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Orkide yumruları (tuber) tarımsal üretimde gün geçtikçe değerlenmekte olup, ayrıca tıbbi drog önemine sahiptir. Ekonomik değerde olan bu yumrularla ilgili ontogenik bir araştırma bulunmamıştır. Bu nedenle; çalışmada orkide yumru ontogenisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Materyal olarak Himantoglossum robertianum stolonlarından Historesin kiti ile gömme preperatlardan mikrotom kesitleri alınmış ve Toluidin Blue ile boyanmıştır. Sonuçlara göre; yumrunun alt tarafında statosit hücreleri ve kaliptranın olduğu ve yeni gelişecek olan yumrunun tüm yüzeyinin meristematik hücrelerle çevrili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yumrunun alt tarafındaki mersitemlerden ileride meristele, müsilaj ve nişasta hücreleri farklılaşırken, yumrunun yanal meristemlerinden ise sadece müsilaj ve nişastalı hücreler gelişmektedir. Yumrunun alttan yukarıya doğru hücrelerinde farklılaşma ile birlikte büyüdüğü ve aralarında meristeleler ile topaç şeklinde bir yapıya dönüştüğü tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca floemden sakkaroz yüklemesi ile birlikte bu dönemde organın, depo organı haline geçişinde hızlanma olmuştur. Olgun yumruda dışarıdan itibaren birkaç sıralı ezik velamen, bir sıra ekzodermis, geniş bir depo parankiması (müsilaj hücreleri ve aralarında nişastalı hücreler) ve yer yer meristele görülmüştür.

Bitkiler, doğal antioksidan bileşiklerin başlıca kaynağını oluşturmaktadır. Fenolik bileşikler doğal antioksidanların en önemli gruplarını oluştururlar. Yapılan çalışmalarda, fenolik bileşiklerin; antialerjik, antienflamatuar, antidiyabetik, antimikrobiyal, antipatojenik, antiviral ve antitrombotik özellikleri ve kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, kanser, osteoporoz, diyabetes mellitus ve nörodejeneratif hastalıklarda koruyucu etkileri gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Orchidaceae familyasından Ophrys mammosa subsp. mammosa türünden çiçeklenme aşamasında yumrular alınmış, bu yumrulardan LC-MS/MS ile fenolik bileşik analizi yapılmıştır. Analizi yapılan fenolik bileşikler gallik asit, protokateknik asit, 2,5-dihidroksibenzoik asit, kafeik asit, şırınga asidi (siringik), salisilik asit, klorojenik asit, kateşin, epikateşin, gibbarelik asit, 2-hidroksitranssinnamik asit, p-kumarik asit, verbascoside, rutin, sinapik asit, naringin, trans ferrulik asit, etil galat, indol-3-asetik asit, florizin, oleuropein, mirisetin, resveratrol, propil galat, kuersetin, absisik asit, lütolein, kaempferol, jasmonik asit, isorhamnetin, apigenin ve ellagik asittir. Yapılan analiz sonucunda Ophrys mammosa subsp. mammosa yumrularında gallik asit, protokateknik asit, 2,5-dihidroksibenzoik asit, klorojenik asit, p-kumarik asit, rutin, trans ferrulik asit, propil galat, kuersetin, lüteolein, kaempferol ve ısorhamnetin tespit edilmiştir

As a result of the detailed literature reviews, it has been determined that there are a limited number of studies on the stolon anatomy of orchids. In this study, Ophrys mammosa subsp. mammosa taxon by examining the stolon anatomy of the, it is aimed to contribute to the explanation of the tuber ontogeny of the genus. As material, microtome sections were taken from the embedding preparations with historesin kit in Ophrys mammosa subsp. mammosa stolons and stained with toluidin blue. From anatomical sections; It was determined that the vascular bundles in the middle part of the stolon are spaced and meristele distributed asymmetrically and the presence of statocyte cells in the lower part, the presence of a velamen in the outermost and several rows of exodermis under it, and an inner parenchymatic wide cortex. As a result; It has been emphasized that the anatomy of the orchid stolon is partially similar to the tuber that will develop in the future, and the importance of the findings in terms of tuber biology is discussed., Yapılan detaylı literatür incelemeleri neticesinde orkidelerin stolon anatomisine yönelik sınırlı sayıda çalışmanın bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışma ile Türkiye’de yayılış gösteren Ophrys mammosa subsp. mammosa taksonunun stolon anatomisi incelenerek cinsin yumru ontogenisinin açıklanmasına katkı sağlanması amaçlanmıştır. Materyal olarak O. mammosa subsp. mammosa stolonlarında historesin kiti ile gömme preperatlardan mikrotom kesitleri alınmış ve toluidin blue ile boyanmıştır. Anatomik kesitlerden; stolonun orta kısmının boşluklu ve meristele düzeni iletim demetlerinin asimetrik olarak dağıldığı ve alt tarafında statosit hücrelerinin varlığı, en dışta bir sıra velamen ve altında birkaç sıralı ekzodermisin varlığı, içte parankimatik bir geniş korteksin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak; orkide stolon anatomisinin, ileride gelişecek olan yumruya kısmen benzediği vurgulanmış ve bulguların yumru biyolojisi açısından önemi tartışılmıştır.

In this study, the physio pathological effects of Aspergillus alliaceus (Aa, fungi, biocontrol agent) on Orobanche (parasitic plant) were investigated by hormone and phenolic substance tests. In experimental group, Orobanches were treated with the fungi, considering control group was fungus-free. Based on the hormonal tests, in the experimental group, salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) levels significantly decreased, and only indole acetic acid (IAA) hormone levels were fairly higher than the control group. According to phenolic substance tests, it was found that only gallic acid, syringic acid and caffeic acid values significantly increased compared with control, and catechin and p-coumaric acid values were significantly lower. Consequently, it was determined that Aa pathogenesis (1) considerably reduces the effects of all defence hormones (JA, ABA, SA), (2) operates an inadequate defence based solely on the IAA hormone and several phenolic substances (gallic acid, syringic acid and caffeic acid), (3) and inevitably the fungi lead the Orobanche to a slow and continuous death. The results were evaluated in detail in the light of similar recent article and current literature in terms of biocontrol and pathology.

The aim of this study is to determine in detail the genotoxic effects of Olive Oil Wastewater (OOWW) on sunflower. For this reason, different concentrations of OOWW (1/1,1/10,1/100) were applied as irrigation water to sunflowers at different times (3-day, 5-day, 10-day). In the plants taken during these times, RAPD-based genomic template stability (GTS) assays and gene expression (transcriptomic) levels of different free radical scavenging enzyme genes (SOD, CAT, SOD2, GST, GPX, APX), protein repair/chaperoning genes (HSP26, HSP70, HSP83), N metabolism gene (GS) and apoptotic genes (BAX, BCL2, BCLXL, CYT-C, XIAP) were compared to the those of the control (OOWW-free) group. As a result; The GTS rates seemed to be fairly lower than the control and therefore the OOWW was likely to cause significant damage to the DNA's nucleotide and genomic structure, and the GTS value increased inversely proportional when the OOWW concentration was reduced from 1/1 to 1/10, and after a 10-day application, it seemed to be partly healing. In transcriptomic analysis; all OOWW experiments caused a free radical threat, and especially in 5-day OOWW applications, this raised significantly almost all expressions of antioxidants, protein repair, N metabolism, and apoptotic genes. So, the damages of 5-day OOWW treatments were found to be relatively more than those of 3-day treatments. Regarding 10-day transcriptomic data; a partial repair was found. Additionally, it was determined that the values of B, F, Al, Mn, Ni, Cr, As, Se, Cd, Pb and total polyphenols were high in OOWW. Our findings were also supported by plant images and various heavy metals' and OOWW polyphenols' toxicity results. Our results pointed to key findings in OOWW genotoxicology.

The aim of this study was to investigate the pathogenicity of Aspergillus alliaceus (Aa), a fungal biocontrol agent, on Orobanche by transcriptomic tests. For this reason, the expression of several genes was analysed comparatively in the experimental (fungi applied) and control (fungi-free) groups. After fungal infection, the expression of antioxidant enzyme genes SOD (Mn-superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase), and SOD2 (Zn-superoxide dismutase) and the genes GS (Glutamine synthetase), HSP70 (heat-shock protein), and apoptosis [BCL2, BAX, caspase3 (CASP3)], which are related to protein metabolism, were investigated in the both groups. In gene expression studies, gene expression of SOD was almost 2.5 times higher in the experimental group than in the control group (fungus-free, intact), while the expression levels of other antioxidant genes (CAT and SOD2) were significantly reduced. While GS, which is the N and protein metabolism balancer, was found to be relatively low as compared to the control group, however, the level of HSP70 (protein folding, chaperoning) was quite higher than the control. Gene expressions of all apoptotic genes, BAX (=apoptosis suppressive gene), CASP3 and BCL (=apoptosis inducer genes), were significantly lower than control group. All the results found for the control group were determined to be statistically significant. It was concluded that during Aa pathogenesis, (1) the increased SOD value was associated with ROS (reactive oxygen species) threats, (2) the fungi disturbed protein synthesis metabolism, and finally, (3) the inhibited antioxidant and apoptosis-based pathways compared to the control group. These conclusions were discussed in the light of slow but constantly lethal effects of Aa comparatively to other pathogenic fungus, Fusarium.

The physiological effects of Fusarium oxysporum on in-root parasitic weed, Orobanche spp. (broomrape) with references to change in plant hormones and secondary plant constituents were investigated. The levels of IAA, GA, ABA and JA in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group, while the level of SA was higher in the experimental group. In secondary metabolic studies, the quantities of various phenols were measured in the two groups and catechin, syringic acid and p-coumaric acid amounts were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group, unlike gallic acid which have a lower amount. Consequently, in the light of all data, it was concluded that Fusarium oxysporum (1) causes heavy hormonal disorder, (2) triggered only SA-mediated defense and (3) induced intensively accumulation of phenolic substances in orobanche. Fusarium oxysporum causes lethal physiological damage on Orobanche spp.

The pathogenic fungus Aspergillus alliaceus has been shown to have potential for the biocontrol of Orobanche spp. (broomrape), a root parasitic plant. The effectiveness of A. alliaceus in reducing Orobanche infection was analysed using pesta granules prepared with different food formulations. The results showed that pesta granules comprising of fungal mycelia/spore mixtures from liquid and solid culture, sclerotia and fungal mycelia reduced Orobanche infection to a greater extent in below ground conditions when applied early and at high doses before crop sowing. In addition, pesta granules eliminated the risk of broomrape contamination within a 0.2–0.3 cm diameter of the granules. The sclerotial pathogenicity of A. alliaceus was compared with those of other fungi reported in other studies. In addition, some morphological and histological studies on the fungal pathogenicity on broomrape plants after infection are presented. The present study reveals the potential of sclerotial A. alliaceus pesta granule ap...

This study aims to evaluate the toxic effects of Fusarium oxysporum on root parasitic weed, Orobanche spp. Comparative genetic and gene expression studies were conducted on uninfected and fungus-infected orobanches. In genetic studies, isolated total DNA was amplified by RAPD PCR. Fragment properties were analysed by GTS test. According to the results, the fragment properties of control and Fusarium infected (experimental) groups varied widely; and it has been observed that Fusarium has genotoxic effects on the DNA of orobanches. In gene expression studies, the expression levels of genes encoding enzymes or proteins were associated with ROS damage and toxic effects, therefore, gene expressions of Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), Zn-superoxide dismutase (=SOD2, mitochondrial), glutamine synthetase (GS), heat shock protein gene (HSP70), BAX, Caspase-3 and BCL2 were significantly higher in the experimental group. In the light of obtained data, it was concluded that F. oxysporum (1) caused heavy ROS damage in Orobanche (2) induced significant irrevocable genotoxic effects on the DNA of Orobanche, (3) degraded protein metabolism and synthesis, and finally (4) triggered apoptosis. The results of this study can be a ground for further research on reducing the toxic effects of Fusarium on agricultural products, so that advancements in bio-herbicide technology may provide a sustainable agricultural production.

A new Onobrychis taxon was collected from regions of Turkey that reside in Europe and is described as Onobrychis mehmetchiquii Aybeke & Dane sp. nova belonging to sect. Onobrychis. Additionally, a description of the species along with illustrations and key features are given in contrast to O. alba and O. degenii which are the most similar to the new taxon.