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The actual scientific research on the development of the hybrid mathematical model for evaluating and selecting iron ore raw materials in the context of the EU Green Deal is carried out. The necessity of developing decision support systems within the framework of the EU Green Deal concept is substantiated, in order to increase the degree of validity of decision-making in the evaluation space, regarding the green course and achieving the goals of the green agreement. For the first time, a systematic theoretical-multiple model of the problem of evaluation and selection of iron ore raw materials, according to the proposed factors of chemical composition, cost, and environmental policy of the manufacturer. The problem of multi-criteria selection of alternatives based on the imaginary alternative of the "satisfaction point" of the decision-makers (DM) requirements using the information model of criteria for evaluating the properties of the object of study on the chemical composition of iron ore raw materials. For the first time, a hybrid mathematical model of multi-criteria evaluation of iron ore raw materials with target needs was developed: quality of chemical composition of iron ore raw materials; the cost of iron ore; environmental policy and environmental impact in the extraction and/or enrichment of iron ore raw materials. The results of a study on a real example of evaluation and selection of iron ore concentrate for six alternatives implemented by Metinvest (Ukraine) were tested. The general step-by-step algorithm of the evaluation concept is described, which can be quickly implemented in the software product for the application. The developed model will be a useful tool for various programs of state support/business assistance in the procurement of iron ore raw materials by reasonably choosing a supplier using targeted needs in the context of synchronization with the EU Green Deal initiative. Raw material extraction and subsequent transport logistics are especially important for the engineering industry, the electrical engineering industry, and the automotive industry, with strong potential for the aeronautics and aerospace industry.

The study's research question in the broader context of the fight against the pandemic is the impact of disinfectants on selected surfaces of materials used in air transport. The main scientific goal of this work was to verify the assumption that disinfectant solutions cause degradation of mechanical and physical properties, i.e., chemical aging, in samples from airport conveyors, and to determine the degree of change in the properties of the samples depending on the time spent in solution and on aging. The research methodology was developed based on the ISO 1817: 2011 standard, STN EN ISO 868, and the ISO 283 standard, and applied infrared spectroscopy, specifically the Attenuated Total Reflectance method. Research suggests that constant disinfection of baggage handling systems will require the replacement of carrying parts. Otherwise, there will be significant costly breakdowns (damage to luggage, interruption of its flow, delays/inability to check in the aircraft, and the resulting legal consequences). The longer the samples were left in the disinfectant solution, the higher and more uneven the degradation. The hardness of the samples changed after immersion but was not directly proportional to the change in tensile properties. During disinfection, chemical changes occurred, which varied in length and effect depending on the disinfection used.

The paper presents the results of the research of performance measurement of a selected aircraft type in the take-off phase under extreme temperature conditions. For this purpose, a flight simulator of the Cessna 172 RG aircraft from the ELITE Company was used. For the purpose of verifying the take-off run length, the article provides a measurement methodology that was developed using information obtained during experimental take-offs. The aim was to obtain a procedure that would allow for repeated take-off runs in the same conditions with the possibility of changing individual influencing factors. Considering the whole measurement chain, the article analyses the influencing factors and quantifies their impact on the uncertainty of the measurement result. The data obtained experimentally we compared with the data in the Flight Manual and at the end carried out the assessment of the impact of global warming on the take-off run of the Cessna 172 RG and generally on the safety of the take-off and on air transport..

A study was conducted on the current problem of developing a fuzzy model for assessing the risks of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) flights in mountainous terrain, taking into account risk-oriented factors influencing the flight. As a result, we obtained a quantitative assessment of flight risk and a linguistic interpretation of the level of safety of UAV flight, which will allow a reasonable approach to decision support. For the first time, the study proposed fuzzification of input data using a multidimensional membership function, presented in the form of linguistic estimates of the probability of a risk event and quantitative estimates of the number of “reliability” of the ground control manager's conclusions in his conclusions. For the first time, a generalized step-by-step algorithm for obtaining a quantitative assessment of flight risk and a linguistic interpretation of the level of safety of UAV flight have been constructed. Experimental approbation and verification of the conducted research on test data of UAV flight simulation are carried out. The study will be a useful tool to support safe decisions about UAV flight in different mountainous terrain

The information technology models improving security functioning of crowdfunding platforms and advice on a new type of business were developed. The article solves the problem of safety of crowdfunding platform functioning based on developed models: rating assignment system of unified assessment crowdfunding platforms; startup projects assessment; startup projects risk assessment concerning their financing safety level and criminal law protection of investors against the financial fraud. The models are based on the correct usage of fuzzy logic and fuzzy set device to reveal the uncertainty of experts’ consideration that insures authenticity of scientific results.

Wizzair was the first low-cost airline to operate at Kosice Airport. From the beginning, it has shown exceptionally good results and the occupancy of its lines has been over 80%. The situation that took place in Vienna forced Wizzair to cancel the base in Kosice and to move the fleet to Vienna. Ryanair takes advantage of this change and enters the market with practically the same line as Wizzair from Kosice to London. The aim of this paper is to describe the situation at Kosice airport. The competitive fight between these two companies is visible from the very first moment when Ryanair introduced its flights at a much better price than Wizzair. The paper also focuses on the comparing these prices and fares as well as the profit over the period under review.

Radar measurements are inherently affected by various meteorological and non-meteorological factors that may lead to a degradation of their quality, and the unwanted effects are also transferred into composites, i.e., overlapping images from different radars. The paper was aimed at answering the research question whether we could create ‘cleaner’ radar composites without disturbing features, and if yes, how the operational practice could take advantage of the improved results. To achieve these goals, the qRad and qPrec software packages, based on the concept of quality indices, were used. The qRad package estimates the true quality of the C-band radar volume data using various quality indices and attempts to correct some of the adverse effects on the measurements. The qPrec package uses a probabilistic approach to estimate precipitation intensity, based on heterogeneous input data and quality-based outputs of the qRad software. The advantages of the qRad software are improved radar composites, which offer benefits, among others, for aviation meteorology. At the same time, the advantages of the qPrec software are manifested through improved quantitative precipitation estimation, which can be translated into hydrological modeling or climatological precipitation mapping. Beyond this, the developed software indirectly contributes to sustainability and environmental protection—for instance, by enabling fuel savings due to the more effective planning of flight routes or avoiding runway excursions due to information on the increased risk of aquaplaning.

The purpose of the paper is to create an information, fuzzy risk assessment model to support the decision-making of Municipality management for the establishment and management of measures in the safe mode (regular) of City, emergency and disaster situations, in the selected components of Smart City concept. Research on this topic was motivated by the need for support, especially in emergency situations, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. It is proposed that the evaluation be carried out at local level within the framework of the Smart City concept and selected components integrated into the entity, including the Smart Security, Smart Healthcare, and Smart Environment components supported by the Smart WebGIS subsystem. The model also assesses proposed solutions for self-government financing to ensure the acceptable risk, and economic impact of decisions on the city budget within the Smart Budget aspects of selected components. Decision-making is based on intellectual analysis, processing of fuzzy data and use of fuzzy inference. The output of the model is the assessment of the risk of the municipality subsystems, taking into account the threshold for the functioning of the municipality subsystems, the linguistic interpretation of the level of risk and the acceptability of the tolerable risk resource. The model algorithm was used to create a web application to support the Municipal management for the above-mentioned agenda, from safe time to pandemics., Agentúra na Podporu Výskumu a Vývoja, APVV: PP-COVID-20-0002; Univerzita Tomáše Bati ve Zlíně: RO/2022, Internal Grant Agency of FaME Tomas Bata University in Zlin [RO/2022]; Slovak Research and Development Agency [PP-COVID-20-0002]

By the term of flight dynamics, we refer to the general study of performance, stability and control particularly for VX- 3 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) during the flight. Each of these aspects of aircraft flight is described separately through the defined flight regime conditions and considering the specific aircraft configuration and geometry aspects. The calculation of an individual flight mode involves the analysis and definition of kinematic and dynamic parameters that are entered into the equations of motion derived from 2nd Newton's Law. The result of the calculated performance is shown in the diagram of the dependence of height and speed (H-V diagram) with a parametric representation of other quantities of interest. Performance diagram show the envelope, i.e. the operating area of an aircraft with optimal modes of interest and maximum operational limitations (e.g. maximum altitude or flight ceiling).

One of the praxeological problems of safe and sustainable air transport (airfreight transport/air cargo, and air passenger transport) is the prevention and management of risks by competent staff, with the support of modern information and communication technologies. This paper presents an educational information model and software for the airport network and information systems risk assessment, primarily intended for aviation education and training of professionals for ensuring safe and sustainable air transport. The solution to the problem is based on the application of the fuzzy logic method in the air transport environment. Based on a fuzzy expert model, the selected scenario, and the input data established separately for airport assets by a group of 23 experts from aviation practice and a university, the following three assessments of airport network information system assets were constructed: Asset A2 (meteorological information systems) has an insignificant risk with an estimated 0.1162, and assets A1 (air traffic control and management (ATM), navigational aids and approach) and A3 (runway monitoring system) received a low risk of airport network and information systems (NIS) security with ratings of 0.2623 and 0.2915, respectively. An airport NIS risk assessment was aggregated (0.2288), indicating a low degree of security risk to the airport&rsquo, s network and information systems. The aggregated risk assessment of airport NIS, including financial loss data, was calculated as 0.1438, representing a low degree of security risk to the airport&rsquo, s network and information systems. Scenarios for evaluating airport assets are changing for students during education. The results of the developed model and its software will be part of the Simulation Center of the Faculty of Aeronautics.

The actual problem of developing a fuzzy mathematical model of evaluation and selection of start-up projects for the purposes of investors has been conducted. The model developed will be a useful tool to substantiate and increase the security of investors' choice of alternative start-up project financing, using their own targeted needs.

Environmental risks, in particular climate change and environmental pollution, are among the key challenges faced by modern governments nowadays. Environmental risks are associated with specific costs and expenditures necessary to mitigate their negative effects. In this context, the financial system plays a significant role, particularly the public financial system, which allocates and redistributes public resources and has an impact on market participants by imposing environmental taxes. This study assessed the interdependence between environmental degradation and public expenditure, financial sector development, environmental taxes, and related socioeconomic policies. The aim was to diagnose and define the relationship between environmental degradation and sustainable fiscal instruments used in the financial system. The original research approach adopted in the study is the inclusion of variables representing a sustainable approach to assessment of the financial system. Two groups of European Union countries were analyzed for the period 2008–2017, namely, converging economies from Central and Eastern Europe and the largest developed economies of Western Europe. The authors found a strong relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and fiscal instruments, especially expenditure on research and development, and the development of the financial sector. In the case of environmental taxes, their impact differed depending on the country, being predominantly beneficial in countries with higher greenhouse gas emissions but unfavorable in countries with lower emissions levels.

Urgency of the research. The authors solve the following praxeological questions: How do we perceive a dangerous flight situation, a flight incident and an air accident? Which basic stages of the investigation do we use? How to implement a situational management methodology for investigating the circumstances of an air accident? Target setting. The article presents the analysis of the current state of information issues in the investigation of air accident circumstances in the military and civil aviation by using the methodology of situational management of forensic investigation processes. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. An integral part of this development is also the tackling the concept of development of the Air Force, with an emphasis on the training of personnel and the level of the flight operations and the flight safety. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. The forensic investigation of air accidents and incidents is perceived as the specific application area of the Forensic Engineering. The research objective. The core output of article is in the proposal of the investigation of air accident circumstances in the military and civil aviation. The statement of basic materials. We use the tools of analysis and synthesis, the expert method with the inductive method based on the close observations and experimentation/investigation in the terrain, in the aviation practice. Conclusions. It is therefore necessary to subject on the permanent pay attention to the theoretical and practical level. Some specific issues addressed in the monograph can be extended with the further proposals and selected issues to address within the scope of research and scientific base of the armed forces.

The Single Europe Sky Air Traffic Management Research (SESAR) program develops and implements innovative technological and operational solutions to modernize European air traffic management and to eliminate the negative environmental impacts of aviation activity. This article presents our developments within the SESAR Solution &ldquo, Safety Support Tools for Avoiding Runway Excursions&rdquo, This SESAR Solution aims to mitigate the risk of runway excursion, to optimize airport operation management by decreasing the number of runway inspections, to make chemical treatment effective with respect to the environment, and to increase resilience, efficiency and safety in adverse weather situations. The proposed approach is based on the enhancement of runway surface condition awareness by integrating data from various sources. Dangerous windy conditions based on Lidar measurements are also discussed as another relevant factor in relation to runway excursions. The paper aims to explore four different data mining methods to obtain runway conditions from the available input data sources, examines their performance and discusses their pros and cons in comparison with a rule-based algorithm approach. The output of the SESAR Solution is developed in compliance with the new Global Reporting Format of the International Civil Aviation Organization for runway condition description to be valid from 2020. This standard is expected to provide concerned stakeholders with more precise information to enhance flight safety and environmental protection.

The urgency of the work lies in the development of a fuzzy model for quantifying experts for smart city transportation and mobility, for ranking them and selecting an expert group, which integrates different models of competence of experts and reveals the subjectivity of the answers to the questions in their evaluation. The development of such a model will allow to increase the degree of validity of the decision making of the choice of experts (employees, specialists) municipality, which are best suited for the competences, qualities or psychophysiological peculiarities for the effective fulfillment of the task for smart city transportation and mobility. As a result, for the first time, a seven-step general algorithm for the expert group, for smart city transportation and mobility, assessment and selection model has been developed that integrates different expert competence models and can be applied to different areas of specialist selection. A structural framework for the evaluation and ranking of the expert group was also proposed for the first time, as well as examples of constructing membership functions for the evaluation questionnaire. Experimentally tested the general algorithm of fuzzy model of evaluation on the test example of the choice of the head of expert group among 5 experts on 3 models of competences (model of self- esteem, model of special abilities and skills, model of psychophysiological qualities of personality).

The purpose of this paper is to develop a fuzzy model of the risk assessment for environmental start-up projects in the air transport sector at the stage of business expansion. The model developed for the following software will be a useful tool for the risk decision support system of investment funds in financing environmental start-up projects at the stage of market conquest. Developing a quantitative risk assessment for environmental start-up projects for the air transport sector will increase the resilience of making risk decisions about their financing by the investors. In this paper, a set of 21 criteria for assessing the risk of launching environmental start-up projects in the air transport sector were formulated for the first time by presenting inputs in the form of a linguistic risk assessment and the number of credible expert considerations. The fuzzy risk assessment model, based on expert knowledge, uses linguistic variables, reveals the uncertainty of the input data, and displays a risk assessment with linguistic interpretation. The result of the paper is a fuzzy model that is embedded in a generalized algorithm and tested in an example risk assessment of environmental start-up projects in the air transport sector.

The article presents an assessment of the long-term variability of storm activity in the aspect of potential threats to aircraft. The analysis of data from the period 1970−2018 was conducted for selected airports in Poland: Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport, IATA code: GDN, ICAO code: EPGD (54°22′39″N 18°27′59″E, altitude above sea level 149 m above sea level); Solidarity Szczecin- Goleniow Airport, IATA code: SZZ, ICAO code: EPSC (53°35′05″ N 14°54′08″ E, altitude above sea level 47 m above sea level); Poznań-Ławica Henryk Wieniawski Airport, IATA code: POZ, ICAO code: EPPO (52°25′16″ N 16°49′35″ E, altitude above sea level 94 m above sea level); Warsaw Chopin Airport, IATA code: WAW, ICAO code: EPWA (52°09′57″ N 20°58′02″ E, altitude above sea level 110 m above sea level); Copernicus Airport Wrocław, IATA code: WRO, ICAO code: EPWR (51°06′10″ N 16°53′10″ E, altitude above sea level 123 m above sea level); John Paul II International Airport Kraków-Balice, IATA code: KRK, ICAO code: EPKK (50°04′40″ N 19°47′06″ E, altitude above sea level 241 m above sea level). The purpose of this paper is to assess the long-term variability of storm activity in the aspect of potential threats to air operations in Poland with the examples of six selected airports. In order to achieve the goal, an analysis of the frequency of storm phenomena in Poland was carried out both in annual and long- term terms. The analysis will allow the assessment of the geographical diversity of the distribution of storm phenomena and their variability in the years 1970−2018. The next stage of the work will be to determine the climatic conditions that exert the greatest impact on the formation of storms. The important factors include atmospheric circulation, which, over the Polish territory, is shaped by the influence of air masses from the Atlantic Ocean, the Baltic Sea and in addition, from the vast continental area. All these air masses clash over the area of Poland causing large variability in the frequency of occurrence of hazardous atmospheric phenomena. For this reason, the Polish climate is defined as a moderate warm climate with transitory features. The important factors affecting regional diversity are local conditions, such as terrain, nature of the land, and distance from water reservoirs. The thermal, humidity and aerodynamic properties of the substrate, which are components of radiation processes, determine the exchange of energy at the interface between the atmosphere and the earth, and largely determine the intensity of selected hazardous atmospheric phenomena. Each occurrence of a storm is a potentially dangerous meteorological event that threatens the environment and human activities, including all types of transport. The studied phenomenon of storms is particularly dangerous for air transport. Literature shows that storm phenomena in Poland are characterized by a large regional diversity, both during the year and over many years. The greatest threat of storm phenomena occurs in the warm period of the year—spring and summer.

The purpose of this paper is to develop an applied fuzzy model of information technology to obtain quantitative estimates of environmental start-up projects in air transport. The developed model will become a useful tool for venture funds, business angels, or crowdfunding platforms for the development of innovative air transport businesses. Obtaining a quantitative estimate of the environmental start-up projects will increase the sustainability of the decision making on the security of financing of such projects by investors. This article develops a fuzzy evaluation model of project start-ups in air transport as an application of our neuro-fuzzy model in a specific air transport environment. The applied model provides output ranking of start-up project teams in air transport based on a four-layer neuro-fuzzy network. The presented model declares the possibilities of the application to solve these economic problems and offers the space for subsequent research focused on its usability in several areas of start-up development, in sectors and processes differentiated. The benefits are also visible for several types of policies, with an emphasis on decision-making processes in regulatory mechanisms to support the state funding in Slovakia, the EU etc.

Low-level wind shear, i.e., sudden changes in wind speed and/or wind direction up to altitudes of 1600 ft (500 m) above-ground is a hazardous meteorological phenomenon in aviation. It may radically change the aerodynamic circumstances of the flight, particularly during landing and take-off and consequently, it may threaten human lives and the health of passengers, people at the airport and its surrounding areas. The Bratislava Airport, the site of this case study, is one of the few airports worldwide and the first in Central Europe that is equipped with a Doppler lidar system, a perspective remote sensing tool for detecting low-level wind shear. The main objective of this paper was to assess the weather events collected over a period of one year with the occurrences of low-level wind shear situations, such as vertical discontinuities in the wind field, frontal passages and gust fronts to increase the level of flight safety and protect human lives and health. The lidar data were processed by a computer algorithm with the main focus on potential wind shear alerts and microburst alerts, guided by the recommendations of the International Civil Aviation Organisation. In parallel, the selected weather events were analyzed by the nearby located meteorological radar to utilize the strengths of both approaches. Additionally, an evaluation of the lidar capability to scan dynamics of aerosol content above the airport is presented.

This paper investigates and describes an aerial firefighting process by the use of helicopters equipped with the Bambi Bucket. An experimental airplane, in the flight simulator of the Mi-17 Moder/Tv-17, was utilized here as one to evaluate the effectiveness of the aerial firefighting process. One of simulator’s modules named „Fire Extinguishing“ was used to evaluate dimensions of a terrain covered by an extinguishing substance and also a volume of the extinguishing substance remained on the surface unit which was released from the Bambi Bucket after a helicopter overflight. The experimental flights with variables like helicopter speed and flight height, became the basis for the research of firefighting effectiveness and also a source of various recommendations for daily practice.

The main objective of the presented study was to examine the associations between the use of renewable energy sources in selected sectors (transport, electricity, heating, and cooling) and the prevalence of selected groups of diseases in the European Union, with an emphasis on the application of statistical methods considering the structure of data. The analyses included data on 27 countries of the European Union from 2010 to 2019 published in the Eurostat database and the Global Burden of Disease Study. Panel regression models (pooling model, fixed (within) effects model, random effects model) were primarily used in analytical procedures, in which a panel variable was represented by countries. In most cases, positive and significant associations between the use of renewable energy sources and the prevalence of diseases were confirmed. The results of panel regression models could be generally interpreted as meaning that renewable energy sources are associated with the prevalence of diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and kidney diseases, digestive diseases, musculoskeletal disorders, neoplasms, sense organ diseases, and skin and subcutaneous diseases at a significance level (α) of 0.05 and lower. These findings could be explained by the awareness of the health problem and the response in the form of preference for renewable energy sources. Regarding statistical methods used for country data or for data with a specific structure, it is recommended to use the methods that take this structure into account. The absence of these methods could lead to misleading conclusions. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland., Slovak Research and Development AgencySlovak Research and Development Agency [APVV-17-0166]; Internal Grant Agency of FaME Tomas Bata University in Zlin [RO/2020/05], Agentúra na Podporu Výskumu a Vývoja, APVV: APVV-17-0166; Univerzita Tomáše Bati ve Zlíně: RO/2020/05

E-learning is way of providing, rapid and adequate response for training in legislative changes and requirements. This is vital, because such changes are frequent in safety education and specifically fire-safety education. It is an enormous burden for schools and training centers to provide all such learning. Money, time saving, and simplification are the main reason to use a “blended” learning. This paper characterizes the advantages and disadvantages of education through the Internet. It deals with the possibilities and ways of using a blended learning approach in selected forms of fire-safety education.

The purpose of the paper is to present a comprehensive expert model created to obtain the quantitative safety risks assessment of environmental projects’ implementation in the aviation sector, within the investment phase of the project life cycle. The successful implementation of aviation environmental projects depends also on the security risks of the projects, their implementation, and the team implementing them. The complex expert model will allow increasing the degree of validity of the decision on the security risks of project implementation in the aviation sector. On one hand, the developed model uses the quantitative estimates of the project on various indicators and it is based on different models, and on the other hand, it uses the experience, the knowledge and the expertise of the project, and the security experts in the subject area. The model is based on the neuro-fuzzy network. It enhances the accuracy and the objectivity of the project evaluation within the investment phase of the project life cycle. Copyright © 2020 Praise Worthy Prize - All rights reserved.

The article was solved by using the methods with an emphasis on the applied methodological approach to tackling the issue within the concepts of the security sector, personal security, emerging management theories concerning security risks and simulation technologies. The results could secure the protected interests of the state as strategic object for the security sciences that exploring reality through unique research areas, which are characterized by the selected objects of research and application of relevant theoretical and methodological approaches to the field of study. Our findings and conclusion can affect other theoretical and practical direction of research on the quality of education of security personnel for the critical infrastructure sectors to which our Transport sector is an important part too.