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Child malnutrition is a major problem in Benin, where 31% of children under five are stunted and 5% are wasted. The artisanal production of affordable, tasty and nutritious baby foods by local women entrepreneurs could help alleviate the problem. However, appropriate, professional and attractive packaging is needed to minimize spoilage and access markets in urban and peri-urban areas. The aim of our study was to identify the elements that could potentially communicate positive quality attributes on the packaging of infant formula for mothers. To this end, a photovoice study was conducted in the Parakou community in northern Benin with 15 mothers of children under the age of five. The photovoice methodology describes the experiences and perceptions of participants through photographs. The results showed that thirteen photos of different elements such as nature (fruits, trees, gardens), people (babies) and utensils had a positive value for the mothers. It remains to be verified whether the representation of these elements or their derivatives on the packaging of children's foods would create interest and confidence in the acceptance of these foods by mothers. This could become a competitive advantage for local producers of infant foods in the face of competition from imported products., Proceedings in Food System Dynamics, PROCEEDINGS IN SYSTEM DYNAMICS AND INNOVATION IN FOOD NETWORKS 2023

the countryside. Thus, questions of landscape aesthetics and public acceptance arise. This also applies to agrivoltaic (AV), an approach that refers to different techniques for the simultaneous use of land for agricultural purposes and photovoltaic electricity production. We tested hypotheses on the extent to which varying image content representing different types of grassland use affects the visual perception and acceptance of AV. To test our hypotheses, we conducted a between-subjects experimental study within a mixed methods approach. In our eye-tracking experiment, participants were randomly shown one of the three versions of the AV site. During this time, eye-tracking data was recorded, allowing qualitative analyses with heat maps and attention maps. Quantitative analyses included time to first fixation, fixation duration, and number of fixations in defined areas of interest (AOI) of gaze behaviour. Subsequently, participants were asked about their acceptance of the AV variant. Eye-tracking data from 29 participants were used for data analysis. The results show that additional image elements attract visual attention - statistically significant only according to some of the several quantitative indicators. Although additional image elements modulate some gaze behaviour indicators, we are not able to provide evidence that this leads to an increased acceptance of AV. In the before-and-after comparison, which considers a more comprehensive processing of information by the participants, the acceptance of AV increased significantly only for grasslands and special crops. Our results suggest that attitudes towards AV are rather stable and cannot be easily modulated by additional information. More comprehensive communication and participation strategies may be needed to avoid public conflicts about AV., Proceedings in Food System Dynamics, PROCEEDINGS IN SYSTEM DYNAMICS AND INNOVATION IN FOOD NETWORKS 2023

The role of the animal processing industry in the food value chain is critical at a time when, on the one hand, the survival of many farms is uncertain and, on the other, consumer expectations are high. Research has shown that both farmers and consumers have concerns with the food processing̕ s role in the food system. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the criticisms of these two members of the food value chain to the processing industry through direct one-to-one discussions more profoundly. In October 2020, 24 online one-to-one discussions were conducted with one farmer and one consumer each in six German regions. In Flensburg and Kempten, the focus was on criticism of the dairy processing industry, in Borken and Guestrow on the pork processing industry, and in Vechta and Magdeburg on the poultry processing industry. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed qualitatively. The results showed that both farmers and consumers criticized the following areas: the treatment of products during processing, the processing industry's adaptation to market demand, and pricing. In addition to these aspects criticized from both sides, farmers additionally criticized vertical integration in the case of the processing industry and its marketing strategy. Additional consumer criticisms related to the working conditions of workers in the processing industry. Although most of the areas criticized were the subject of criticism in the discussions of all three groups of farmers (dairy, pig, and poultry farmers) and consumers, the treatment of products during processing was criticized only in the discussions between dairy farmers and consumers, and the marketing strategy was criticized only by dairy farmers. The lessons learned from this study are useful for the processing industry, other actors in the value chain, such as food retailers, to align their activities with the expectations of producers and consumers. Implications can also be derived for policy makers in order to strengthen trust in the food system. From a methodological point of view, one-to-one discussions can generate in-depth insides into controversial topics., Proceedings in Food System Dynamics, PROCEEDINGS IN SYSTEM DYNAMICS AND INNOVATION IN FOOD NETWORKS 2023

Pictures play a dominant role in communication about livestock farming. They are used by competing lobby groups not only to inform their audience cognitively but also to target emotionally. However, few studies have looked at the effects pictures from livestock farming have on recipients. In this study, we used an online survey to investigate the emotional response in the dimensions pleasure and arousal to pictures showing farm animals of the animal classes fish, birds, and mammals in different circumstances. The results show that pictures depicting farm animals in an outdoor environment led to high pleasure and low arousal. Looking at pictures showing animals kept indoors led to less pleasure and higher arousal, a response that was further intensified when recipients were confronted with pictures of suffering animals. While the recipients’ characteristics investigated in this study, i.e. professional background, belief in animal mind and personality traits, had no influence on emotional response to pictures showing farm animals outdoors, they affected emotional response to pictures depicting farm animals indoors and suffering. We discuss how awareness of the individuality of emotional response and reflection on one’s own emotional states related to livestock farming might lead to more animal and human welfare and a more respectful dialogue between opposing groups., International Journal on Food System Dynamics, Vol 14, No 2 (2023)

The livestock sector is facing numerous challenges due to a transformation process caused by animal welfare concerns and environmental impacts. Different stakeholders in this process have their own individual interests and depend on each other in several ways. The discussions of livestock sector transformation are complex and show, that change processes need special ways to communicate. Mainly the method of motivational interviews is used as a method-of-choice-instrument especially when it comes to goal conflicts. This article will help to better understand communication processes between farmers and consumers in group discussions based on qualitative data analysis. A special focus beside the way of communication is on the aspects of animal welfare and livestock reduction. Results show insights into perspectives for communication strategies for different stakeholders. For perspectives on future animal husbandry systems it can be seen that there are three differing groups that will have to be addressed differently in upcoming political communication strategies., International Journal on Food System Dynamics, Vol 14, No 2 (2023)

Locally manufactured, healthy and affordable child foods based on traditional recipes have the potential to improve the high child malnutrition rates in African drylands. Professional, informative packaging is needed by women groups manufacturing such foods to access the formal market. With the aim of identifying suitable packaging designs, a conjoint experiment was combined with eye tracking. 16 packaging designs were created (D-efficient design), randomly displayed and their attractiveness rated by 98 participants. Overall, the results indicate that child food packaging designs displaying food safety marks and detailed nutritional information could help Kenyan consumers to build trust in the offered product. Consumers gain information from pictures displaying the product’s ingredients as well as a logo composed using the colours of the Kenyan flag. The picture of a cute cartoon animal helps consumers identify the product as child food, Proceedings in Food System Dynamics, PROCEEDINGS IN SYSTEM DYNAMICS AND INNOVATION IN FOOD NETWORKS 2022

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The experiment will use eye tracking to determine the impact of social media posts on gaze behaviour, acceptance of livestock farming and willingness to participate online.

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Zusammenfassung Besonderheiten des Klimaschutzes im Agrar- und Ernährungssystem – was müssen wir neu denken? Das globale Agrar- und Ernährungssystem ist weltweit für ein Drittel aller Treibhausgasemissionen verantwortlich und deutliche Klimaschutzmaßnahmen im Agrar- und Ernährungssektor sind essenziell, um die Klimaziele zu erreichen. Zu der Frage, wie verschiedene Klimawirkungen zu bewerten sind und welche Maßnahmen zum Klimaschutz verfolgt werden sollten, gibt umfangreiche Debatten, zu denen auch die Neubewertung von biogenen Methanemissionen aus der Tierhaltung (GWP*) zählt. Bei näherer Betrachtung wird jedoch deutlich, dass auch bei einer Betrachtung nach GWP* eine Reduktion von Methanemissionen ein notwendiger und insbesondere ein schnell wirksamer Beitrag zum Klimaschutz darstellt. Eine grundsätzliche Richtungsänderung der bisher vorgeschlagenen Maßnahmen zur Methanemissionsreduktion in der Landwirtschaft scheint daher nicht sinnvoll. Neben dieser Debatte wurden zwei Konzepte zur Bewertung der Klimawirkung des Agrar- und Ernährsungssystems vorgeschlagen und diskutiert, die jedoch deutliche Einschränkungen aufweisen: zum einen die vereinfachende Betrachtung von Treibhausgasen als nationale externe Kosten, die Verlagerungseffekte ignoriert. Zum anderen die Berücksichtigung kurzfristiger CO2-Bindung in Erntegütern, die nicht in Einklang mit geltenden Bilanzierungssystemen zu bringen ist. Im Gegensatz zu diesen Konzepten ist die Einbeziehung von Kohlenstoff-Opportunitätskosten ein neuer Ansatz, der mehrfach in begutachteten Publikationen in unterschiedlichsten Fragestellungen angewendet wurde und zu dem bisher keine grundsätzlichen Einschränkungen identifiziert wurden. Diesem Ansatz liegt zugrunde, dass bei der Klimabewertung in der Landwirtschaft die Besonderheit vorliegt, dass bei Beendigung der Aktivität die Emissionen nicht nur auf null zurück gehen, sondern eine positive Klimawirkung durch die Kohlenstoff-Speicherleistung der natürlichen Vegetation entsteht. Die Kohlenstoff-Opportunitätskosten quantifizieren diese entgangene Kohlenstoff-Speicherleistung in Tonnen CO2 pro Tonne Agrarprodukt. Daraus ergeben sich folgende Grundsätze, die in der Diskussion über die Klimawirkung der Landwirtschaft stärker Einzug halten sollten: (1) Einbeziehung von Kohlenstoff-Opportunitätskosten: nur hierdurch kann eine aus Klimagesichtspunkten effiziente Nutzung der global knappen Fläche erreicht werden. (2) Getrennte Effizienzbetrachtung von Angebots- und Nachfrageseite zur Identifikation von optimierten Handlungsoptionen mit nachfolgender Marktmodellierung, um Marktreaktionen bezüglich Angebots- und Nachfrageseite zu berücksichtigen. (3) Fokus auf die Gesamtbetrachtung von Landschaften, um komplexere Umweltwirkungen umfassend einzubeziehen, insbesondere die Herausforderung des Artensterbens. Folgende Handlungsempfehlungen können abgeleitet werden: (1) Die Umnutzung von natürlicher Vegetation in landwirtschaftlich genutzte Flächen sollte so schnell wie möglich weltweit beendet werden. (2) Auf der Angebotsseite sollten Produktionsemissionen pro Produkteinheit reduziert werden – in der Landwirtschaft insbesondere Methan und Lachgas. Auf der Nachfrageseite ist eine stärker pflanzenbasierte Ernährungsweise notwendig, um ernährungsbezogene Produktionsemissionen und den Flächenbedarf zu senken. (3) Flächen, die in natürlichem Zustand größere Klimavorteile liefern als bei landwirtschaftlicher Nutzung, sollten renaturiert werden. (4) Mehr Lebensmittel auf der vorhandenen landwirtschaftlichen Nutzfläche zu erzeugen bietet Klimaschutzvorteile, die genutzt werden sollten., Berichte über Landwirtschaft - Zeitschrift für Agrarpolitik und Landwirtschaft, Aktuelle Beiträge

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