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In Serbia, modern pork production systems with implemented control measures, including the detection of Trichinella larvae in meat (ISO18743), have eliminated farmed pork from pigs slaughtered at abattoirs as a source of trichinellosis. Epidemiological data from 2011 to 2020 indicate that the number of human cases and the number of infected domestic pigs has decreased significantly. Over the years, pork was the most frequent source of human infection. Cases generally occurred in small family outbreaks, and the infection was linked to consumption of raw or undercooked pork from backyard pigs. In most of the outbreaks, T. spiralis was the aetiological agent of infection, but in 2016, a large outbreak was caused by consumption of uninspected wild boar meat containing T. britovi larvae. To achieve safe pork, it is important that consumers of pork from animals raised in backyard smallholdings and of wild game meat are properly educated about the risks associated with consumption of untested meat. Laboratories conducting Trichinella testing should have a functional quality assurance system to ensure competency of analysts and that accurate and repeatable results are achieved. Regular participation in proficiency testing is needed.

U zemljama Evropske unije redovno se sprovode redovne kontrole kvaliteta pregleda uzoraka mesa na prisustvo larvi Trichinella (PT). U ovim ispitivanjima učestvuju sve laboratorije u kojima se koristi metod veštačke digestije mesa. Prvu ovakvu proveru u Srbiji uspešno je organizovao INEP 2017 godine. U narednim godinama redovno se sprovode ovakve kontrole. Tokom 2022 Fakultet veterinarske medicine uspešno je organizovao ovakvu kontrolu za laboratorije veterinarskih specijalističkih instituta, nekih stanica i klanica. Krajem 2022 INEP je od strane Ministarstva poljoprivrede šumarstva i vodoprivrede, Uprave za veterinu imenovan kao Nacionalna referentna laboratorija za otkrivanje trihinele u mesu životinja (NRLT). Tokom 2023 godine NRLT Srbije je organizovala novu kontrolu kvaliteta rada. Naša iskustva pokazuju da redovno učešće u eksternim kontrolama kvaliteta pregleda dovodi do postizanja boljih rezultata laboratorija kroz vreme i bolje zaštite potrošača. Potrebno je da sve laboratorije u Srbiji (koje se bave pregledom mesa na prisustvo larvi trihinela u mesu) ali i u okruženju učestvuju u ovakvim proverama najmanje jednom godišnje, kao i vanredno kad kod imaju novog člana tima. Takođe, poželjno je da sve ove laboratorije imaju referentni materijal (larve trihinela u alkoholu) i po potrebi zatraže probne uzorke radi treninga., In the European Union countries regular quality controls (PT) are carried out for the examination of meat samples for the presence of Trichinella larvae. All laboratories that use the method of artificial digestion of meat participate in these tests. The first such control in Serbia was successfully organized by INEP in 2017. In the following years, such controls were carried out regularly. During 2022, the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine successfully organized control for laboratories from veterinary specialist institutes, some veterinary stations and slaughterhouses. At the end of 2022, INEP was appointed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management, Veterinary Directorate as the National Reference Laboratory for the detection of Trichinella in meat (NRLT). During 2023, NRLT organized a new quality control. Our experience shows that regular participation in external quality control leads to better laboratory results over time and better consumer protection. It is necessary that all laboratories in Serbia (which control meat for the presence of Trichinella larvae) and in the surrounding countries participate in such controls at least once a year, as well as aditionally when they have a new team member. Also, it is desirable that all these laboratories have a reference material (Trichinella larvae in alcohol) and, if necessary, request test samples for training purposes.

This paper examines ideas, meanings, and motives in The Little Prince by Antoine de Saint-Exupery. By studying the symbols present in this literary curiosity, we point out the multiplicity of meanings that make this modern fantasy story a read for children and adults. The complexity of The Little Prince, the ambiguity of its elements, and the intertwining of motives, ideas, and messages of this paper, can be a real challenge for young readers when it comes to proper interpretation. There is a question of whether this literary work is intended for children at all? To facilitate students’ understanding and provide a complete emotional experience, we propose the application of individualized teaching, a model of work that allows each child following their intellectual, cognitive, emotional, and other abilities, to adopt a literary text and appropriately engage reception. Literature, as the art of words, should be able to provide an opportunity for recipients to get to know a literary work in their way, that is, following their abilities and sensibility, and to understand all its compositional layers.

U Srbiji trihineloza je jedna od najznačajnijih zoonoza koje se prenose hranom. Prvi izveštaj o nalazu kod svinja je iz 1918. godine, a prvi slučaj kod ljudi 1923. godine u Zemunu. Detekcija prisustva trihinele je prvobitno vršena trihineloskopijom. Od 1984. uvedena je veštačka digestija. Savremeni sistemi proizvodnje svinjskog mesa, mere kontrole, metoda veštačke digestije eliminisali su meso svinja sa velikih farmi kao izvor trihineloze. Prvi put u Srbiji Nacionalna referentna laboratorija za trihinelozu (NRLT) organizovala je 2017. godine kontrolu kvaliteta rada za detekciju larvi trihinele u mesu metodom magnetne mešalice (MSM). Svi učesnici (veterinarski instituti) uspešno su prošli testiranje. Članovi tima NRLT napravili su (2019. godine) novi cELISA test za otkrivanje infekcije trihinelom kod životinja i ljudi i Svetska komisija za trihinelozu ga je prepoznala kao koristan za međunarodnu upotrebu. Epidemiološki podaci iz poslednjih decenija ukazuju da je broj obolelih ljudi kao i broj zaraženih životinja značajno smanjen. Svinjsko meso je godinama najčešći izvor infekcije ljudi u Srbiji. Slučajevi se javljaju u porodičnim epidemijama i rizik je povezan sa konzumacijom svinjskog mesa u kome se nalaze larve Trichinella, a uzgajaju se bez primene higijenskih pravila i životinje nisu veterinarski testirane (epidemija u Obrenovcu i Parizu, Francuska). U većini slučajeva T. spiralis je bila etiološki agens infekcije, ali smo u 2016. godini imali veliku epidemiju izazvanu konzumacijom mesa divljih svinja koje je sadržalo larve T britovi (Čajetina, 123 osobe). Važno je: 1. Lovce i potrošače mesa svinja i mesa divljači u Srbiji edukovati o riziku u vezi sa konzumiranjem neproverenog mesa. 2. Kontrola sistema kvaliteta kod veterinarskih subjekata koji rade testiranje na prisustvo larvi trihinele u uzorcima mesa, kao i redovno učešće u PT., In Serbia Trichinellosis is one of the most important foodborne zoonotic diseases. The first report of swine infection was in 1918 and first human case was in 1923. From 1984 artificial digestion was adopted for use in preventing human trichinellosis. Modern pork production systems, implemented control measures, artificial digestion method have eliminated farm pork as a source for trichinellosis. For the first time in Serbia National Reference Laboratory for trichinellosis (NRLT) organized in 2017 proficiency test (PT) for the detection of Trichinella larvae in meat by Magnetic Stirrer Method (MSM). All participants (veterinary institutes) successfully passed the testing. Members of NRLT team made (in 2019) new cELISA test for detection of Trichinella infection in animals and humans and the ICT recognized the test as useful for international use. Epidemiological data from the last decades indicate that the number of human cases as well as the number of infected animals has decreased significantly. Over the years, pork was the most frequent source of human trichinellosis. Cases generally occurred in family outbreaks and risk is linked to untested backyard pork consumption. Meat and meat products offered to relatives and friends may be source of infection with Trichinella when backyard pigs are raised without any compliance with hygienic rules and animals are not veterinary tested. In most numbers of outbreaks T. spiralis were the etiological agent of infection but in 2016 we had a large outbreak provoked by consumption of wild boar meat containing T britovi larvae. It is important that: 1. Hunters and consumers of backyard pigs and wild game meat should be educated about the risk associated with consumption of untested meat. 2. Control of Trichinella QA system in veterinary subjects (testing for Trichinella presence in meat samples) and regularly participation in PTs are needed to achieve safe food for consumers.

U disertaciji se eksperimentalnom metodom ispituje uticaj gramatičkih karakteristika koordiniranih konjunkata, kao što su vrednost gramatičkog roda, vrednost gramatičkog broja, linearna i hijerarhijska bliskost, kao i semantičkih osobina poput osobina referencije, deljenje modifikatora, na slaganje glagola sa celim koordiniranim subjektom (tzv. razrešeno slaganje), sa prvim konjunktom ili sa poslednjim konjunktom. Cilj je da se dâ model procesiranja slaganja u srpskom jeziku, ali i da se odgovori na značajna teorijska pitanja kao što su da li se slaganje dešava i na interfejsu sa fonologijom, te kakva je međusobna uloga roda i broja u procesu slaganja u srpskom jeziku. Cilj je i da se utvrdi koji faktori utiču na slaganje glagola u rodu sa prvim članom koordiniranog subjekta, kao i da li srpski jezik podržava hipotezu prema kojoj su rod i broj odvojeni i odvojeno učestvuju u procesu slaganja. Kako rezultati sprovedenih produkcijskih eksperimenata i eksperimenata sa sudovima gramatičnosti kojima se testira slaganje glagola sa koordiniranim modifikovanim subjektom pokazuju, slaganje glagola u rodu sa poslednjim članom konjunkcije najčešće je upotrebljen obrazac slaganja. Ovaj obrazac je značajno manje produkovan za uslov u kome je prvi član koordiniranog subjekta modifikovan nego kada je poslednji član modifikovan ili su oba člana modifikovana. Za prvi uslov slaganje glagola u rodu sa prvim članom konjunkcije je značajno više produkovano nego za preostala dva uslova. Kada je linearna distanca između prvog člana konjunkcije i glagola minimizovana, umanjena je šansa da se glagol složi u rodu sa poslednjim članom konjunkcije koji mu je linearno najbliži. Naši rezultati potvrđuju da je linearna distanca faktor koji utiče ne samo na slaganje glagola sa poslednjim članom konjunkcije, nego i na slaganje glagola u rodu sa prvim članom konjunkcije, kao i da hijerarhijska i linearna distanca zajedno određuju izbor kontrolora slaganja u okviru jedne gramatike.10 Rezultati produk, This dissertation will use the experimental method to examine the influence of grammatical characteristics of coordinated conjuncts, such as the value of grammatical gender, the value of grammatical number, linear and hierarchical distance, as well as semantic properties such as referential properties, division of modifiers, on the verb agreement with the whole coordinated subject (i.e. resolved agreement), on the first conjunct agreement, or last conjunct agreement. The aim is to give a model for processing agreement in the Serbian language, but also to respond to significant theoretical questions such as whether agreement also occurs in the interface with phonology, and what is the role of gender and number in the process of agreement in the Serbian language. The aim is to also determine which factors influence the verb gender agreement with the first member of the coordinated subject, as well as to determine if the Serbian language supports the hypothesis according to which gender and number are separate and they separately participate in the agreement process. The results of the production experiments and acceptability judgments experiments which test the verb agreement with the coordinated modified subject show that verb agreement with the last conjunct is the most frequently used pattern of agreement. This pattern is significantly less productive for the condition where the first member of the coordinated subject is modified than when the last member is modified, or when both members are modified. For that same condition, the first conjunct agreement is significantly more productive than for the other two conditions. When the linear distance between the first conjunct and the verb is minimized, that also reduces the chances of gender agreement of the verb with the last conjunct which is linearly closest to it. Our results confirm that linear distance is a factor that affects not only last conjunct agreement, but also the verb gender agreement with the first co

The doctoral dissertation provides basic information on solar radiation, photovoltaic conversion of solar radiation, solar cells and solar modules and their output parameters, and a literature review of the current research in the world about dust and solar modules soiling. In addition, the results of the measurement of electrical parameters of clean and solar modules soiled with carbon, calcium carbonate and soil are given. Furthermore, a comparative overview of the results of the energy efficiency tests of the clean and solar modules soiled with carbon, calcium carbonate and soil is given. In the end, the results of the measurement of the electrical parameters of the clean and solar modules soiled with accumulated soot from the chimney of the boiler room, located in the basement of the Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics in Niš, are presented.

Savremena istraživanja na eksperimentalnim modelima autoimunskih bolesti ukazuju da infekcija helmintom Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis), inhibira nastanak ili ublažava simptome autoimunskih poremećaja kao što su eksperimentalni autoimunski encefalomijelitis (EAE), eksperimentalni kolitis i dijabetes melitus tip 1. Tokom infekcije parazitom T. spiralis ekskretorno-sekretorni metabolički produkti mišićnih larvi (ES L1) su ključni za interakciju sa organizmom domaćina. Stoga je pretpostavka da su upravo ES L1 produkti odgovorni za modulaciju toka autoimunskih oboljenja. Međutim, tačna uloga ES L1 antigena ovog parazita u modulaciji bolesti, kao i mehanizmi te modulacije nisu još uvek u potpunosti razjašnjeni. Predmet ovog istraživanja bilo je ispitivanje uticaja direktne primene ES L1 produkata kao i dendritskih ćelija (DC) stimulisanih ovim antigenima na tok i modulaciju EAE-a kod DA pacova, sa ciljem da se utvrde mehanizmi imunomodulacije kao i uloga dendritskih ćelija u njima. Ovde prikazani rezultati, dobijeni u in vitro studijama na modelu DC izolovanih iz kostne srži DA pacova, potvrdili su da ES antigeni T. spiralis dovode do delimičnog sazrevanja DC koje se mogu označiti kao tolerogene DC koje se odlikuju niskom produkcijom pro-inflamatornog citokina IL-12p70 i povećanom produkcijom anti-inflamatornog citokina IL-10. U ovom radu prvi put je ustanovljeno da primena DC stimulisanih ES L1 antigenima T. spiralis (DC/ES L1) ima inhibitorni efekat na razvoj EAE-a kod DA pacova kao i da je ovaj efekat dozno zavisan. Najveći uticaj na smanjenje težine bolesti ostvaren je primenom doze od 5 x 106 DC/ES L1. Mehanizam koji je u osnovi ovog fenomena zasniva se na polarizaciji imunskog odgovora u pravcu Th2 i regulatornog tipa praćenog povećanom produkcijom Th2 i anti-inflamatornih citokina (IL-4, IL-10 i TGF-β), a smanjenom produkcijom pro-inflamatornih citokina IFN-γ i IL-17. Takođe, dolazi do povećanja procentualne zastupljenosti CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatornih T-limfoci, Recent studies indicated that Trichinella spiralis infection could successfully ameliorate or even prevent a number of autoimmune diseases established in animal models, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), experimental colitis, type 1 diabetes mellitus. During the course of infection parasite T. spiralis communicates with the host organism and affects cells of the immune system through excretory-secretory products (ES L1) released from the muscle larvae. Mechanisms by which ES L1 influences polarization of immune response and its role in immunomodulation of autoimmune diseases has not been elucidated yet. In the current study, the potential of T. spiralis ES L1 products, injected directly or co-cultivated with dendritic cells (DCs), to promote immune regulation and control EAE development were investigated in order to reveal mechanisms of ongoing immunomodulation and the role of DCs in it. Results presented here confirmed that in vitro stimulation of DCs with T. spiralis ES L1 antigens led to partial maturation of these cells, as indicated by expression of the surface markers. Stimulation of DCs from DA rats with T. spiralis ES L1 antigens (DCs/ES L1) also resulted in significant reduction in IL-12p70 production and increased production of IL-10. In this study it was shown for the first time that application of DCs/ES L1 was able to reduce the clinical signs and duration of the EAE in a dose-dependent way, with the dose of 5 x 106 cells being most efficient in reduction of disease severity. The analysis of underlying mechanisms indicated that amelioration of EAE in DCs/ES L1 pretreated animals was due to decreased production of pro-inflammatory (IFN-γ and IL-17), increased production of Th2 and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β), as well as activation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) both on systemic level in spleen and in target organ, i.e. spinal cord. Another approach included assessment of the immunomodulatory cap