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Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) of the scalp is rare. These lesions are associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), but patients had been reported without NF1 also. We tried to analyze the difference between the clinical course and outcome of the patient with MPNST having stigmata of NF1 and without it. We included five patients treated over 3 years between July 2018 and July 2021 with diffuse scalp MPNST. Two of these five patients with MPNST of the scalp had neurocutaneous stigmata of NF1. Three were female and two males with an average age of 38.40 ± 18.48 years—the youngest with NF1 being a 19-year-old female. We found dull aching pain as the most typical complaint in all patients and a repeated episode of generalized seizure in one patient. In these cases, two patients with NF1 have highly vascular tumors and attained large sizes greater than 30 cm. These two cases required preoperative digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and embolization with n-butyl acrylate. Total excision of the tumor was done in all patients with radiotherapy. Metastases within 1 year were noted in two patients with NF1, and one of these two succumbed to her illness. The rest of the three patients without NF1 are under follow-up with no evidence of disease with a maximum follow-up of 2 years. Large MPNST (size > 20 cm) are rare and reported to have been associated with and without NF1. Patients with scalp MPNST with NF1 can achieve larger size with fast progression of tumor size and higher chances of recurrence and metastases.

Introduction: A few earlier studies have reported the role of embolization with curative intent in treating the early phase of a spontaneous cerebral hemorrhage of the brain AVM in pediatric patients. its efficacy needs to be compared with microsurgery. The risk factors for hemorrhage following early embolization in such patients should be evaluated. Material & Methods: We analyzed patients treated for arteriovenous malformation in pediatrics (< 18 years) following its rupture in the acute phase by embolization alone and surgery between July 2018 and July 2022. From a pool of 80 patients who had undergone treatment for ruptured AVM with hemorrhage at our center, we identified 36 patients with spontaneous bleeding due to AVMs. Out of which, 20 were treated by embolization alone (Group1) and another group 2 by surgery (with and without adjuvant embolisation). Result: Spetzler martin's grading of the lesion suggested seven lesionsConclusions: Incomplete embolization is the significant risk factor associated with hemorrhage in AVMs treated following a hemorrhagic stroke in the pediatric age group. Embolization with curative intent in treating such lesions is equally efficacious to the surgery group treated earlier by adjuvant embolization with careful patient selection. Although essential, our results need a further prospective study on a large patient population with longer follow-ups.

Giant calcified cavernous hemangioma is uncommon, and calvarial invasion with intracranial extension and dural breach is rare. Radiological resemblance to lesions like meningioma is unreported. Surgical excision of such lesions is technically challenging. A 35-year-old female presented with recurrent generalized tonic-clonic seizures for 2 years. Imaging suggested a highly vascular lesion arising from the skull, mimicking intraosseous meningioma, sarcoma, metastases, and so on. Double concentric craniotomy was done with lifting of bones separately around sinuses with radial cuts of dura to visualize tumor-cortical interface to safeguard neurovascular structures, and complete excision was achieved. Histopathology was suggestive of calcified cavernous hemangioma. The patient was asymptomatic at 1 year of follow-up.Differentiating angiomatous and intraosseous meningioma from calcifying giant hemangioma and other mimicking lesions may be difficult on imaging. Modified double concentric craniotomy, although used uncommonly, can be a useful technique safeguarding the neurovascular structures in its proximity.

Primary Large cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma of the cranial vault is rare and association with COVID19 needs to be studied as in our patient.Our patient, a 53-year-old male noticed fast growth of posterior cranial vault tumour from 2cm to 10 cm size in last 6months after COVID 19 affliction. MRI brain with contrast revealed lesions mimicking multicentric meningioma. The whole-body PET scan was normal. Following Subtotal excision of the mass, histopathology revealed large B-cell Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (DLBCL). Immunohistochemistry showed positive for CD10, CD20, CD45 (LCA), ALK, and BCL-VE with Ki-67 index 90–95%. Following radiotherapy and chemotherapy patient is disease-free on imaging and doing well at 5 months of follow-up.Early intervention with excisional biopsy and timely chemo and radiotherapy in presence of favourable immunostaining may add survival benefit even in the presence of malignant features induced by immunosuppressing disease as COVID19.Although this association was noticed in this single case study but role of Covid 19 infection in inducing the fast progression of tumours which can be expedited in immunosuppressive condition cannot be ignored.

Image captioning is one of the most recent challenges that caught the interest of the computer vision community as well as the Natural Language Processing community. Recently, the tedious task of image captioning has attained quite notable progress by using numerous techniques. The primary goal of this paper is to study existing Deep Learning techniques for Image Captioning. We have discussed a convolutional neural network-based Image Caption generation model and the salient steps involved in it. We have also discussed dataset and evaluation metrics widely used in fundamental systems.