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Reciprocal pathways connecting the cerebellum to the prefrontal cortex provide a biological and functional substrate to modulate cognitive functions. Dysfunction of both medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and cerebellum underlie the phenotypes of several neumpsychiatric disorders that exhibit comorbidity with substance use disorder (SUD). In people with SUD, cue-action-reward associations appears to be particularly strong and salient, acting as powerful motivational triggers for craving and relapse. Studies of cue reactivity in human with SUD have shown cerebellar activations when drug-related cues are presented. Our preclinical research showed that cocaine-induced conditioned preference increases neural activity and upregulates perineuronal nets (PNNs) around Golgi interneurons in the posterior cerebellar cortex. In the present investigation, we aimed at evaluating cerebellar signatures of conditioned preference for cocaine when drug learning is established under mPFC impairment. We used lidocaine to temporarily inactivate in male rats either the Prelimbic (PL) or the Infralimbic (IL) cortices during cocaine-induced conditioning. The inactivation of the IL, but not the PL, encouraged the acquisition of preference for cocaine-related cues, increased posterior cerebellar cortex activity, and upregulated the expression of PNNs around Golgi interneurons. Moreover, IL impairment not only increased vGluT2- and vGAT-related activity around Golgi cells but also regulated PNNs differently on subpopulations of Golgi cells, increasing the number of neurogranin+ PNN-expressing Golgi cells. Our findings suggest that IL dysfunction may facilitate the acquisition of cocaine-induced memory and cerebellar drug-related learning hallmarks. Overall, IL perturbation during cocaine-induced Pavlovian learning increased cerebellar activity and drug effects. Importantly, cerebellum involvement requires a contingent experience with the drug, and it is not the effect of a mere inactivation of IL cortex.

From the end of the nineteenth century to the first three decades of the twentieth century, the will to modernize Catalan literature favoured the translation of contemporary Spanish drama from Galdós to Casona into Catalan, and its performance. In the same period, some Catalan authors such as Àngel Guimerà, Santiago Rusiñol, and Josep M. de Sagarra were translated into Spanish and also performed on stages in Madrid. However, the exchange that took place between both Iberian dramas received a heavy blow with the establishment of Franco’s dictatorship in 1939. While emphasizing the importance of cultural promoters, playwrights, translators, and critics for contact between Catalan and Spanish drama, this chapter studies the presence of the latter in literary and dramatic collections translated into Catalan and, in turn, that of Catalan drama in the same type of collection translated into Spanish during a time marked by an unusually fruitful ‘complicity’ between both theatrical scenes.

International audience; Dans la société romaine, les esclaves, qui comptent entre 30 et 40 % de la population 1 toutefois, comme les prisonniers de guerre 2 et les victimes d'enlèvements 3 , sont passés de l'état d'homme libre à la servitude. Il existe également une autre forme d'esclavage, si particulière que certains historiens comme Moses I. Finley 4 hésitent à lui en donner même le nom, lui préférant parfois celui de « servitude » : l'esclavage pour dettes. Cette forme tire sa singularité de son statut juridique, puisque l'esclave pour dettes, contrairement aux personnes nées dans l'esclavage ou aux captifs, demeure un citoyen nexum, qui renvoie à une réalité économique propre à la Rome archaïque : l'existence, dans les tout premiers siècles de l'histoire romaine, de citoyens insolvables obligés de rembourser leurs créanciers-probablement des propriétaires fonciers, les locupletes-par le produit de leur travail. Cette obligation, contractée à la suite d'un contrat de nature économique, était probablement

It is now increasingly clear that the cerebellum may modulate brain functions altered in drug addiction. We previously demonstrated that cocaine-induced conditioned preference increased activity at the dorsal posterior cerebellar vermis. Unexpectedly, a neurotoxic lesion at this region increased the probability of cocaine-induced conditioned preference acquisition. The present research aimed at providing an explanatory model for such as facilitative effect of the cerebellar lesion. First, we addressed a tracing study in which we found a direct projection from the lateral (dentate) nucleus to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) that also receives Purkinje axons from lobule VIII in the vermis. This pathway might control the activity and plasticity of the cortico-striatal circuitry. Then we evaluated cFos expression in different regions of the medial prefrontal cortex and striatum after a lesion in lobule VIII before conditioning. Additionally, perineuronal net (PNN) expression was assessed to explore whether the cerebellar lesion might affect synaptic stabilization mechanisms in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Damage in this region of the vermis induced general disinhibition of the mPFC and striatal subdivisions that receive dopaminergic projections, mainly from the VTA. Moreover, cerebellar impairment induced an upregulation of PNN expression in the mPFC. The major finding of this research was to provide an explanatory model for the function of the posterior cerebellar vermis on drug-related memory. In this model, damage of the posterior vermis would release striatum-cortical networks from the inhibitory tonic control exerted by the cerebellar cortex over VTA, thereby promoting drug effects.

International audience

International audience

Meat tenderness is an important trait in beef cattle production, as consumers consider tenderness the most important attribute of beef palatability. There is ample evidence that post mortem proteolysis of myofibrillar proteins is responsible for the decline in shear force during storage. The bovine micromolar calcium-activated neutral protease (CAPN1) gene encodes the large subunit of μ-calpain, which is thought to be one of the most important enzymes involved in post mortem tenderization (KOOHMARAIE 1996). Three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the CAPN1 gene (316, 530 and 4 751 markers) have been associated with tenderness in different cattle breeds (PAGE et al. 2002, PAGE et al. 2004, WHITE et al. 2005). A more recent study confirmed that markers 316 and 4 751 had an effect on beef tenderness (VAN EENENNAAM et al. 2007). The objective of this research was to determine the existence of polymorphisms and to assess the effect of the reported SNP in the bovine CAPN1 gene on tenderness from a sample of Angus and Brangus steers fattened on pasture.

Consumption of 3,4-methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has been always estimated by measuring the parent substance through chemical analysis of wastewater. However, this may result in an overestimation of the use if the substance is directly disposed in sinks or toilets. Using specific urinary metabolites may overcome this limitation. This study investigated for the first time the suitability of a panel of MDMA metabolites as biomarkers of consumption, considering the specific criteria recently proposed, i.e. being detectable and stable in wastewater, being excreted in a known percentage in urine, and having human excretion as the sole source. A new analytical method was developed and validated for the extraction and analysis of MDMA and three of its main metabolites in wastewater. 24-h composite raw wastewater samples from three European cities were analysed and MDMA use was back-calculated. Results from single MDMA loads, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA) loads and from the sum of MDMA, HMMA and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine (HMA) loads were in line with the well-known recreational use of this drug: consumption was higher during the weekend in all cities. HMMA and HMA turned out to be suitable biomarkers of consumption; however, concentrations measured in wastewater did not resemble the expected pharmacokinetic profiles, quite likely due to the very limited information available on excretion profiles. Different options were tested to back-calculate MDMA use, including the sum of MDMA and its metabolites, to balance the biases associated with each single substance. Nevertheless, additional pharmacokinetic studies are urgently needed in order to get more accurate excretion rates and, therefore, improve the estimates of MDMA use.

Background: Endovascular treatment (EVT) is an effective treatment in strokes with persistent large artery occlusion despite previous intravenous thrombolisis (IVT) as rescue treatment. Performing computer tomography angiography (CTA) before IVT could allow early activation of neurointerventional teams; however routine CTA could delay unnecessary door-to-needle time of IVT and may be infeasible. Methods: We reviewed stroke code activations between May 2011 and June 2015 in our comprehensive stroke center and divided into groups based on NIHSS and patency of arterial occlusion according to non-enhanced CT on admission (dense artery sign or dot sign) and baseline CTA. We assessed patients treated with IVT and selected to EVT according to results in CTA post-IVT. We analyze percentage of recanalization or migration of thrombus after IVT alone and variables associated to successful treatment. Results: Of 2856 stroke codes registered during the study period 1810 were diagnosis of ischemic strokes. We treated 520 patients with IVT, 202 had a radiological evidence of large artery occlusion (55%M1, 32% M2, 5%TICA, 5%ICA, 3% basilar). Thirty-two percent of patients showed changes in CTA carried out after IVT(17% successfully recanalized, 15% distal migration of thrombus) so they were not selected to endovascular treatment. There were significant difference between M1 and M2 occlusion regarding changes in CTA after IVT (23% vs 70%; p Conclusions: We consider defer CTA angiography until after IVT in stroke code patients with moderate clinical impairment (NIH

Al llarg de les pàgines d’aquest treball es realitza una aproximació al disseny dels equipaments típics que poden trobar-se a l’enginyeria química, com poden ser columnes de destil·lació o tancs a pressió. Es fa una aproximació a tres vessants del disseny: la selecció de materials de construcció, l’estimació de cost del sistema i els requeriments del disseny mecànic. Amb aquest objectiu s’investiga utilitzant diferents llibres com a font bibliogràfica, tant de caràcter general com més especialitzats en una mateixa temàtica, formant així una base teòrica i establint els mètodes per dur a terme el disseny desitjat. Posteriorment, s’exemplifica aquesta teoria resumida en un procés concret, basat en un sistema ja existent. En aquest últim punt, es plasma la interrelació de les diferents fases de disseny exposades i la significació que pot tenir cadascuna d’elles. Concretament, es dissenya un sistema per a poder reciclar, mitjançant una separació, diferents dissolvents orgànics provinents de residus industrials. D’aquesta manera, es veuen reflectides les consideracions que hom ha de fer per tal d’analitzar un sistema flexible, és a dir, de condicions variables.