were studied. PCR ribotyping yielded 203 different RTs, the most prevalent being RT014/020 (n = 449; 29.5%). The epidemic CDT+ RT027 (n = 2) and RT078 (n = 6), and the recently described RT251 (n = 10) and RT244 (n = 6) were not common, while RT126 (n = 17) was the most prevalent CDT+ type. A heterogeneous C. difficile population was identified. C. difficile RT014/020 was the most prevalent type found in humans with CDI. Continued surveillance of CDI in Australia remains critical for the detection of emerging strain lineages.

In the early 2000s, a binary toxin (CDT)-producing strain of Clostridium difficile, ribotype 027 (RT027), caused extensive outbreaks of diarrheal disease in North America and Europe. This strain has not become established in Australia, and there is a markedly different repertoire of circulating strains there compared to other regions of the world. The C. difficile Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CDARS) study is a nationwide longitudinal surveillance study of C. difficile infection (CDI) in Australia. Here, we describe the molecular epidemiology of CDI in Australian health care and community settings over the first 5 years of the study, 2013 to 2018. Between 2013 and 2018, 10 diagnostic microbiology laboratories from five states in Australia participated in the CDARS study. From each of five states, one private (representing community) and one public (representing hospitals) laboratory submitted isolates of C. difficile or PCR-positive stool samples during two collection periods per year, February-March (summer/autumn) and August-September (winter/spring). C. difficile was characterized by toxin gene profiling and ribotyping. A total of 1,523 isolates of C. difficile were studied. PCR ribotyping yielded 203 different RTs, the most prevalent being RT014/020 (n = 449; 29.5%). The epidemic CDT+ RT027 (n = 2) and RT078 (n = 6), and the recently described RT251 (n = 10) and RT244 (n = 6) were not common, while RT126 (n = 17) was the most prevalent CDT+ type. A heterogeneous C. difficile population was identified. C. difficile RT014/020 was the most prevalent type found in humans with CDI. Continued surveillance of CDI in Australia remains critical for the detection of emerging strain lineages.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the activity of fidaxomicin and comparator antimicrobials against Clostridium difficile isolated from patients with C. difficile infection (CDI) in Australian hospitals and in the community. Method(s): One private and one public laboratory from five states in Australia submitted a total of 474 isolates/PCR-positive stool samples during three collection periods in August-September 2013 (n=175), February-March 2014 (n=134) and August-September 2014 (n=165). Isolate identification was confirmed by selective culture for C. difficile and a proportion of isolates from each state were characterized by PCR for toxin genes and PCR ribotyping. MICs of fidaxomicin and eight comparator antimicrobials were determined for all isolates using agar methodology. Result(s): Site collection yielded 440 isolates of C. difficile and PCR revealed a heterogeneous strain population comprising 37 different PCR ribotypes (RTs), 95% of whichwere positive for tcdA and tcdB (A+B+). The most common RTs were 014 (29.8%) and 002 (15.9%). Epidemic RT 027 was not identified; however, small numbers of virulent RTs 078 and 244 were found. Resistance to vancomycin, metronidazole and fidaxomicin was not detected and resistance to moxifloxacin was very low (3.4%). Fidaxomicin showed potent in vitro activity against all 440 isolates (MIC50/MIC90 0.03/0.12 mg/L) and was superior to metronidazole (MIC50/MIC90 0.25/0.5 mg/L) and vancomycin (MIC50/MIC90 1/2 mg/L). Conclusion(s): These data confirm the potent in vitro activity of fidaxomicin against C. difficile. Moreover, this study provides an important baseline for ongoing long-term surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and prospective tracking of prominent and emerging strain types.Copyright © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the activity of fidaxomicin and comparator antimicrobials against Clostridium difficile isolated from patients with C. difficile infection (CDI) in Australian hospitals and in the community. Methods: One private and one public laboratory from five states in Australia submitted a total of 474 isolates/PCR-positive stool samples during three collection periods in August-September 2013 (n=175), February-March 2014 (n=134) and August-September 2014 (n=165). Isolate identification was confirmed by selective culture for C. difficile and a proportion of isolates from each state were characterized by PCR for toxin genes and PCR ribotyping. MICs of fidaxomicin and eight comparator antimicrobials were determined for all isolates using agar methodology. Results: Site collection yielded 440 isolates of C. difficile and PCR revealed a heterogeneous strain population comprising 37 different PCR ribotypes (RTs), 95% of whichwere positive for tcdA and tcdB (A+B+). The most common RTs were 014 (29.8%) and 002 (15.9%). Epidemic RT 027 was not identified; however, small numbers of virulent RTs 078 and 244 were found. Resistance to vancomycin, metronidazole and fidaxomicin was not detected and resistance to moxifloxacin was very low (3.4%). Fidaxomicin showed potent in vitro activity against all 440 isolates (MIC50/MIC90 0.03/0.12 mg/L) and was superior to metronidazole (MIC50/MIC90 0.25/0.5 mg/L) and vancomycin (MIC50/MIC90 1/2 mg/L). Conclusions: These data confirm the potent in vitro activity of fidaxomicin against C. difficile. Moreover, this study provides an important baseline for ongoing long-term surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and prospective tracking of prominent and emerging strain types.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the activity of fidaxomicin and comparator antimicrobials against Clostridium difficile isolated from patients with C. difficile infection (CDI) in Australian hospitals and in the community. Method(s): One private and one public laboratory from five states in Australia submitted a total of 474 isolates/PCR-positive stool samples during three collection periods in August-September 2013 (n=175), February-March 2014 (n=134) and August-September 2014 (n=165). Isolate identification was confirmed by selective culture for C. difficile and a proportion of isolates from each state were characterized by PCR for toxin genes and PCR ribotyping. MICs of fidaxomicin and eight comparator antimicrobials were determined for all isolates using agar methodology. Result(s): Site collection yielded 440 isolates of C. difficile and PCR revealed a heterogeneous strain population comprising 37 different PCR ribotypes (RTs), 95% of whichwere positive for tcdA and tcdB (A+B+). The most common RTs were 014 (29.8%) and 002 (15.9%). Epidemic RT 027 was not identified; however, small numbers of virulent RTs 078 and 244 were found. Resistance to vancomycin, metronidazole and fidaxomicin was not detected and resistance to moxifloxacin was very low (3.4%). Fidaxomicin showed potent in vitro activity against all 440 isolates (MIC50/MIC90 0.03/0.12 mg/L) and was superior to metronidazole (MIC50/MIC90 0.25/0.5 mg/L) and vancomycin (MIC50/MIC90 1/2 mg/L). Conclusion(s): These data confirm the potent in vitro activity of fidaxomicin against C. difficile. Moreover, this study provides an important baseline for ongoing long-term surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and prospective tracking of prominent and emerging strain types.Copyright © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the activity of fidaxomicin and comparator antimicrobials against Clostridium difficile isolated from patients with C. difficile infection (CDI) in Australian hospitals and in the community. Methods: One private and one public laboratory from five states in Australia submitted a total of 474 isolates/PCR-positive stool samples during three collection periods in August-September 2013 (n=175), February-March 2014 (n=134) and August-September 2014 (n=165). Isolate identification was confirmed by selective culture for C. difficile and a proportion of isolates from each state were characterized by PCR for toxin genes and PCR ribotyping. MICs of fidaxomicin and eight comparator antimicrobials were determined for all isolates using agar methodology. Results: Site collection yielded 440 isolates of C. difficile and PCR revealed a heterogeneous strain population comprising 37 different PCR ribotypes (RTs), 95% of whichwere positive for tcdA and tcdB (A+B+). The most common RTs were 014 (29.8%) and 002 (15.9%). Epidemic RT 027 was not identified; however, small numbers of virulent RTs 078 and 244 were found. Resistance to vancomycin, metronidazole and fidaxomicin was not detected and resistance to moxifloxacin was very low (3.4%). Fidaxomicin showed potent in vitro activity against all 440 isolates (MIC50/MIC90 0.03/0.12 mg/L) and was superior to metronidazole (MIC50/MIC90 0.25/0.5 mg/L) and vancomycin (MIC50/MIC90 1/2 mg/L). Conclusions: These data confirm the potent in vitro activity of fidaxomicin against C. difficile. Moreover, this study provides an important baseline for ongoing long-term surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and prospective tracking of prominent and emerging strain types.