136 results on '"McBride N"'
Search Results
2. Definition matters: assessment of tolerance to the effects of alcohol in a prospective cohort study of emerging adults
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O'Dean, SM, Mewton, L, Chung, T, Clay, P, Clare, PJ, Bruno, R, Yuen, WS, McBride, N, Swift, W, Isik, A, Upton, E, Tibbetts, J, Johnson, P, Kypri, K, Slade, T, O'Dean, SM, Mewton, L, Chung, T, Clay, P, Clare, PJ, Bruno, R, Yuen, WS, McBride, N, Swift, W, Isik, A, Upton, E, Tibbetts, J, Johnson, P, Kypri, K, and Slade, T
- Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Tolerance to the effects of alcohol is an important element in the diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD); however, there is ongoing debate about its utility in the diagnosis AUD in adolescents and young adults. This study aimed to refine the assessment of tolerance in young adults by testing different definitions of tolerance and their associations with longitudinal AUD outcomes. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTINGS: Australia. PARTICIPANTS: A contemporary cohort of emerging adults across Australia (n = 565, mean age = 18.9, range = 18-21 at baseline). MEASUREMENTS: Clinician-administered Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Research Version (SCID-IV-RV) assessed for AUD criteria across five interviews, at 6-month intervals over 2.5 years. Tolerance definitions were operationalized using survey-type response (yes/no), clinician judgement (SCID-IV-RV), different initial drinking quantity and percentage increase thresholds and average heavy consumption metrics. AUD persistence was operationalized by the number of times AUD was present across the 2.5-year study period (n = 491), and new-onset AUD was operationalized as any new incidence of AUD during the follow-up period (n = 461). FINDINGS: The (i) SCID-IV-RV clinician judgement [odds ratio (OR) = 2.50, P = 0.005], (ii) an initial drinking quantity threshold of four to five drinks and 50% minimum increase (OR = 2.48, P = 0.007) and (iii) 50% increase only (OR = 2.40, P = 0.005) were the tolerance definitions more strongly associated with any new onset of AUD throughout the four follow-up time-points than other definitions. However, these definitions were not associated with persistent AUD (Ps > 0.05). Average heavy consumption definitions of tolerance were most strongly associated with persistent AUD (OR = 6.66, P = 0.001; OR = 4.65, P = 0.004) but not associated with new-onset AUD (Ps > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Initial drink and percentage change thresholds appear to improve the efficacy
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- 2022
3. Parental supply of alcohol and alcohol consumption in adolescence: prospective cohort study
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Mattick, R. P., Wadolowski, M., Aiken, A., Clare, P. J., Hutchinson, D., Najman, J., Slade, T., Bruno, R., McBride, N., Degenhardt, L., and Kypri, K.
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- 2017
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4. Maternal psycho-social risk factors associated with maternal alcohol consumption and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: A systematic review
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Ward, N., Correia, H., McBride, N., Ward, N., Correia, H., and McBride, N.
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Purpose Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a preventable range of neurocognitive disorders associated with the biological mother’s consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. However, on average, 45% of Australian women continue to consume alcohol during pregnancy resulting in a high rate of alcohol-exposed pregnancies and risk of FASD. This level of exposure is higher than the estimated global average of alcohol-exposed pregnancies (9.8%). This systematic literature review aims to identify demographic, health and psycho-social variables associated with alcohol consumption during pregnancy which may lead to FASD. Methods Using PRISMA principles, this systematic literature review reports on psycho-social factors which increase the risk of alcohol consumption during pregnancy thereby increasing the risk of FASD. Results Fourteen studies were accepted into this review. Studies were conducted across several countries and included a total of 386,067 cases. Seven studies were case-controlled and seven were cross-sectional design. Multiple studies identified the significance of prior mental illness, anxiety, depression, exposure to abuse and/or domestic violence and alcohol consumption behaviours of partners and family members as strong predictors of risky alcohol consumption during pregnancy and therefore associated risk of FASD. Conclusion Clinical services may be able to use the evidence-based findings from this review to improve assessment and treatment services for vulnerable women to reduce alcohol-exposed pregnancies.
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- 2021
5. Alcohol use among young Australian adults in May–June 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic: a prospective cohort study
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Clare, PJ, Aiken, A, Yuen, WS, Upton, E, Kypri, K, Degenhardt, L, Bruno, R, McCambridge, J, McBride, N, Hutchinson, Delyse, Slade, T, Mattick, R, Peacock, A, Clare, PJ, Aiken, A, Yuen, WS, Upton, E, Kypri, K, Degenhardt, L, Bruno, R, McCambridge, J, McBride, N, Hutchinson, Delyse, Slade, T, Mattick, R, and Peacock, A
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- 2021
6. Trajectories of alcohol-induced blackouts in adolescence: early risk factors and alcohol use disorder outcomes in early adulthood
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Yuen, WS, Chan, G, Bruno, R, Clare, PJ, Aiken, A, Mattick, R, Farrell, M, Kypri, K, Slade, T, Hutchinson, Delyse, McBride, N, McCambridge, J, Boland, V, Peacock, A, Yuen, WS, Chan, G, Bruno, R, Clare, PJ, Aiken, A, Mattick, R, Farrell, M, Kypri, K, Slade, T, Hutchinson, Delyse, McBride, N, McCambridge, J, Boland, V, and Peacock, A
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- 2021
7. Changes in mental health and help-seeking among young Australian adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: A prospective cohort study
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Upton, E, Clare, PJ, Aiken, A, Boland, VC, De Torres, C, Bruno, R, Hutchinson, Delyse, Kypri, K, Mattick, R, McBride, N, Peacock, A, Upton, E, Clare, PJ, Aiken, A, Boland, VC, De Torres, C, Bruno, R, Hutchinson, Delyse, Kypri, K, Mattick, R, McBride, N, and Peacock, A
- Abstract
Background Young people may have elevated risk for poorer mental health during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, yet longitudinal studies documenting this impact are lacking. This study assessed changes in mental health and help-seeking since COVID-19 restrictions in young Australians, including gender differences. Methods Data were drawn from a recent subsample (n = 443; 60% female; Mage = 22.0) of a prospective cohort originally recruited in secondary school to complete annual surveys. The subsample completed an additional COVID-19 survey during COVID-19 restrictions (May–June 2020), which was compared to responses from their latest annual survey (August 2019–March 2020). Mixed effect models with time and gender as the primary predictors were conducted for: (i) scores on the Patient Health Questionnaire Depression 9-item (PHQ-9) and Generalised Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) modules assessed before and during COVID-19 restrictions, and (ii) self-reported help-seeking from a health professional in February 2020, and the month preceding May–June 2020. Results Mean symptom scores increased from before to during COVID-19 restrictions on the PHQ-9 (coefficient: 1.29; 95% CI 0.72–1.86) and GAD-7 (0.78; 95% CI 0.26–1.31), but there was no increase in help-seeking over time (odds ratio 0.50; 95% CI 0.19–1.32). There was no evidence of differential changes by gender. Conclusions This study found increases in depression and anxiety symptoms but not greater help-seeking among young Australian adults during the first wave of the pandemic. Increasing availability and awareness of accessible treatment options and psychoeducation is critical, as well as further research into risk and protective factors to help target treatment to this vulnerable age group.
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- 2021
8. The experience of physiological and psychosocial alcohol-related harms across adolescence and its association with alcohol use disorder in early adulthood: A prospective cohort study
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Yuen, WS, Bruno, R, Chan, GCK, McCambridge, J, Slade, T, Clare, PJ, Aiken, A, Kypri, K, Hutchinson, D, McBride, N, Boland, V, Upton, E, Farrell, M, Mattick, RP, Peacock, A, Yuen, WS, Bruno, R, Chan, GCK, McCambridge, J, Slade, T, Clare, PJ, Aiken, A, Kypri, K, Hutchinson, D, McBride, N, Boland, V, Upton, E, Farrell, M, Mattick, RP, and Peacock, A
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BACKGROUND: Different forms of alcohol-related harm (e.g., hangovers, fighting) may confer differential risk of clinically relevant alcohol problems. We examine: (i) patterns of transition in experiencing alcohol-related harms across adolescence; (ii) whether factors in early adolescence predict transition patterns; and (iii) whether transition patterns predict later alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptoms. METHODS: We used a longitudinal Australian cohort (n = 1828) to model latent class transition patterns of alcohol-related harms across three timepoints (Mage = 13.9, 16.8, 18.8 years). Regression models assessed whether child, peer, and parent factors in early adolescence (Mage = 12.9) predicted harms transition patterns and whether these patterns predicted AUD symptoms in early adulthood (Mage = 19.8). RESULTS: Five transition patterns characterized most of the cohort (n ≈ 1609, 88.0%): (i) minimal harms (n ≈ 381, 20.8%); (ii) late physiological harms (n ≈ 702, 38.4%); (iii) early physiological harms (n ≈ 226, 12.4%); (iv) late all harms (n ≈ 131, 7.2%); and (v) gradual all harms (n ≈ 169, 9.2%). With late physiological harms as the reference, females had increased risk of experiencing early physiological harms (relative risk [RR]: 2.15; 99.5% CI: 1.19, 3.90). Late all harms (RR: 1.71; CI: 1.19, 2.47) and gradual all harms (RR: 1.84; CI: 1.37, 2.47) were each associated with increased odds of meeting criteria for AUD, even when patterns of alcohol consumption are considered. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents display heterogeneous transition patterns across physiological and psychosocial alcohol-related harms. Females are at greater risk of experiencing early physiological harms. Experience of both physiological and psychosocial harms in late adolescence is an important and potentially modifiable precursor to clinically relevant alcohol problems in early adulthood.
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- 2021
9. Maternal anxiety during pregnancy and newborn epigenome-wide DNA methylation
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Sammallahti, S. (Sara), Cortes Hidalgo, A. P. (Andrea P.), Tuominen, S. (Samuli), Malmberg, A. (Anni), Mulder, R. H. (Rosa H.), Brunst, K. J. (Kelly J.), Alemany, S. (Silvia), McBride, N. S. (Nancy S.), Yousefi, P. (Paul), Heiss, J. A. (Jonathan A.), McRae, N. (Nia), Page, C. M. (Christian M.), Jin, J. (Jianping), Pesce, G. (Giancarlo), Caramaschi, D. (Doretta), Rifas-Shiman, S. L. (Sheryl L.), Koen, N. (Nastassja), Adams, C. D. (Charleen D.), Magnus, M. C. (Maria C.), Baiz, N. (Nour), Ratanatharathorn, A. (Andrew), Czamara, D. (Darina), Haberg, S. E. (Siri E.), Colicino, E. (Elena), Baccarelli, A. A. (Andrea A.), Cardenas, A. (Andres), DeMeo, D. L. (Dawn L.), Lawlor, D. A. (Deborah A.), Relton, C. L. (Caroline L.), Felix, J. F. (Janine F.), van IJzendoorn, M. H. (Marinus H.), Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (Marian J.), Kajantie, E. (Eero), Raikkonen, K. (Katri), Sunyer, J. (Jordi), Sharp, G. C. (Gemma C.), Houtepen, L. C. (Lotte C.), Nohr, E. A. (Ellen A.), Sorensen, T. I. (Thorkild I. A.), Tellez-Rojo, M. M. (Martha M.), Wright, R. O. (Robert O.), Annesi-Maesano, I. (Isabella), Wright, J. (John), Hivert, M.-F. (Marie-France), Wright, R. J. (Rosalind J.), Zar, H. J. (Heather J.), Stein, D. J. (Dan J.), London, S. J. (Stephanie J.), Cecil, C. A. (Charlotte A. M.), Tiemeier, H. (Henning), Lahti, J. (Jari), Sammallahti, S. (Sara), Cortes Hidalgo, A. P. (Andrea P.), Tuominen, S. (Samuli), Malmberg, A. (Anni), Mulder, R. H. (Rosa H.), Brunst, K. J. (Kelly J.), Alemany, S. (Silvia), McBride, N. S. (Nancy S.), Yousefi, P. (Paul), Heiss, J. A. (Jonathan A.), McRae, N. (Nia), Page, C. M. (Christian M.), Jin, J. (Jianping), Pesce, G. (Giancarlo), Caramaschi, D. (Doretta), Rifas-Shiman, S. L. (Sheryl L.), Koen, N. (Nastassja), Adams, C. D. (Charleen D.), Magnus, M. C. (Maria C.), Baiz, N. (Nour), Ratanatharathorn, A. (Andrew), Czamara, D. (Darina), Haberg, S. E. (Siri E.), Colicino, E. (Elena), Baccarelli, A. A. (Andrea A.), Cardenas, A. (Andres), DeMeo, D. L. (Dawn L.), Lawlor, D. A. (Deborah A.), Relton, C. L. (Caroline L.), Felix, J. F. (Janine F.), van IJzendoorn, M. H. (Marinus H.), Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (Marian J.), Kajantie, E. (Eero), Raikkonen, K. (Katri), Sunyer, J. (Jordi), Sharp, G. C. (Gemma C.), Houtepen, L. C. (Lotte C.), Nohr, E. A. (Ellen A.), Sorensen, T. I. (Thorkild I. A.), Tellez-Rojo, M. M. (Martha M.), Wright, R. O. (Robert O.), Annesi-Maesano, I. (Isabella), Wright, J. (John), Hivert, M.-F. (Marie-France), Wright, R. J. (Rosalind J.), Zar, H. J. (Heather J.), Stein, D. J. (Dan J.), London, S. J. (Stephanie J.), Cecil, C. A. (Charlotte A. M.), Tiemeier, H. (Henning), and Lahti, J. (Jari)
- Abstract
Maternal anxiety during pregnancy is associated with adverse foetal, neonatal, and child outcomes, but biological mechanisms remain unclear. Altered foetal DNA methylation (DNAm) has been proposed as a potential underlying mechanism. In the current study, we performed a meta-analysis to examine the associations between maternal anxiety, measured prospectively during pregnancy, and genome-wide DNAm from umbilical cord blood. Sixteen non-overlapping cohorts from 12 independent longitudinal studies of the Pregnancy And Childhood Epigenetics Consortium participated, resulting in a combined dataset of 7243 mother-child dyads. We examined prenatal anxiety in relation to genome-wide DNAm and differentially methylated regions. We observed no association between the general symptoms of anxiety during pregnancy or pregnancy-related anxiety, and DNAm at any of the CpG sites, after multiple-testing correction. Furthermore, we identify no differentially methylated regions associated with maternal anxiety. At the cohort-level, of the 21 associations observed in individual cohorts, none replicated consistently in the other cohorts. In conclusion, contrary to some previous studies proposing cord blood DNAm as a promising potential mechanism explaining the link between maternal anxiety during pregnancy and adverse outcomes in offspring, we found no consistent evidence for any robust associations between maternal anxiety and DNAm in cord blood. Larger studies and analysis of DNAm in other tissues may be needed to establish subtle or subgroup-specific associations between maternal anxiety and the foetal epigenome.
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- 2021
10. Clustering of six key risk behaviors for chronic disease among adolescent females
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Gardner, LA, Champion, KE, Parmenter, B, Grummitt, L, Chapman, C, Sunderland, M, Thornton, L, McBride, N, Newton, NC, Gardner, LA, Champion, KE, Parmenter, B, Grummitt, L, Chapman, C, Sunderland, M, Thornton, L, McBride, N, and Newton, NC
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Chronic diseases are the leading cause of disability and mortality globally. In Australia, females are at heightened risk. This research explored the prevalence, patterns, and correlates of six key risk behaviors (physical inactivity, poor diet, recreational screen time, inadequate sleep, alcohol use, and smoking) among adolescent females and whether knowledge of health guidelines was associated with adherence. Adolescent females completed an anonymous online questionnaire (N = 687; Mage = 13.82). Logistic regression assessed the association between knowledge and adherence. A Latent Class Analysis (LCA) and three-step procedure identified risk behavior clusters and their correlates. Despite positive health self-ratings (77% good/very good), most participants reported insufficient moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA; 89%), vegetable intake (89%), and excessive screen time (63%). Knowledge of guidelines was associated with adherence for MVPA, vegetable intake, sleep, and alcohol abstinence. Three classes emerged: “moderate risk” (76%), “relatively active, healthy eaters” (19%), and “excessive screen users” (5%). These risk-behavior clusters were associated with perceived value of academic achievement and physical wellbeing. Adolescent females commonly perceive they are in good health, despite engaging in unhealthy behaviors. Public health interventions should utilize effective behavior change strategies, adopt a multiple health behavior change approach (MHBC), and be tailored to specific risk profiles and values among females.
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- 2020
11. A web-based intervention to prevent multiple chronic disease risk factors among adolescents: co-design and user testing of the health4life school-based program
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Champion, KE, Gardner, LA, McGowan, C, Chapman, C, Thornton, L, Parmenter, B, McBride, N, Lubans, DR, McCann, K, Spring, B, Teesson, M, Newton, NC, Champion, KE, Gardner, LA, McGowan, C, Chapman, C, Thornton, L, Parmenter, B, McBride, N, Lubans, DR, McCann, K, Spring, B, Teesson, M, and Newton, NC
- Abstract
Background: Chronic diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Addressing key lifestyle risk factors during adolescence is critical for improving physical and mental health outcomes and reducing chronic disease risk. Schools are ideal intervention settings, and electronic health (eHealth) interventions afford several advantages, including increased student engagement, scalability, and sustainability. Although lifestyle risk behaviors tend to co-occur, few school-based eHealth interventions have targeted multiple behaviors concurrently. Objective: This study aims to summarize the co-design and user testing of the Health4Life school-based program, a web-based cartoon intervention developed to concurrently prevent 6 key lifestyle risk factors for chronic disease among secondary school students: alcohol use, smoking, poor diet, physical inactivity, sedentary recreational screen time, and poor sleep (the Big 6). Methods: The development of the Health4Life program was conducted over 18 months in collaboration with students, teachers, and researchers with expertise relevant to the Big 6. The iterative process involved (1) scoping of evidence and systematic literature review; (2) consultation with adolescents (N=815) via a cross-sectional web-based survey to identify knowledge gaps, attitudes, barriers, and facilitators in relation to the Big 6; (3) content and web development; and (4) user testing of the web-based program with students (n=41) and teachers (n=8) to evaluate its acceptability, relevance, and appeal to the target audience. Results: The co-design process resulted in a six-module, evidence-informed program that uses interactive cartoon storylines and web-based delivery to engage students. Student and teacher feedback collected during user testing was positive in terms of acceptability and relevance. Commonly identified areas for improvement concerned the length of modules, age appropriateness of language and alcohol storyline, the need for character bac
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- 2020
12. Study protocol of the Health4Life initiative: A cluster randomised controlled trial of an eHealth school-based program targeting multiple lifestyle risk behaviours among young Australians
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Teesson, M, Champion, KE, Newton, NC, Kay-Lambkin, F, Chapman, C, Thornton, L, Slade, T, Sunderland, M, Mills, K, Gardner, LA, Parmenter, B, Lubans, DR, Hides, L, McBride, N, Allsop, S, Spring, BJ, Smout, S, Osman, B, Teesson, M, Champion, KE, Newton, NC, Kay-Lambkin, F, Chapman, C, Thornton, L, Slade, T, Sunderland, M, Mills, K, Gardner, LA, Parmenter, B, Lubans, DR, Hides, L, McBride, N, Allsop, S, Spring, BJ, Smout, S, and Osman, B
- Abstract
Introduction Lifestyle risk behaviours, including alcohol use, smoking, poor diet, physical inactivity, poor sleep (duration and/or quality) and sedentary recreational screen time ( € the Big 6'), are strong determinants of chronic disease. These behaviours often emerge during adolescence and co-occur. School-based interventions have the potential to address risk factors prior to the onset of disease, yet few eHealth school-based interventions target multiple behaviours concurrently. This paper describes the protocol of the Health4Life Initiative, an eHealth school-based intervention that concurrently addresses the Big 6 risk behaviours among secondary school students. Methods and analysis A multisite cluster randomised controlled trial will be conducted among year 7 students (11-13 years old) from 72 Australian schools. Stratified block randomisation will be used to assign schools to either the Health4Life intervention or an active control (health education as usual). Health4Life consists of (1) six web-based cartoon modules and accompanying activities delivered during health education (once per week for 6 weeks), and a smartphone application (universal prevention), and (2) additional app content, for students engaging in two or more risk behaviours when they are in years 8 and 9 (selective prevention). Students will complete online self-report questionnaires at baseline, post intervention, and 12, 24 and 36 months after baseline. Primary outcomes are consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, sleep duration, sedentary recreational screen time and uptake of alcohol and tobacco use. Ethics and dissemination This study has been approved by the University of Sydney (2018/882), NSW Department of Education (SERAP no. 2019006), University of Queensland (2019000037), Curtin University (HRE2019-0083) and relevant Catholic school committees. Results will be presented to schools and findings disseminated via peer-reviewed journals and s
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- 2020
13. Limitations in knowledge and practice of healthy lifestyle guidelines in a sample of Australian adults.
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Parmenter, B, Gardner, L, Champion, K, Chapman, C, Thornton, L, McBride, N, Sunderland, M, Newton, N, Parmenter, B, Gardner, L, Champion, K, Chapman, C, Thornton, L, McBride, N, Sunderland, M, and Newton, N
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- 2020
14. The association between parental supply of alcohol and supply from other sources to young people: a prospective cohort
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Boland, VC, Clare, PJ, Yuen, WS, Peacock, A, Aiken, A, Wadolowski, M, Hutchinson, Delyse, Najman, J, Slade, T, Bruno, R, McBride, N, Degenhardt, L, Kypri, K, Mattick, RP, Boland, VC, Clare, PJ, Yuen, WS, Peacock, A, Aiken, A, Wadolowski, M, Hutchinson, Delyse, Najman, J, Slade, T, Bruno, R, McBride, N, Degenhardt, L, Kypri, K, and Mattick, RP
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- 2020
15. The overall effect of parental supply of alcohol across adolescence on alcohol-related harms in early adulthood-a prospective cohort study
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Clare, PJ, Dobbins, T, Bruno, R, Peacock, A, Boland, V, Yuen, WS, Aiken, A, Degenhardt, L, Kypri, K, Slade, T, Hutchinson, D, Najman, JM, McBride, N, Horwood, J, McCambridge, J, Mattick, RP, Clare, PJ, Dobbins, T, Bruno, R, Peacock, A, Boland, V, Yuen, WS, Aiken, A, Degenhardt, L, Kypri, K, Slade, T, Hutchinson, D, Najman, JM, McBride, N, Horwood, J, McCambridge, J, and Mattick, RP
- Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Recent research suggests that parental supply of alcohol is associated with more risky drinking and alcohol-related harm among adolescents. However, the overall effect of parental supply throughout adolescence remains unclear, because parental supply of alcohol varies during adolescence. Due to the complexity of longitudinal data, standard analytical methods can be biased. This study examined the effect of parental supply of alcohol on alcohol-related outcomes in early adulthood using robust methods to minimize risk of bias. DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: Australia PARTICIPANTS: A cohort of school students (n = 1906) recruited in the first year of secondary school (average age 12.9 years) from Australian schools in 2010-11, interviewed annually for 7 years. MEASUREMENTS: The exposure variable was self-reported parental supply of alcohol (including sips/whole drinks) during 5 years of adolescence (waves 1-5). Outcome variables were self-reported binge drinking, alcohol-related harm and symptoms of alcohol use disorder, measured in the two waves after the exposure period (waves 6-7). To reduce risk of bias, we used targeted maximum likelihood estimation to assess the (counterfactual) effect of parental supply of alcohol in all five waves versus no supply on alcohol-related outcomes. FINDINGS: Parental supply of alcohol throughout adolescence saw greater risk of binge drinking [risk ratios (RR) = 1.53; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.27-1.84] and alcohol-related harms (RR = 1.44; 95% CI = 1.22-1.69) in the year following the exposure period compared with no supply in adolescence. Earlier initiation of parental supply also increased risk of binge drinking (RR = 1.10; 95% CI = 1.05-1.14), and any alcohol-related harm (RR = 1.09; 95% CI = 1.05-1.13) for each year earlier parental supply began compared with later (or no) initiation. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents whose parents supply them with alcohol appear to have an increased ris
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- 2020
16. Ethical issues of personal health monitoring: a literature review
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Mittelstadt, B, Fairweather, B, Shaw, M, and McBride, N
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Personal Health Monitoring (PHM) technologies are currently in development to supplement medical care environments with health monitoring outside “brick and mortar” settings to better meet the needs of people with long-term illnesses. This review identifies common themes in the current literature discussing ethics of PHM and gaps in need of further research. Identified themes include privacy, autonomy, medicalization, social isolation, visibility and impact on healthcare providers. An in-depth discussion of the ethical issues of PHM was rarely found in the searched literature. Areas in need of further research include inadvertent monitoring and the impact of PHM on families and patient relationships.
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- 2019
17. Science, scientism, and pseudoscience in die Reihe
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McBride, N
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Music - Abstract
This thesis examines the association of science and musical thought that surrounded the Anglophone reception of the West German publication die Reihe (German publication: 1955 – 1962; English edition: 1957 – 1968). While die Reihe presented the early writings of what would become some of the central figures in European compositional circles, the journal’s initial reception was damned through the association of writings of die Reihe with pseudoscience, therefore suggesting that the work was false and to be dismissed. In order to examine the various roles of scientific thought and processes in die Reihe three central areas are explored: to what extent can the epistemological stance of scientism account for the science-like content of the journal? Can a musical journal be considered as a work of pseudoscience? And how did the journal’s portrayal of the composer Anton Webern assist in codifying the musical practices of the authors with the processes and structures of scientific work? It can be seen that scientism can permeate thought and society in multiple and discreet ways, and that scientism can be seen to have influenced policy-makers in post-Second World War West Germany by encouraging a wider application of scientific ideas than had been seen previously. In the same way, the rhetoric of die Reihe’s chief editor, Herbert Eimert, indicates an epistemological stance that is consistent with scientistic values. The initial reception that accused die Reihe of being a work of pseudoscience is critically examined, and it is found that there is insufficient justification for the journal to be considered a work of pseudoscience, because that while it bears a superficial similarity with scientific writing, die Reihe is not itself engaged with scientific work. Finally, it is seen that the way in which Webern’s work and legacy is depicted in the journal is quite unlike how Webern’s work was actually conceived, and as such the framing of Webern as a proto-scientistic composer is another indication of scientism in the thought of die Reihe’s contributors.
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- 2019
18. SCHOOL-BASED EHEALTH INTERVENTIONS TARGETING MULTIPLE RISK BEHAVIORS AMONG ADOLESCENTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
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McGowan, C, Champion, K, Parmenter, BJ, Wafford, QE, Gardner, LA, Thornton, LK, Spring, B, Barrett, EL, McBride, N, Newton, N, Teesson, M, McGowan, C, Champion, K, Parmenter, BJ, Wafford, QE, Gardner, LA, Thornton, LK, Spring, B, Barrett, EL, McBride, N, Newton, N, and Teesson, M
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- 2019
19. School-based eHealth interventions targeting multiple risk behaviors among adolescents: A systematic review
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Teesson, M, Champion, K, Slade, T, Mills, K, Gardner, L, Parmenter, B, Lubans, D, Hides, L, McBride, N, Allsop, S, Spring, B, Smout, S, Osman, B, Teesson, M, Champion, K, Slade, T, Mills, K, Gardner, L, Parmenter, B, Lubans, D, Hides, L, McBride, N, Allsop, S, Spring, B, Smout, S, and Osman, B
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- 2019
20. An eHealth multiple health behavior change intervention for school students: Development and Protocol of Health4Life.
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Champion, K, Newton, N, Kay-Lambkin, F, Thornton, L, Slade, T, Mills, K, Sunderland, M, Gardner, L, Parmenter, B, Lubans, D, Hides, L, McBride, N, Allsop, S, Spring, B, Smout, S, Osman, B, Teesson, M, Champion, K, Newton, N, Kay-Lambkin, F, Thornton, L, Slade, T, Mills, K, Sunderland, M, Gardner, L, Parmenter, B, Lubans, D, Hides, L, McBride, N, Allsop, S, Spring, B, Smout, S, Osman, B, and Teesson, M
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- 2019
21. AN EHEALTH MULTIPLE HEALTH BEHAVIOR CHANGE INTERVENTION FOR SCHOOL STUDENTS: DEVELOPMENT AND PROTOCOL OF HEALTH4LIFE
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McGowan, C, Champion, K, Newton, N, Kay-Lambkin, F, Chapman, C, Thornton, LK, Slade, T, Mills, K, Sunderland, M, Allsop, SJ, Hides, L, McBride, N, Bauer, J, Parmenter, BJ, Spring, B, Lubans, DR, Gardner, LA, Teesson, M, McGowan, C, Champion, K, Newton, N, Kay-Lambkin, F, Chapman, C, Thornton, LK, Slade, T, Mills, K, Sunderland, M, Allsop, SJ, Hides, L, McBride, N, Bauer, J, Parmenter, BJ, Spring, B, Lubans, DR, Gardner, LA, and Teesson, M
- Published
- 2019
22. Effectiveness of school-based eHealth interventions to prevent multiple lifestyle risk behaviours among adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Champion, KE, Parmenter, B, McGowan, C, Spring, B, Wafford, QE, Gardner, LA, Thornton, L, McBride, N, Barrett, EL, Teesson, M, Newton, NC, Chapman, C, Slade, T, Sunderland, M, Bauer, J, Allsop, S, Hides, L, Stapinksi, L, Birrell, L, Mewton, L, Champion, KE, Parmenter, B, McGowan, C, Spring, B, Wafford, QE, Gardner, LA, Thornton, L, McBride, N, Barrett, EL, Teesson, M, Newton, NC, Chapman, C, Slade, T, Sunderland, M, Bauer, J, Allsop, S, Hides, L, Stapinksi, L, Birrell, L, and Mewton, L
- Abstract
Background: Lifestyle risk behaviours typically emerge during adolescence, track into adulthood, and commonly co-occur. Interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in adolescents have the potential to efficiently improve health outcomes, yet further evidence is required to determine their effect. We reviewed the effectiveness of eHealth school-based interventions targeting multiple lifestyle risk behaviours. Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library databases between Jan 1, 2000, and March 14, 2019, with no language restrictions, for publications on school-based eHealth multiple health behaviour interventions in humans. We also screened the grey literature for unpublished data. Eligible studies were randomised controlled trials of eHealth (internet, computers, tablets, mobile technology, or tele-health) interventions targeting two or more of six behaviours of interest: alcohol use, smoking, diet, physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep. Primary outcomes of interest were the prevention or reduction of unhealthy behaviours, or improvement in healthy behaviours of the six behaviours. Outcomes were summarised in a narrative synthesis and combined using random-effects meta-analysis. This systematic review is registered with PROSPERO, identifier CRD42017072163. Findings: Of 10 571 identified records, 22 publications assessing 16 interventions were included, comprising 18 873 students, of whom on average 56·2% were female, with a mean age of 13·41 years (SD 1·52). eHealth school-based multiple health behaviour change interventions significantly increased fruit and vegetable intake (standard mean difference 0·11, 95% CI 0·03 to 0·19; p=0·007) and both accelerometer-measured (0·33, 0·05 to 0·61; p=0·02) and self-reported (0·14, 0·05 to 0·23; p=0·003) physical activity, and reduced screen time (−0·09, −0·17 to −0·01; p=0·03) immediately after the intervention; however, these effect
- Published
- 2019
23. Parental supply of alcohol as a predictor of adolescent alcohol consumption patterns: A prospective cohort
- Author
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Clare, PJ, Aiken, A, Yuen, WS, Peacock, A, Boland, V, Wadolowski, M, Hutchinson, D, Najman, J, Slade, T, Bruno, R, McBride, N, Degenhardt, L, Kypri, K, Mattick, RP, Clare, PJ, Aiken, A, Yuen, WS, Peacock, A, Boland, V, Wadolowski, M, Hutchinson, D, Najman, J, Slade, T, Bruno, R, McBride, N, Degenhardt, L, Kypri, K, and Mattick, RP
- Abstract
Background: Recent research has not supported the idea that parental supply of alcohol to adolescents prevents later alcohol-related harm. Yet the specific role of parental supply in shaping patterns of drinking over time remains unclear. This study investigated the role of parental supply of alcohol in patterns of drinking across adolescence, and assessed whether that role remained consistent over time. Method: Using a longitudinal cohort of 1927 adolescents (mean age 12.9 years), recruited in 2010 and 2011 from schools across Australia and followed up annually until 2016, we assessed three outcomes using mixed-effect negative binomial regression: frequency of consumption, typical quantity consumed, and overall alcohol consumption in the year (frequency * quantity). Child, parental, familial, and peer confounders of adolescent alcohol consumption were measured and adjusted for in the analyses. Findings: Parental supply was associated with greater overall consumption in earlier adolescence: Grade 7–8 (incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 3.61; 95% CI: 2.55, 5.12; no supply IRR: 1.00), Grade 8–9 (IRR: 4.84; 95% CI: 3.66, 6.39; no supply IRR: 1.44) and Grade 9–10 (IRR: 8.33; 95% CI: 6.28, 11.05; no supply IRR: 4.75). Alcohol consumption continued to increase in later adolescence regardless of whether parental supply occurred. Conclusions: Parental supply of alcohol was associated with increased alcohol consumption by their children during early adolescence. While parental supply appears to have less impact on drinking in later adolescence, there was no evidence to suggest it is protective. Parents should be advised to avoid supplying children with alcohol, particularly in early adolescence.
- Published
- 2019
24. Parent hazardous drinking and their children's alcohol use in early and mid-adolescence: Prospective cohort study
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Sharmin, S, Kypri, K, Wadolowski, M, Bruno, R, Khanam, M, Aiken, A, Hutchinson, D, Najman, JM, Slade, T, McBride, N, Attia, J, Palazzi, K, Oldmeadow, C, Mattick, RP, Sharmin, S, Kypri, K, Wadolowski, M, Bruno, R, Khanam, M, Aiken, A, Hutchinson, D, Najman, JM, Slade, T, McBride, N, Attia, J, Palazzi, K, Oldmeadow, C, and Mattick, RP
- Abstract
Background: Why adolescents' drinking is associated with their parents' drinking remains unclear. We examined associations in a prospective cohort study, adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics and family factors. Methods: We recruited 1927 children from grade 7 classes (mean age 13 years), and one of their parents, in three Australian states, contacted participants annually from 2010 to 2014, and analysed data from assessments at ages 13, 14, 15 and 16 years. We used the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) subscale to identify hazardous drinking in parents (score ≥5) and children (score ≥3) and constructed mixed-effect logistic regression models, accounting for clustering within school and adjusting for likely confounders. We evaluated the sensitivity of estimates by imputing missing values assuming the data were missing at random vs. missing not at random. Results: Parent hazardous drinking predicted mid-adolescent hazardous drinking, e.g. 15 years olds whose parents [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.00; 95% confidence interval 1.51-2.64] or parents' partners (aOR 1.94; 1.48-2.55) were hazardous drinkers had higher odds of being hazardous drinkers at age 16. The magnitude of univariate associations changed little after adjusting for covariates, and sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the association, across a wide range of assumptions about the missing data. Conclusions: The associations between parents' and their adolescent children's hazardous drinking are unlikely to be due to confounding by socio-demographic and family factors. Parents should be encouraged, and supported by public policy, to reduce their own alcohol consumption in order to reduce their children's risk of becoming hazardous drinkers.
- Published
- 2019
25. Association of parental supply of alcohol with adolescent drinking, alcohol-related harms, and alcohol use disorder symptoms: a prospective cohort study
- Author
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Mattick, RP, Clare, PJ, Aiken, A, Wadolowski, M, Hutchinson, D, Najman, J, Slade, T, Bruno, R, McBride, N, Kypri, K, Vogl, L, Degenhardt, L, Mattick, RP, Clare, PJ, Aiken, A, Wadolowski, M, Hutchinson, D, Najman, J, Slade, T, Bruno, R, McBride, N, Kypri, K, Vogl, L, and Degenhardt, L
- Abstract
Background: Some parents supply alcohol to their children, reportedly to reduce harm, yet longitudinal research on risks associated with such supply is compromised by short periods of observation and potential confounding. We aimed to investigate associations between parental supply and supply from other (non-parental) sources, with subsequent drinking outcomes over a 6-year period of adolescence, adjusting for child, parent, family, and peer variables. Methods: We did this prospective cohort study using data from the Australian Parental Supply of Alcohol Longitudinal Study cohort of adolescents. Children in grade 7 (mean age 12 years), and their parents, were recruited between 2010 and 2011 from secondary schools in Sydney, Perth, and Hobart, Australia, and were surveyed annually between 2010 and 2016. We examined the association of exposure to parental supply and other sources of alcohol in 1 year with five outcomes in the subsequent year: binge drinking (more than four standard drinks on a drinking occasion); alcohol-related harms; and symptoms of alcohol abuse (as defined by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition [DSM-IV]), alcohol dependence, and alcohol use disorder (as defined by DSM-5). This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02280551. Findings: Between September, 2010, and June, 2011, we recruited 1927 eligible parents and adolescents (mean age 12·9 years [SD 0·52]). Participants were followed up until 2016, during which time binge drinking and experience of alcohol-related harms increased. Adolescents who were supplied alcohol only by parents had higher odds of subsequent binge consumption (odds ratio [OR] 2·58, 95% CI 1·96–3·41; p<0·0001), alcohol-related harm (2·53, 1·99–3·24; p<0·0001), and symptoms of alcohol use disorder (2·51, 1·46–4·29; p=0·0008) than did those reporting no supply. Parental supply of alcohol was not significantly associated with the odds of reporting symptoms of either alcohol abuse or
- Published
- 2018
26. Age of Alcohol Initiation and Progression to Binge Drinking in Adolescence: A Prospective Cohort Study
- Author
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Aiken, A, Clare, PJ, Wadolowski, M, Hutchinson, D, Najman, JM, Slade, T, Bruno, R, McBride, N, Kypri, K, Mattick, RP, Aiken, A, Clare, PJ, Wadolowski, M, Hutchinson, D, Najman, JM, Slade, T, Bruno, R, McBride, N, Kypri, K, and Mattick, RP
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: Early alcohol initiation is common and has been associated with the development of alcohol problems. Yet, past research on the association of age of initiation with later problem drinking has produced inconsistent findings. Using prospective data from the Australian Parental Supply of Alcohol Longitudinal Study cohort, this study examined age of alcohol initiation, and of first drunkenness, and associations with subsequent drinking in adolescence. METHODS: A total of 1,673 parent-child dyads recruited through Australian secondary schools completed annual surveys for 5 years (grades 7 to 11). Limiting the sample to those adolescents who had initiated alcohol use by age 17 (n = 839), multinomial logistic regression models were used to examine associations between (i) age of initiation to alcohol use (consuming at least 1 full serve) and (ii) age of first drunkenness, and 2 outcomes: (i) binge drinking (consuming >4 standard drinks on a single occasion), and (ii) the total number of alcoholic drinks consumed in the past year, adjusted for a range of potential child, parent, family, and peer covariates. RESULTS: Fifty percent of adolescents reported alcohol use and 36% reported bingeing at wave 5 (mean age 16.9 years), and the mean age of initiation to alcohol use for drinkers was 15.1 years. Age of initiation was significantly associated with binge drinking and total quantity of alcohol consumed in unadjusted and adjusted models. Age of first drunkenness was associated with total quantity of alcohol consumed in unadjusted models but not adjusted models and was not associated with subsequent bingeing. CONCLUSIONS: Initiating alcohol use earlier in adolescence is associated with an increased risk of binge drinking and higher quantity of consumption in late secondary school, supporting an argument for delaying alcohol initiation for as long as possible to reduce the risk for problematic use in later adolescence and the alcohol-related harms that may accompany
- Published
- 2018
27. The case of the whooshing ‘hammer-head’
- Author
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Sekar, V., primary, Griffin, F., additional, McBride, N., additional, Caldwell, S., additional, Quigley, G., additional, and Simms, N., additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Parental supply of alcohol and alcohol consumption in adolescence: Prospective cohort study
- Author
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Mattick, RP, Wadolowski, M, Aiken, A, Clare, PJ, Hutchinson, D, Najman, J, Slade, T, Bruno, R, McBride, N, Degenhardt, L, Kypri, K, Mattick, RP, Wadolowski, M, Aiken, A, Clare, PJ, Hutchinson, D, Najman, J, Slade, T, Bruno, R, McBride, N, Degenhardt, L, and Kypri, K
- Abstract
Background Parents are a major supplier of alcohol to adolescents, yet there is limited research examining the impact of this on adolescent alcohol use. This study investigates associations between parental supply of alcohol, supply from other sources, and adolescent drinking, adjusting for child, parent, family and peer variables. Method A cohort of 1927 adolescents was surveyed annually from 2010 to 2014. Measures include: Consumption of whole drinks; binge drinking (>4 standard drinks on any occasion); parental supply of alcohol; supply from other sources; child, parent, family and peer covariates. Results After adjustment, adolescents supplied alcohol by parents had higher odds of drinking whole beverages [odds ratio (OR) 1.80, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.33-2.45] than those not supplied by parents. However, parental supply was not associated with bingeing, and those supplied alcohol by parents typically consumed fewer drinks per occasion (incidence rate ratio 0.86, 95% CI 0.77-0.96) than adolescents supplied only from other sources. Adolescents obtaining alcohol from non-parental sources had increased odds of drinking whole beverages (OR 2.53, 95% CI 1.86-3.45) and bingeing (OR 3.51, 95% CI 2.53-4.87). Conclusions Parental supply of alcohol to adolescents was associated with increased risk of drinking, but not bingeing. These parentally-supplied children also consumed fewer drinks on a typical drinking occasion. Adolescents supplied alcohol from non-parental sources had greater odds of drinking and bingeing. Further follow-up is necessary to determine whether these patterns continue, and to examine alcohol-related harm trajectories. Parents should be advised that supply of alcohol may increase children's drinking.
- Published
- 2017
29. Liquor licences issued to Australian schools.
- Author
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Ward, BM, Kippen, R, Munro, G, Buykx, P, McBride, N, Wiggers, J, Clark, M, Ward, BM, Kippen, R, Munro, G, Buykx, P, McBride, N, Wiggers, J, and Clark, M
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: Children's positive socialisation to alcohol is associated with early initiation of drinking and alcohol-related harm in adult life. Internationally, there have been reports of adults' alcohol consumption at school events in the presence of children. The aim of this research was to identify the conditions under which Australian schools are required to apply for a liquor licence and the associated prevalence of liquor licences for these events where children were likely to be present. METHODS: A document review was conducted to examine temporary liquor licensing legislation. Quantitative analysis was used to examine relevant licensing data. Coding criteria was developed to determine school type, student year levels and the likely presence of children. RESULTS: Four jurisdictions provided data on 1817 relevant licences. The average annual licences/100 schools was highest amongst Independent schools followed by Catholic and public (government) schools. The rates were highest in Queensland and Victoria where children were present at 61% and 32% of events respectively. CONCLUSIONS: While there are legislative differences across jurisdictions, the prevalence of adults' alcohol use at school events in the presence of children may reflect the various education department policies and principals' and school communities' beliefs and attitudes. Licences are not required for all events where liquor is consumed so the prevalence of adults' use of alcohol at school events is likely to be higher than our analyses imply. Such practices may undermine teaching about alcohol use in the school curriculum and health promotion efforts to develop alcohol-free events when children are present.
- Published
- 2017
30. Cohort Profile: The Australian Parental Supply of Alcohol Longitudinal Study (APSALS)
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Aiken, A, Wadolowski, M, Bruno, R, Najman, J, Kypri, K, Slade, T, Hutchinson, D, McBride, N, Mattick, RP, Aiken, A, Wadolowski, M, Bruno, R, Najman, J, Kypri, K, Slade, T, Hutchinson, D, McBride, N, and Mattick, RP
- Published
- 2017
31. Tort Law (Fourth edition)
- Author
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Bagshaw, R and McBride, N
- Published
- 2016
32. Parents who supply sips of alcohol in early adolescence: A prospective study of risk factors
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Wadolowski, M, Hutchinson, D, Bruno, R, Aiken, A, Najman, JM, Kypri, K, Slade, T, McBride, N, and Mattick, RP
- Subjects
Parents ,Male ,Alcohol Drinking ,Adolescent ,Incidence ,Australia ,Underage Drinking ,Pediatrics ,Risk Assessment ,Peer Group ,Risk Factors ,Adolescent Behavior ,Humans ,Female ,Prospective Studies ,Parent-Child Relations ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
Copyright © 2016 by the American Academy of Pediatrics. BACKGROUND: Parents are a major supplier of alcohol to adolescents, often initiating use with sips. Despite harms of adolescent alcohol use, research has not addressed the antecedents of such parental supply. This study investigated the prospective associations between familial, parental, peer, and adolescent characteristics on parental supply of sips. METHODS: Participants were 1729 parent-child dyads recruited from Grade 7 classes, as part of the Australian Parental Supply of Alcohol Longitudinal Study. Data are from baseline surveys (Time 1) and 1-year follow-up (Time 2). Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regressions tested prospective associations between Time 1 familial, parental, peer, and adolescent characteristics and Time 2 parental supply. RESULTS: In the fully adjusted model, parental supply was associated with increased parentreport of peer substance use (odds ratio [OR] = 1.20, 95% confidence ratio [CI], 1.08-1.34), increased home alcohol access (OR = 1.07, 95% CI, 1.03-1.11), and lenient alcohol-specific rules (OR=0.88, 95% CI, 0.78-0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Parents who perceived that their child engaged with substance-using peers were more likely to subsequently supply sips of alcohol. Parents may believe supply of a small quantity of alcohol will protect their child from unsupervised alcohol use with peers. It is also possible that parental perception of peer substance use may result in parents believing that this is a normative behavior for their child's age group, and in turn that supply is also normative. Further research is required to understand the impacts of such supply, even in small quantities, on adolescent alcohol use trajectories.
- Published
- 2015
33. The psychometric properties of the kessler psychological distress scale (K6) in a general population sample of adolescents
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Mewton, L, Kessler, RC, Slade, T, Hobbs, MJ, Brownhill, L, Birrell, L, Tonks, Z, Teesson, M, Newton, N, Chapman, C, Allsop, S, Hides, L, McBride, N, Andrews, G, Mewton, L, Kessler, RC, Slade, T, Hobbs, MJ, Brownhill, L, Birrell, L, Tonks, Z, Teesson, M, Newton, N, Chapman, C, Allsop, S, Hides, L, McBride, N, and Andrews, G
- Abstract
The 6-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6; Kessler et al., 2002) is a screener for psychological distress that has robust psychometric properties among adults. Given that a significant proportion of adolescents experience mental illness, there is a need for measures that accurately and reliably screen for mental disorders in this age group. This study examined the psychometric properties of the K6 in a large general population sample of adolescents (N = 4,434; mean age = 13.5 years; 44.6% male). Factor analyses were conducted to examine the dimensionality of the K6 in adolescents and to investigate sex-based measurement invariance. This study also evaluated the K6 as a predictor of scores on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ; Goodman, 1997). The K6 demonstrated high levels of internal consistency, with the 6 items loading primarily on 1 factor. Consistent with previous research, females reported higher mean levels of psychological distress when compared with males. The identification of sex-based measurement noninvariance in the item thresholds indicated that these mean differences most likely represented reporting bias in the K6 items rather than true differences in the underlying psychological distress construct. The K6 was a fair to good predictor of abnormal scores on the SDQ, but predictive utility was relatively low among males. Future research needs to focus on refining and augmenting the K6 scale to maximize its utility in adolescents.
- Published
- 2016
34. Principals' reports of adults' alcohol use in Australian secondary schools
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Ward, BM, Kippen, R, Buykx, P, Munro, G, McBride, N, Wiggers, J, Ward, BM, Kippen, R, Buykx, P, Munro, G, McBride, N, and Wiggers, J
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: Schools provide opportunities for parents and the wider community to connect and support the physical and emotional wellbeing of their children. Schools therefore have the potential to play a role in the socialisation of alcohol use through school policies and practices regarding consumption of alcohol by adults at school events in the presence of children. METHODS: This survey was undertaken to a) compare the extent to which alcohol is used at secondary school events, when children are present, in the states of New South Wales (NSW) and Victoria (VIC), Australia; b) describe principals' level of agreement with these practices; c) their awareness of state policies on this issue; and d) the predictors of such events. A random sample of secondary schools, stratified to represent metropolitan and non-metropolitan schools were invited to participate. Bivariate and multivariate analysis were conducted with p values < 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS: A total of 241 (43%) schools consented to participate in the study. Fifteen percent of participating NSW schools and 57% of VIC schools held at least one event in which alcohol was consumed by adults in the presence of children in the year before the survey. Of the 100 reported events, 78% were Year 12 graduation dinners, and 18% were debutante balls. Compared to NSW principals, VIC principals were significantly more likely to agree with the use of alcohol at these events; significantly less likely to be aware of their state education department policy on this issue; have a policy at their own school or support policy that prohibits alcohol use at such events; and less likely to report having enough information to make decisions about this. CONCLUSIONS: There is a growing focus on adults' use of alcohol at school events when children are present. Schools can play an important role in educating and socialising children about alcohol via both the curriculum and policies regarding adults' alcohol use at school e
- Published
- 2016
35. Parents who supply sips of alcohol in early adolescence: A prospective study of risk factors
- Author
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Wadolowski, M, Hutchinson, D, Bruno, R, Aiken, A, Najman, JM, Kypri, K, Slade, T, McBride, N, Mattick, RP, Wadolowski, M, Hutchinson, D, Bruno, R, Aiken, A, Najman, JM, Kypri, K, Slade, T, McBride, N, and Mattick, RP
- Abstract
Copyright © 2016 by the American Academy of Pediatrics. BACKGROUND: Parents are a major supplier of alcohol to adolescents, often initiating use with sips. Despite harms of adolescent alcohol use, research has not addressed the antecedents of such parental supply. This study investigated the prospective associations between familial, parental, peer, and adolescent characteristics on parental supply of sips. METHODS: Participants were 1729 parent-child dyads recruited from Grade 7 classes, as part of the Australian Parental Supply of Alcohol Longitudinal Study. Data are from baseline surveys (Time 1) and 1-year follow-up (Time 2). Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regressions tested prospective associations between Time 1 familial, parental, peer, and adolescent characteristics and Time 2 parental supply. RESULTS: In the fully adjusted model, parental supply was associated with increased parentreport of peer substance use (odds ratio [OR] = 1.20, 95% confidence ratio [CI], 1.08-1.34), increased home alcohol access (OR = 1.07, 95% CI, 1.03-1.11), and lenient alcohol-specific rules (OR=0.88, 95% CI, 0.78-0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Parents who perceived that their child engaged with substance-using peers were more likely to subsequently supply sips of alcohol. Parents may believe supply of a small quantity of alcohol will protect their child from unsupervised alcohol use with peers. It is also possible that parental perception of peer substance use may result in parents believing that this is a normative behavior for their child's age group, and in turn that supply is also normative. Further research is required to understand the impacts of such supply, even in small quantities, on adolescent alcohol use trajectories.
- Published
- 2016
36. Parental supply of alcohol and alcohol consumption in adolescence: prospective cohort study
- Author
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Mattick, R. P., primary, Wadolowski, M., additional, Aiken, A., additional, Clare, P. J., additional, Hutchinson, D., additional, Najman, J., additional, Slade, T., additional, Bruno, R., additional, McBride, N., additional, Degenhardt, L., additional, and Kypri, K., additional
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Rethinking punitive damages
- Author
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Katsampouka, E, Burrows, A, McBride, N, and Goudkamp, J
- Subjects
Law - Abstract
Punitive damages are a species of non-compensatory damages. Their principal purpose is to punish the defendant for his or her wrongful conduct. This thesis is the first monograph-length treatment dedicated exclusively to this contentious remedy. Through empirical, historical and doctrinal analysis, it illuminates the practical operation of the remedy and assesses its appropriateness. The thesis is divided into three parts. Part I explores the relevant law and its normative underpinnings. Part II provides an empirical survey of nearly 600 decisions on punitive damages delivered by courts at first instance and on appeal between 1964 and 2020 in all parts of the UK (with the exception of Scotland which does not recognise the remedy). The empirical analysis examines various assertions made in the case law and academic literature regarding the operation of the remedy by treating them as testable hypotheses and reveals the extent to which these assertions conform with the empirical evidence. Part III assesses the main limitations on the availability of punitive damages in English law in light of the normative basis of the remedy, its history and the empirical findings. The two limitations examined are the confinement of punitive damages awards to specific categories of case (the ‘categories test’) and to specific types of wrongs (‘cause of action restrictions’). It is argued that these restrictions are unjustified and should be abolished. The thesis concludes that the circumstances in which punitive damages are currently available should be expanded and that their availability should depend on an assessment of the defendant’s conduct rather than the case category or the formal classification of the wrong in which the claimant sues.
- Published
- 2022
38. The Medium is Now the Material: The ‘Folklore’ of Chris Newman and Michael Finnissy
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Redhead, L, Pace, I, and McBride, N
- Abstract
Chris Newman and Michael Finnissy are both composers who frequently make use of borrowed material. In this paper, their approaches to composition with these materials are compared and contrasted, in order to examine whether the numerous, surface-level, binary oppositions that might be posited between their musics hide similarities in their approach to musical material and, in particular, if these similarities can be read as an approach to music and politics in their work. The theoretical approach taken here includes a reversed subject-object distinction, proposed by Newman (2005), alongside art theorist Nicholas Bourriaud’s conception of the ‘exform’ (2016). These ideas offer a perspective on the work of these composers that reads it as inherently political as a result of its materialism. The materials of a selection of keyboard works are considered, alongside the com- posers’ more general approach to material and to medium. The existing musicological tradition of Finnissy’s work is also compared and contrasted with Newman’s critical stance towards his own work—particularly his visual art works—in order to uncover evidence of this political stance in ex- isting writing. Finally, the antagonistic attitude of the work of Finnissy and Newman towards labels such as ‘modernism’ and ‘experimental music’ is examined as a facet of its exformal properties.
- Published
- 2019
39. Negotiating borrowing, genre and mediation in the piano music of Finnissy: strategies and aesthetics
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Pace, I., Pace, I., and McBride, N.
- Subjects
M1 - Abstract
A very large amount of the piano music of Michael Finnissy draws extensively upon existing music, of a highly diverse variety, from Dunstable motets, through various highly contrapuntal works of Bach, Beethoven Symphonies, Berlioz’s orchestral and choral works, the operas of Verdi, through to piano and orchestral works of Busoni, the dodecaphonic compositions of the Second Viennese School and later examples of musical modernism, not to mention folk musics from Europe, Asia, Africa, North America and Australia, hymn tunes, music hall songs, ragtime, and other popular genres. However, invariably this source material is radically transformed using a huge variety of different techniques which nonetheless generally preserve a few key stylistic or other attributes. This process has been demonstrated and its compositional meanings considered in a certain amount of existing literature, but there has been to date very little critical engagement with the implications of this for performance. In this article, I begin by giving an overview of scholarly models for musical borrowing, then setting out a new taxonomy of Finnissy’s borrowings, extending and modifying especially the model developed by J. Peter Burkholder for the music of Charles Ives, as well as drawing upon the work of Gérard Genette on intertextuality. Then I explore in detail the implications of these in terms of interpretive practice, specifically focusing upon the extent to which one looks to situate performing practices in terms of genres associated with performance of the original sources (and in some cases, their later performance history), or in distinction through emphasis upon Finnissy’s individual mediation of these sources. Through a variety of approaches to voicing, tempo, tempo flexibility, phrasing, articulation, execution of continuity or discontinuity, as well as strategies for ‘distancing’ or objectifying musical materials, I will show how a pianist’s conclusions and concomitant strategies in these respects can affect perceptions of individual works in terms of their relationship to modernist, neo-romantic and other aesthetic ideologies. Works under consideration are those which combine simultaneously highly disjunct sources, in particular in The History of Photography in Sound. Otherwise, I considerpieces or sections of pieces from the Strauss-Walzer (1967, rev. 1989), Gershwin Arrangements (1988-90), Verdi Transcriptions (1972-2005) and Second Political Agenda (2000-8).
- Published
- 2019
40. Mitigation in the law of damages
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Dyson, A, Burrows, A, McBride, N, and Peel, E
- Subjects
Causation ,Obligations (Law) ,Damages ,Contracts ,Law ,Torts - Abstract
This thesis is the first monograph on mitigation in the English law of damages. Mitigation concerns the effect of the claimant's post-breach conduct on the assessment of damages. The leading texts propose that the doctrine consists of two main rules: first, the claimant cannot recover damages for losses that it could reasonably have avoided (the 'avoidable loss rule'); and second, the claimant cannot recover damages for losses that it has in fact avoided, except where the benefit did not 'arise out of the breach' (the 'avoided loss rule'). This thesis proposes a new descriptive and explanatory account of mitigation. It argues that the apparent distinction between the avoidable and avoided loss rules is illusory; instead, the rules of mitigation apply symmetrically to both harms and benefits. Contrary to the leading texts, it is argued that judges have been correct to explain mitigation as an aspect of causation. However, to understand why, we must move beyond the 'but-for' concept of causation and instead seek to apply the ordinary causal principles that people use outside the law. The implications of the thesis extend beyond the law of mitigation. First, the rules of mitigation also explain the so-called 'market rule', the 'betterment' rule, and 'supervening acts by the claimant'. Second, the thesis shows why the rights-based model of damages has overstretched in claiming that the law provides a universal entitlement to 'substitutive damages' for the infringement of rights. Third, the thesis revives and defends key arguments from Hart and Honoré's seminal investigation into ordinary causal concepts, with implications for every area of law where causal reasoning is invoked. Author also known as Andrew Summers
- Published
- 2016
41. Research Letter: E-cigarette use and mental health during early adolescence: An Australian survey among over 5000 young people.
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Gardner LA, O'Dean S, Rowe AL, Hawkins A, Egan L, Stockings E, Teesson M, Hides L, Catakovic A, Ellem R, McBride N, Allsop S, Blackburn K, Stapinski L, Freeman B, Leung J, Thornton L, Birrell L, Champion KE, and Newton NC
- Abstract
Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article.
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- 2024
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42. The key role of specific DSM-5 diagnostic criteria in the early development of alcohol use disorder: Findings from the RADAR prospective cohort study.
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Slade T, O'Dean SM, Chung T, Mewton L, McCambridge J, Clare P, Bruno R, Yuen WS, Tibbetts J, Clay P, Henderson A, McBride N, Mattick R, Boland V, Hutchinson D, Upton E, Isik A, Johnson P, and Kypri K
- Abstract
Background: Prevention and early intervention of alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a public health priority, yet there are gaps in our understanding of how AUD emerges, which symptoms of AUD come first, and whether there are modifiable risk factors that forecast the development of the disorder. This study investigated potential early-warning-sign symptoms for the development of AUD., Methods: Data were from the RADAR study, a prospective cohort study of contemporary emerging adults across Australia (n = 565, mean age = 18.9, range = 18-21 at baseline, 48% female). Participants were interviewed five times across a 2.5-year period. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) AUD criteria and diagnoses were assessed by clinical psychologists using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-IV), modified to cover DSM-5 criteria. Hazard analyses modeled the time from first alcoholic drink to the emergence of any AUD criteria and determined which first-emergent AUD criteria were associated with a faster transition to disorder., Results: By the final time point, 54.8% of the sample had experienced at least one DSM-5 AUD criterion and 26.1% met criteria for DSM-5 AUD. The median time from first AUD criterion to a diagnosis of AUD was 4 years. Social problems from drinking (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.24, CI
95 = 2.14, 4.92, p < 0.001), major role (HR = 2.53, CI95 = 1.58, 4.06, p < 0.001), and drinking larger amounts/for longer than intended (HR = 2.04, CI95 = 1.20, 3.46, p = 0.008) were first-onset criteria associated with a faster transition to AUD., Conclusion: In the context of a prospective general population cohort study of the temporal development of AUD, alcohol-related social problems, major role problems, and using more or for longer than intended are key risk factors that may be targeted for early intervention., (© 2024 The Author(s). Alcohol, Clinical and Experimental Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Research Society on Alcohol.)- Published
- 2024
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43. Transitions to polysubstance use: Prospective cohort study of adolescents in Australia.
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Black N, Noghrehchi F, Yuen WS, Aiken A, Clare PJ, Chan G, Kypri K, McBride N, Bruno R, Slade T, Boland V, Mattick R, and Peacock A
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- Humans, Adolescent, Male, Female, Australia epidemiology, Prospective Studies, Adolescent Behavior, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Alcohol Drinking epidemiology, Young Adult, Peer Group, Underage Drinking statistics & numerical data, Cohort Studies, Smoking epidemiology, Parents, Markov Chains, Substance-Related Disorders epidemiology
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Background and Aims: Adolescent polysubstance use has been associated with adverse social and health outcomes. Our aim was to measure rates and transitions to polysubstance use during adolescence and identify factors associated with initiation and discontinuation of polysubstance use., Design: Prospective cohort study. Multistate Markov modelling was used to estimate rates and identify correlates of transitions between substance use states., Setting and Participants: Adolescent-parent dyads (n = 1927; adolescents in grade 7, age ≈13 years) were recruited from Australian schools during 2010/11 (Wave 1). Adolescents were surveyed annually until 2016/17 (n = 1503; age ≈19 years; Wave 7) and parents were surveyed annually until 2014/15 (Wave 5)., Measurements: Alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use outcomes were collected at Waves 3-7. Potential confounders were collected at Waves 1-6 and consisted of sex, anxiety and depression symptoms and externalizing problems, parental monitoring, family conflict and cohesion, parental substance use and peer substance use. Covariates were age and family socioeconomic status., Findings: Few adolescents engaged in polysubstance use at earlier waves (Wave 3: 5%; Wave 4: 8%), but proportions increased sharply across adolescence (Waves 5-7: 17%, 24%, 36%). Rates of transitioning to polysubstance use increased with age, with few (<9%) adolescents transitioning out. More externalizing problems (odds ratio [OR] = 1.10; 99.6% confidence interval [CI] = 1.07-1.14), parental heavy episodic drinking (OR = 1.22; 99.6% CI = 1.07-1.40), parental illicit substance use (OR = 3.56; 99.6% CI = 1.43-8.86), peer alcohol use (OR = 5.68; 99.6% CI = 1.59-20.50) and peer smoking (OR = 4.18; 99.6% CI = 1.95-8.81) were associated with transitioning to polysubstance use., Conclusions: Polysubstance use in Australia appears to be rare during early adolescence but more common in later adolescence with low rates of transitioning out. Externalizing problems and greater parental and peer substance use are risk factors for adolescent polysubstance use that may be suitable intervention targets., (© 2024 The Authors. Addiction published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society for the Study of Addiction.)
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- 2024
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44. The Health4Life e-health intervention for modifying lifestyle risk behaviours of adolescents: secondary outcomes of a cluster randomised controlled trial.
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O'Dean S, Sunderland M, Newton N, Gardner L, Teesson M, Chapman C, Thornton L, Slade T, Hides L, McBride N, Kay-Lambkin FJ, Allsop SJ, Lubans D, Parmenter B, Mills K, Spring B, Osman B, Ellem R, Smout S, McCann K, Hunter E, Catakovic A, and Champion K
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- Humans, Adolescent, Male, Female, Australia epidemiology, Child, Exercise, Telemedicine methods, Health Behavior, Health Risk Behaviors, Health Education methods, Health Promotion methods, Chronic Disease prevention & control, Adolescent Behavior psychology, Life Style, Students statistics & numerical data, Students psychology, School Health Services organization & administration
- Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the effectiveness of a school-based multiple health behaviour change e-health intervention for modifying risk factors for chronic disease (secondary outcomes)., Study Design: Cluster randomised controlled trial., Setting, Participants: Students (at baseline [2019]: year 7, 11-14 years old) at 71 Australian public, independent, and Catholic schools., Intervention: Health4Life: an e-health school-based multiple health behaviour change intervention for reducing increases in the six major behavioural risk factors for chronic disease: physical inactivity, poor diet, excessive recreational screen time, poor sleep, and use of alcohol and tobacco. It comprises six online video modules during health education class and a smartphone app., Main Outcome Measures: Comparison of Health4Life and usual health education with respect to their impact on changes in twelve secondary outcomes related to the six behavioural risk factors, assessed in surveys at baseline, immediately after the intervention, and 12 and 24 months after the intervention: binge drinking, discretionary food consumption risk, inadequate fruit and vegetable intake, difficulty falling asleep, and light physical activity frequency (categorical); tobacco smoking frequency, alcohol drinking frequency, alcohol-related harm, daytime sleepiness, and time spent watching television and using electronic devices (continuous)., Results: A total of 6640 year 7 students completed the baseline survey (Health4Life: 3610; control: 3030); 6454 (97.2%) completed at least one follow-up survey, 5698 (85.8%) two or more follow-up surveys. Health4Life was not statistically more effective than usual school health education for influencing changes in any of the twelve outcomes over 24 months; for example: fruit intake inadequate: odds ratio [OR], 1.08 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57-2.05); vegetable intake inadequate: OR, 0.97 (95% CI, 0.64-1.47); increased light physical activity: OR, 1.00 (95% CI, 0.72-1.38); tobacco use frequency: relative difference, 0.03 (95% CI, -0.58 to 0.64) days per 30 days; alcohol use frequency: relative difference, -0.34 (95% CI, -1.16 to 0.49) days per 30 days; device use time: relative difference, -0.07 (95% CI, -0.29 to 0.16) hours per day., Conclusions: Health4Life was not more effective than usual school year 7 health education for modifying adolescent risk factors for chronic disease. Future e-health multiple health behaviour change intervention research should examine the timing and length of the intervention, as well as increasing the number of engagement strategies (eg, goal setting) during the intervention., Trial Registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12619000431123 (prospective)., (© 2024 The Authors. Medical Journal of Australia published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of AMPCo Pty Ltd.)
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- 2024
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45. Effectiveness of a universal, school-based, online programme for the prevention of anxiety, depression, and substance misuse among adolescents in Australia: 72-month outcomes from a cluster-randomised controlled trial.
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Teesson M, Birrell L, Slade T, Mewton LR, Olsen N, Hides L, McBride N, Chatterton ML, Allsop S, Furneaux-Bate A, Bryant Z, Ellem R, Baker MJ, Healy A, Debenham J, Boyle J, Mather M, Mihalopoulos C, Chapman C, and Newton NC
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- Humans, Adolescent, Female, Male, Australia, Young Adult, Schools, Internet, Substance-Related Disorders prevention & control, Anxiety prevention & control, Depression prevention & control, School Health Services
- Abstract
Background: The CSC study found that the universal delivery of a school-based, online programme for the prevention of mental health and substance use disorders among adolescents resulted in improvements in mental health and substance use outcomes at 30-month follow-up. We aimed to compare the long-term effects of four interventions-Climate Schools Combined (CSC) mental health and substance use, Climate Schools Substance Use (CSSU) alone, Climate Schools Mental Health (CSMH) alone, and standard health education-on mental health and substance use outcomes among adolescents at 72-month follow-up into early adulthood., Methods: This long-term study followed up adolescents from a multicentre, cluster-randomised trial conducted across three states in Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, and Western Australia) enrolled between Sept 1, 2013, and Feb 28, 2014, for up to 72 months after baseline assessment. Adolescents (aged 18-20 years) from the original CSC study who accepted contact at 30-month follow-up and provided informed consent at 60-month follow-up were eligible. The interventions were delivered in school classrooms through an online delivery format and used a mixture of peer cartoon storyboards and classroom activities that were focused on alcohol, cannabis, anxiety, and depression. Participants took part in two web-based assessments at 60-month and 72-month follow-up. Primary outcomes were alcohol use, cannabis use, anxiety, and depression, measured by self-reported surveys and analysed by intention to treat (ie, in all students who were eligible at baseline). This trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12613000723785), including the extended follow-up study., Findings: Of 6386 students enrolled from 71 schools, 1556 (24·4%) were randomly assigned to education as usual, 1739 (27·2%) to CSSU, 1594 (25·0%) to CSMH, and 1497 (23·4%) to CSC. 311 (22·2%) of 1401 participants in the control group, 394 (26·4%) of 1495 in the CSSU group, 477 (37·%) of 1289 in the CSMH group, and 400 (32·5%) of 1232 in the CSC group completed follow-up at 72 months. Adolescents in the CSC group reported slower year-by-year increases in weekly alcohol use (odds ratio 0·78 [95% CI 0·66-0·92]; p=0·0028) and heavy episodic drinking (0·69 [0·58-0·81]; p<0·0001) than did the control group. However, significant baseline differences between groups for drinking outcomes, and no difference in the predicted probability of weekly or heavy episodic drinking between groups were observed at 72 months. Sensitivity analyses increased uncertainty around estimates. No significant long-term differences were observed in relation to alcohol use disorder, cannabis use, cannabis use disorder, anxiety, or depression. No adverse events were reported during the trial., Interpretation: We found some evidence that a universal online programme for the prevention of anxiety, depression, and substance use delivered in early adolescence is effective in reducing the use and harmful use of alcohol into early adulthood. However, confidence in these findings is reduced due to baseline differences, and we did not see a difference in the predicted probability of drinking between groups at 72-month follow-up. These findings suggest that a universal prevention programme in adolescence is not sufficient to have lasting effects on mental health and substance use disorders in the long term. In addition to baseline differences, substantial attrition warrants caution in interpretation and the latter factor highlights the need for future long-term follow-up studies to invest in strategies to increase engagement., Funding: Australian National Health and Medical Research Council., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests MT and NCN are two of the developers of the OurFutures programmes (formerly Climate Schools) and are members of the OurFutures Institute, a not-for-profit charity that distributes the OurFutures programmes to maximise social wellbeing. All other authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
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- 2024
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46. Effects of the maternal and fetal proteome on birth weight: a Mendelian randomization analysis.
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McBride N, Fernández-Sanlés A, Arab MA, Bond TA, Zheng J, Magnus MC, Corfield EC, Clayton GL, Hwang LD, Beaumont RN, Evans DM, Freathy RM, Gaunt TR, Lawlor DA, and Borges MC
- Abstract
Fetal growth is an indicator of fetal survival, regulated by maternal and fetal factors, but little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms. We used Mendelian randomization to explore the effects of maternal and fetal genetically-instrumented plasma proteins on birth weight using genome-wide association summary data (n=406,063 with maternal and/or fetal genotype), with independent replication (n=74,932 mothers and n=62,108 offspring), and colocalisation. Higher genetically-predicted maternal levels of PCSK1 increased birthweight (mean-difference: 9g (95% CI: 5g, 13g) per 1 standard deviation protein level). Higher maternal levels of LGALS4 decreased birthweight (-54g (-29g, -80g)), as did VCAM1, RAD51D and GP1BA. In the offspring, higher genetically-predicted fetal levels of LGALS4 (46g (23g, 70g)) increased birthweight, alongside FCGR2B. Higher offspring levels of PCSK1 decreased birth weight (-9g (-16g, 4g), alongside LEPR. Results support maternal and fetal protein effects on birth weight, implicating roles for glucose metabolism, energy homeostasis, endothelial function and adipocyte differentiation.
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- 2023
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47. Systematic review and meta-analyses: What has the application of Mendelian randomization told us about the causal effect of adiposity on health outcomes?
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Lee MA, Hatcher C, McGuinness LA, McBride N, Battram T, Wan W, Fang S, Wade KH, Corbin LJ, and Timpson NJ
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Mendelian randomization (MR) is increasingly used for generating estimates of the causal impact of exposures on outcomes. Evidence suggests a causal role of excess adipose tissue (adiposity) on many health outcomes. However, this body of work has not been systematically appraised. We systematically reviewed and meta-analysed results from MR studies investigating the association between adiposity and health outcomes prior to the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic (PROSPERO: CRD42018096684). We searched Medline, EMBASE, and bioRxiv up to February 2019 and obtained data on 2,214 MR analyses from 173 included articles. 29 meta-analyses were conducted using data from 34 articles (including 66 MR analyses) and results not able to be meta-analysed were narratively synthesised. Body mass index (BMI) was the predominant exposure used and was primarily associated with an increase in investigated outcomes; the largest effect in the meta-analyses was observed for the association between BMI and polycystic ovary syndrome (estimates reflect odds ratios (OR) per standard deviation change in each adiposity measure): OR = 2.55; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.22-5.33. Only colorectal cancer was investigated with two exposures in the meta-analysis: BMI (OR = 1.18; 95% CI = 1.01-1.37) and waist-hip ratio (WHR; OR = 1.48; 95% CI = 1.08-2.03). Broadly, results were consistent across the meta-analyses and narrative synthesis. Consistent with many observational studies, this work highlights the impact of adiposity across a broad spectrum of health outcomes, enabling targeted follow-up analyses. However, missing and incomplete data mean results should be interpreted with caution., Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed., (Copyright: © 2023 Lee MA et al.)
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- 2023
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48. Evaluating the effectiveness of a universal eHealth school-based prevention programme for depression and anxiety, and the moderating role of friendship network characteristics.
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Andrews JL, Birrell L, Chapman C, Teesson M, Newton N, Allsop S, McBride N, Hides L, Andrews G, Olsen N, Mewton L, and Slade T
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- Adolescent, Humans, Australia, Anxiety prevention & control, Anxiety Disorders prevention & control, Depression prevention & control, Depression diagnosis, Friends
- Abstract
Background: Lifetime trajectories of mental ill-health are often established during adolescence. Effective interventions to prevent the emergence of mental health problems are needed. In the current study we assessed the efficacy of the cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)-informed Climate Schools universal eHealth preventive mental health programme, relative to a control. We also explored whether the intervention had differential effects on students with varying degrees of social connectedness., Method: We evaluated the efficacy of the Climate Schools mental health programme (19 participating schools; average age at baseline was 13.6) v. a control group (18 participating schools; average age at baseline was 13.5) which formed part of a large cluster randomised controlled trial in Australian schools. Measures of internalising problems, depression and anxiety were collected at baseline, immediately following the intervention and at 6-, 12- and 18-months post intervention. Immediately following the intervention, 2539 students provided data on at least one outcome of interest (2065 students at 18 months post intervention)., Results: Compared to controls, we found evidence that the standalone mental health intervention improved knowledge of mental health, however there was no evidence that the intervention improved other mental health outcomes, relative to a control. Student's social connectedness did not influence intervention outcomes., Conclusion: These results are consistent with recent findings that universal school-based, CBT-informed, preventive interventions for mental health have limited efficacy in improving symptoms of anxiety and depression when delivered alone. We highlight the potential for combined intervention approaches, and more targeted interventions, to better improve mental health outcomes.
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- 2023
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49. A 64-Year-Old Man with Joint Pain.
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McBride N, Swaminathan S, and Nagaraja V
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- Male, Humans, Middle Aged, Diagnosis, Differential, Arthralgia, Acute Pain
- Abstract
A 64-Year-Old Man with Joint PainA 64-year-old man presented for evaluation of acute oligoarticular joint pain. How do you approach the evaluation, and what is the diagnosis?
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- 2023
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50. Health4Life eHealth intervention to modify multiple lifestyle risk behaviours among adolescent students in Australia: a cluster-randomised controlled trial.
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Champion KE, Newton NC, Gardner LA, Chapman C, Thornton L, Slade T, Sunderland M, Hides L, McBride N, O'Dean S, Kay-Lambkin F, Allsop S, Lubans DR, Parmenter B, Mills K, Spring B, Osman B, Ellem R, Smout S, Whife J, Stewart C, McCann KM, Catakovic A, Hunter E, and Teesson M
- Subjects
- United States, Humans, Adolescent, Australia, Life Style, Risk-Taking, Students, Telemedicine
- Abstract
Background: Lifestyle risk behaviours are prevalent among adolescents and commonly co-occur, but current intervention approaches tend to focus on single risk behaviours. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the eHealth intervention Health4Life in modifying six key lifestyle risk behaviours (ie, alcohol use, tobacco smoking, recreational screen time, physical inactivity, poor diet, and poor sleep, known as the Big 6) among adolescents., Methods: We conducted a cluster-randomised controlled trial in secondary schools that had a minimum of 30 year 7 students, in three Australian states. A biostatistician randomly allocated schools (1:1) to Health4Life (a six-module, web-based programme and accompanying smartphone app) or an active control group (usual health education) with the Blockrand function in R, stratified by site and school gender composition. All students aged 11-13 years who were fluent in English and attended participating schools were eligible. Teachers, students, and researchers were not masked to allocation. Primary outcomes were alcohol use, tobacco use, recreational screen time, moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sugar-sweetened beverage intake, and sleep duration at 24 months, measured by self-report surveys, and analysed in all students who were eligible at baseline. Latent growth models estimated between-group change over time. This trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12619000431123)., Findings: Between April 1, 2019, and Sept 27, 2019, we recruited 85 schools (9280 students), of which 71 schools with 6640 eligible students (36 schools [3610 students] assigned to the intervention and 35 [3030 students] to the control) completed the baseline survey. 14 schools were excluded from the final analysis or withdrew, mostly due to a lack of time. We found no between-group differences for alcohol use (odds ratio 1·24, 95% CI 0·58-2·64), smoking (1·68, 0·76-3·72), screen time (0·79, 0·59-1·06), MVPA (0·82, 0·62-1·09), sugar-sweetened beverage intake (1·02, 0·82-1·26), or sleep (0·91, 0·72-1·14) at 24 months. No adverse events were reported during this trial., Interpretation: Health4Life was not effective in modifying risk behaviours. Our results provide new knowledge about eHealth multiple health behaviour change interventions. However, further research is needed to improve efficacy., Funding: Paul Ramsay Foundation, the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, the Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care, and the US National Institutes of Health., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests MT and NCN are developers of OurFutures, the web-based programme (formerly Climate Schools) on which Health4Life was modelled, and are co-directors of CLIMATESchools, a company established to enable the distribution of evidence-based wellbeing resources to schools. FK-L's digital programme SHADE is the subject of licensing arrangements with Magellan Health and Cobalt Therapeutics. FK-L has not received any royalties in relation to these licensing agreements to date, but may receive some in the future. FK-L is a non-executive board member for the Orygen Medical Research Institute, is President of the Society for Mental Health Research, and is a member and Research Committee Chair of the Women in Health Science Committee for the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council. All other authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
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- View/download PDF
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