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We present a novel brand valuation method based on conversion ratios. The proposed approach uses brand-related parameters, which are usually accessible, however, the established brand valuation methods have not yet used them. These key parameters include the ability to acquire new customers and retain current customers. We argue that such parameters can be reflected through the cost of reaching new customers and retaining current customers. The method proposed relies on observable inputs, hence, it specifically addresses the limitation of the brand valuation methods defined so far. The method is based on the cost savings reached by the investors who acquire the brand. It can be applied in situations in which brand users reach average to below average results not admitting the application of incomebased approaches. Furthermore, the method is a suitable analytical tool supporting financial executives, analysts, and consultants while identifying contributions made by the brand. We test the concept on a model company within a case study. The method can be also a contribution in terms of the calibration and refinement of the existing approaches and will support both researchers and practitioners to improve the understanding between the already accepted brand valuation methods and novel perspectives on the issue.

A structural model for the verification of the causal relationship between sustainability and economic value added is presented in this paper. The study has shown that there is no definite and unique relationship between corporate sustainability and economic value. Based on the results of the structural modelling, sustainable value model ESGVA is methodologically improved. The model expresses all four dimensions of corporate sustainability: environmental, social, corporate governance and economic. The case study demonstrates how different the results are if a purely economic concept of company value is used compared to value that takes into account environmental, social and corporate governance factors. The model is applicable to comparative analysis of socially responsible investments. Sustainable value provides extra information on corporate performance and can be used for decision-making of individual investors.

Research background: Among academicians, a growing interest in brand valuation methods can be observed since the 1980s, when it became obvious that firms have off-balance sheet assets which have a significant effect on their value. Moreover, in a number of cases. the need to value the brand arises due to the repotting requirements or transactional and other intrafirm reasons. The existing methods used so far have commonly focused on changes in variables such as sale prices, changes in customer behaviour, or sales volumes and very often lead to different results, even when valuing the same brand. We believe that the risk factor has been neglected in these methods. although having a significant impact on the brand valuation. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to formulate an alternative brand valuation approach based on the risk difference. This is defined as the difference between the risk to which a producer with a certain brand is exposed and the risk of the producer without a brand. Methods: Firstly, a set of assumptions was defined concerning the issue what conditions are required to be applied to use the proposed methodological approach. Next, the concept itself is formulated and tested while using the case study approach. Hence, in conditions of a model company, the method was verified with specific data. The results were also compared with the reproduction cost approach. Findings & value added: This paper presents a novel brand valuation method based on the risk difference. Building on a thought experiment, we compare an incumbent with a brand rather than with an average producer, which is a commonly used approach, with a new entrant to the market. We argue that in comparison to existing methods, our methodological approach reduces the number of unobservable inputs in the brand valuation process, and thus increases the accuracy and reliability of its results. Our method supports both researchers and practitioners to establish a better understandi

Sustainable investing is an investment approach in line with the values of sustainable development and compliance with environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) criteria. The aim of the article is to propose a sustainable investing model (SIM) to support the decision-making of responsible individual investors. The proposed model aggregates economic indicators of investment decision-making, positive and negative ESG criteria, the market value of the stock, a systematic and unsystematic risk (expressed by the capital asset pricing model (CAPM)), thus widening the investment triangle by another peak—and that is sustainability. The research methodology is based on four key areas (environmental, social, corporate governance, and economic) associated with sustainable investments, stock market value, and risk. The research methodology of structural equation models is applied for the construction of the SIM. Mathematical equations are used to apply the SIM, which expresses values, the so-called factor scores. For the classification of sustainable investments, a classification scale is created that divides investments into three groups: above-average, average, and below-average. The SIM comprehensively evaluates individual ESG criteria and economic areas of sustainable investments, thus assisting the investor in deciding on sustainable investments of Czech joint-stock companies in the manufacturing industry, including benchmarking with other sustainable investments.

In this paper, we intend to contribute evidence in regard to going public financial impact and thus motivation on a sample of mature companies that launched an IPO at the Warsaw Stock Exchange between 2005 and 2015. First, we review recent literature focusing on financial and non-financial consequences of an IPO. Next, we use fuzzy sets and fuzzy reasoning to define a “mature” company and assess financial consequences of going public. Our main conclusion is that the majority of Polish mature companies use an IPO as a channel how to raise capital and accelerate their investments and growth. This contradicts many previous empirical studies highlighting that the main motivation of mature companies to go public is to use the capital raised within an IPO to rebalance their capital structure.

Objective: In this article, we intend to contribute evidence in regard to going public motivation on a sample of companies that launched an IPO at the Prague Stock Exchange between 2004 and 2017. Research Design & Methods: In order to evaluate the prevailing motives for the IPO launch, we design and apply a set of composite indicators the values of which may be understood as an indication of the extent to which IPO launch motives originate in the zone of the issuing company's needs or in the zone of interest of its owner (owners). Findings: Our main conclusion is that the dominant going public motivation is to allow current shareholders to cash out and to enhance the company's publicity and image. Implications & Recommendations: Since the study disclosed that the prevailing motive of primary issues at the Prague Stock Exchange was the exit of investors and enhancing publicity and image we suggest that companies launching the Prague Stock Exchange in recent years were predominantly determined by non-financial aspects. Thus, the research findings represent substantial implications for issuers, investment bankers, the stock exchange, and macroeconomic policy makers when the concept of incentive schemes how to increase the attractiveness of the local capital market will be proposed. Contribution & Value Added: Our set of composite indicators allows to assess not only the predominant IPO motive zone, but also measure the intensity of the motives. This helps to understand better the urgency of the needs of the issuing companies satisfied by the IPO implementation.

The objective of this study is to develop a qualitative model supporting chief financial officers (CFOs) while considering the timing of initial public offerings (IPOs) under conditions of underdeveloped capital markets, where decision making is often made under information shortage. A lack of adequate statistical data in connection with turbulently changing environment suggests that additional research is needed to develop new IPO timing models based not only on statistical analyses. We used a qualitative research approach based on trends, which are increasing, constant or decreasing. Firstly, we identified key variables influencing IPO timing, which have sufficient support in the relevant IPO academic literature, e.g. GDP growth rates, level of compliance, stock market returns, etc. Next, a qualitative model working with 9 variables was developed. The result is represented by 19 scenarios and their qualitative solutions. The transitional graph represents all possible transitions among the 19 scenarios. The main message of the findings presented is what scenarios can occur and what actions might be implemented by CFOs in order to increase the chances of IPO success. We believe that our findings provide valuable implications for local issuers, investment bankers, stock exchanges and macroeconomic policy makers.

The article focuses on the problem of interdependences among Central European capital markets. The main aim of this research is to identify long-term interdependences among Austrian, Czech, Hungarian and Polish capital markets and the market of Germany. Additionally, the impact of short-term shocks on these markets is under evaluation. In the first step of the research the interdependencies among the capital markets in the years 1997-2015 were verified. For this purpose the DCC-GARCH model with the conditional t-distribution was used. In the second step, an analysis of cointegration for the interdependencies among the markets was carried out. The authors proposed to include conditional variances of the analysed markets as additional explanatory variables in the cointegration analysis. As the conditional variance most often reflects the impact of short-term shocks, the proposed approach allowed to take into account short-term market shocks in the cointegration analysis. The results enabled to identify long-term path for the course of the interdependences among markets of Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland. The mentioned Central European capital markets make a group of markets characterized with similar long-term path, which are focused around the dominant market of Germany.

Increasing globalization contributes to the growing role primary capital markets play for raising external equity capital. This phenomenon is becoming more significant in both developed and emerging countries and influences the effectiveness of national economy. We survey 45 chief financial officers (CFOs) from not public and not financial companies operating in the Czech Republic and Poland to document the internal determinants of going public. We use statistical analyses and comparison with recent academic literature and empirical evidence to interpret the survey-gained data. First, the most important IPO motivations are enhanced publicity and reputation of the company and establishment of the firm´s market value. These benefits are expressed by CFOs across all firms and in both countries. A considerably larger number of CFOs is motivated by raising external equity capital. Surveyed companies tend to conduct an IPO in the expansion stage of their life cycle. Next, the significance of other going public determinants differs between Czech and Polish respondents and across companies varying in size and age. Third, our findings indicate that theories on IPO formulated for well-developed capital markets can explain going public determinants in smaller emerging markets. We suggest that our evidence can be a source of knowledge for enterprises while formulating new financial strategies. Furthermore, we also expect that survey results will be beneficial for investment bankers, stock exchanges and macroeconomic policy makers while discussing and designing incentives to attract more enterprises onto the primary capital markets under the specific conditions of the Czech Republic and Poland.

This article describes the impact of R&D investment to on the economic stability in the Czech electronics industry in the period 2007–2014. Increasing the competitiveness of companies is conditional on the systematic investments, development and stability of companies. Searching for competitive advantage through innovation may be one of the ways of how to obtaining a sTab. market position in the industry. The aim of this article was is to determine whether there are relations between changes of economic indicators and the reporting process of research activities for innovative companies in the electronics industry. The research was conducted among 103 companies based in the Czech Republic, which invested in R&D in 2007 – 2013. The comparison was made between companies which invested in the 2007 – 2013 in the annual or occasional R&D. Two subgroups were established and companies in each subgroup were monitored companies according to their size. Spearman’s rank correlation was used to assess if relationships among R&D Expenditure and Operating Revenue were preserved across periods. Two hypotheses were formulated and verified on the basis of statistical data processing of innovative companies. The results showed that innovative companies had the ability to better capitalize on their asset base, and they are better able to cover their needs from their own resources better than other companies of in the electronics industry. Their ability to provide a return on equity varies by according to company size. Innovative companies showed an ability to reach a positive outcome from operating activities. The coefficient of self-financing for SMEs is for SMEs constantly above the industry mean and increases with the length of period of time. This trend was not confirmed for micro-companies and large companies this trend was not confirmed.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate IPO developments across five CEE countries between 2003 and 2012. The purpose of this paper is to investigate IPO developments across five CEE countries between 2003 and 2012. Using a wider range of methods and different data sets we intend to complement the previous research. Applying descriptive statistics, relevant local developments are analysed first before being compared with leading European markets (London Stock Exchange and Deutsche Börse). We also investigated the assumption that a growing market has an explanatory power for the accelerating IPO activity. For this purpose we performed a Spearman correlation analysis. The data were evaluated at the significance level of = 5 %. All CEE capital markets recorded strong dynamism over the observed period. All fundamental capital market parameters increase the attractiveness of individual capital markets, although their values lag behind developed European capital countries. The unambiguous leader in the region is Poland with a flourishing IPO market. Our assumption that a growing market has a positive impact on IPO activities could not be supported by empirical evidence., Cílem článku je zhodnotit vývoj primárních emisí akcií v pěti zemích střední a východní Evropy za období let 2003 až 2012.

The main objective of this study is to indicate the influence of local macroeconomic and capital market factors on the values of IPOs in Poland over the period of 2003 to 2012. Our sample includes 330 local enterprises that conducted an IPO on the Main Market of the Warsaw Stock Exchange after Polish EU accession. The models for which estimation results are presented in this paper reveal that the individual country regression analysis working with untransformed IPO values (Model 1) did not generate significant parameter estimates. On the other hand, a logarithmic transformation of IPO values leads to persistently significant estimates for our regressions. Based on the Model (2) the empirical evidence supported the hypothesis that Polish ten-year government bond yields (indicating the price of competing financing funds) have explanatory power for IPO values. However, our assumption that also other macroeconomic- and capital market indicators have explanatory power for IPO values in the Polish capital market could not be supported by empirical evidence.

IPO (Initial Public Offering) is a complex decision making task which is always associated with different types of uncertainty. Poor accuracies of available probabilities of lotteries e.g. quantification of investor interest is studied in the first part of this paper (Meluzín, Doubravský, Dohnal, 2012). However, IPO is often prohibitively ill-known. This paper takes into consideration the fact that decision makers cannot specify the structure/topology of the relevant decision tree. It means that one IPO task is specified by several (partially) different decision trees which comes from different sources e.g. from different teams of decision makers/experts. A flexible integration of those trees is based on fuzzy logic using the reconciliation (Meluzín, Doubravský, Dohnal, 2012). The developed algorithm is demonstrated by a case study which is presented in details. The IPO case integrates two partially different decision trees., IPO (Initial Public Offering) je složitá rozhodovací úloha, která je vždy spojena s různými druhy nejistoty. Nedostatečná přesnost dostupných pravděpodobností loterií, např. kvantifikace zájmu investorů, je studována v první části této práce (Meluzín, Doubravský, Dohnal, 2012). Nicméně, problematika IPO je obecně málo známa. Tento článek bere v úvahu skutečnost, že osoby s rozhodovací pravomocí mohou stanovit strukturu / topologii příslušného rozhodovacího stromu. To znamená, že jeden úkol IPO je dán několika (částečně) různé rozhodovací stromy, které pochází z různých zdrojů, např z různých týmů s rozhodovací pravomocí / odborníků. Flexibilní integrace těchto stromů je založen na fuzzy logice pomocí smíření (Meluzín, Doubravský, Dohnal, 2012). Vyvinutý algoritmus je ukázán na případové studii, která je detailně prezentována. IPO studie integruje dva částečně rozdílné rozhodovací stromy.