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1. Invited review: Current enteric methane mitigation options

Author

Karen A. Beauchemin, Emilio M. Ungerfeld, Adibe L. Abdalla, Clementina Alvarez, Claudia Arndt, Philippe Becquet, Chaouki Benchaar, Alexandre Berndt, Rogerio M. Mauricio, Tim A. McAllister, Walter Oyhantçabal, Saheed A. Salami, Laurence Shalloo, Yan Sun, Juan Tricarico, Aimable Uwizeye, Camillo De Camillis, Martial Bernoux, Timothy Robinson, and Ermias Kebreab

Subjects
antimethanogenic strategies, climate change, methane, mitigation, ruminants, Dairy processing. Dairy products, SF250.5-275, Dairying, SF221-250
Abstract

ABSTRACT: Ruminant livestock are an important source of anthropogenic methane (CH4). Decreasing the emissions of enteric CH4 from ruminant production is strategic to limit the global temperature increase to 1.5°C by 2050. Research in the area of enteric CH4 mitigation has grown exponentially in the last 2 decades, with various strategies for enteric CH4 abatement being investigated: production intensification, dietary manipulation (including supplementation and processing of concentrates and lipids, and management of forage and pastures), rumen manipulation (supplementation of ionophores, 3-nitrooxypropanol, macroalgae, alternative electron acceptors, and phytochemicals), and selection of low-CH4-producing animals. Other enteric CH4 mitigation strategies are at earlier stages of research but rapidly developing. Herein, we discuss and analyze the current status of available enteric CH4 mitigation strategies with an emphasis on opportunities and barriers to their implementation in confined and partial grazing production systems, and in extensive and fully grazing production systems. For each enteric CH4 mitigation strategy, we discuss its effectiveness to decrease total CH4 emissions and emissions on a per animal product basis, safety issues, impacts on the emissions of other greenhouse gases, as well as other economic, regulatory, and societal aspects that are key to implementation. Most research has been conducted with confined animals, and considerably more research is needed to develop, adapt, and evaluate antimethanogenic strategies for grazing systems. In general, few options are currently available for extensive production systems without feed supplementation. Continuous research and development are needed to develop enteric CH4 mitigation strategies that are locally applicable. Information is needed to calculate carbon footprints of interventions on a regional basis to evaluate the impact of mitigation strategies on net greenhouse gas emissions. Economically affordable enteric CH4 mitigation solutions are urgently needed. Successful implementation of safe and effective antimethanogenic strategies will also require delivery mechanisms and adequate technical support for producers, as well as consumer involvement and acceptance. The most appropriate metrics should be used in quantifying the overall climate outcomes associated with mitigation of enteric CH4 emissions. A holistic approach is required, and buy-in is needed at all levels of the supply chain.

Published
2022
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2. The Nationally Determined Contribution Expert Tool (NEXT): A Comprehensive Greenhouse Gas Accounting Tool to Support Annual Environmental Impact Assessment Over a 30-Year Time Series in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use Sector

Author

Laure-Sophie Schiettecatte, Philip Audebert, Viviane Umulisa, Daniel Dionisio, and Martial Bernoux

Subjects
Paris Agreement, Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), long-term strategy, GHG accounting, AFOLU, climate change mitigation, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract

The Nationally Determined Contribution Expert Tool (NEXT) is a greenhouse gas accounting tool developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) to support annual environmental impact assessment for the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use sector (AFOLU). It provides a 30-year time series of annual and cumulated estimates of carbon removal and greenhouse gas emission reductions from actions determined by Parties in their climate policies. NEXT was developed using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodologies, and estimates can be made using either the IPCC 2006 guidelines or the IPCC 2019 refinement to the IPCC 2006 which are both complemented with the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement. The tool was designed to provide results that directly respond to the provisions of the Enhanced Transparency Framework and support the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) development as required by the modalities, procedures and guidelines. NEXT provides a detailed temporal series of results and a wide set of indicators, including the social value of carbon, enabling a comprehensive environmental and economic overview of climate actions in achieving mitigation targets. The tool helps countries to interpret, track and scale up ambition of their NDCs which could ultimately inform the global stocktake of the Paris Agreement in a harmonized way.

Published
2022
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3. Atributos físicos e carbono orgânico em solo sob cerrado convertido para pastagem e sistema misto / Physical attributes and organic carbon in soil under brazilian Savannah converted to pasture and mixed system

Author

Thalita Mendes Resende, Vania Rosolen, Martial Bernoux, Jorge Luís Silva Brito, Elias Nascentes Borges, and Fabrício Pelizer Almeida

Subjects
Bulk density, organic matter, agricultural systems, brazilian Savannah., Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Social sciences (General), H1-99
Abstract

The pasture is an important economic activity in the brazilian Savannah. From the 1970s and 1980s, the implementation of the programs to improve the productivity of pastures, was introduced grasses, especially Brachiaria. When handled properly, the pasture is an efficient method to contribute to carbon sequestration and to the mitigation of concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which are dependent to the time of the land-use and the properties of each soil type. The microregion of Uberlandia in Triangulo Mineiro (MG) is traditionally linked to the pasture. However, the geological and natural soil conditions and climate are factors that can accelerate soil degradation when pasture is not handled properly. The objective of this article was to compare the changes of soil properties and the incorporation of C in covered areas [1] natural brazilian Savannah, [2] mixed system initially converted to agricultural use and the last 15 years of pasture, and [3] pasture cultivated with 30 years of implantation. The results show the influence of the land use on organic matter dynamics, and evaluate the potential degradation of soil by the activity, management and time of land use.

Published
2015
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5. 24-h variation in soil respiration after a long dry season in a Sudano-Sahelian region

Author

Pierrot Lionel Yemadje, Hervé Guibert, Didier Blavet, Jean-Paul Olina, Tiphaine Chevallier, Philippe Deleporte, and Martial Bernoux

Subjects
diel soil respiration, soil temperature, soil moisture, Agriculture (General), S1-972
Abstract

Soil respiration is a major component of the global carbon cycle which links ecosystems and the atmosphere. To evaluate the reaction of soil respiration after wetting, during a dry period, soil respiration and associated environmental factors were measured over a 24-h period, during the dry season in North Cameroon after wetting the soil. Over 24-h, soil respiration rates followed a quadratic curve during the day coming close to linear at night, while soil temperature and moisture together explained at least 73 % of the variations during the 24-h observed. These soil respiration rates increased during the morning, peaked between 11h00 and 13h00 and then decreased gradually to the minimum around 06h00. These observations were used to propose a method for estimating mean daytime and nighttime soil respiration after wetting the soil. The method proposed in this study has the advantage of being based on a small number of measurements and is, therefore, easier to implement for monitoring 24-h soil respiration after the first rains following a long dry period.

Published
2015
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6. Accounting for Carbon Stocks in Soils and Measuring GHGs Emission Fluxes from Soils: Do We Have the Necessary Standards?

Author

Antonio Bispo, Lizzi Andersen, Denis A. Angers, Martial Bernoux, Michel Brossard, Lauric Cécillon, Rob N. J. Comans, Joop Harmsen, Knut Jonassen, Frank Lamé, Caroline Lhuillery, Stanislav Maly, Edith Martin, Angus E. Mcelnea, Hiro Sakai, Yoichi Watabe, and Thomas K. Eglin

Subjects
soil, carbon sequestration, methane, nitrous oxide, standards, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract

Soil is a key compartment for climate regulation as a source of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions and as a sink of carbon. Thus, soil carbon sequestration strategies should be considered alongside reduction strategies for other greenhouse gas emissions. Taking this into account, several international and European policies on climate change are now acknowledging the importance of soils, which means that proper, comparable and reliable information is needed to report on carbon stocks and GHGs emissions from soil. It also implies a need for consensus on the adoption and verification of mitigation options that soil can provide. Where consensus is a key aspect, formal standards and guidelines come into play. This paper describes the existing ISO soil quality standards that can be used in this context, and calls for new ones to be developed through (international) collaboration. Available standards cover the relevant basic soil parameters including carbon and nitrogen content but do not yet consider the dynamics of those elements. Such methods have to be developed together with guidelines consistent with the scale to be investigated and the specific use of the collected data. We argue that this standardization strategy will improve the reliability of the reporting procedures and results of the different climate models that rely on soil quality data.

Published
2017
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8. Revisiting IPCC Tier 1 coefficients for soil organic and biomass carbon storage in agroforestry systems

Author

Rémi Cardinael, Viviane Umulisa, Anass Toudert, Alain Olivier, Louis Bockel, and Martial Bernoux

Subjects
carbon sequestration, emission factor, climate change mitigation, land use change, Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, TD1-1066, Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Science, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Agroforestry systems comprise trees and crops, or trees and pastures within the same field. Globally, they cover approximately 1 billion hectares of land and contribute to the livelihoods of over 900 million people. Agroforestry systems have the capacity to sequester large quantities of carbon (C) in both soil and biomass. However, these systems have not yet been fully considered in the approach to C accounting developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, largely due to the high diversity of agroforestry systems and scarcity of relevant data. Our literature review identified a total of 72 scientific, peer-reviewed articles associated with biomass C storage (50) and with soil organic carbon (SOC) (122), containing a total of 542 observations (324 and 218, respectively). Based on a synthesis of the reported observations, we are presenting a set of Tier 1 coefficients for biomass C storage for each of the eight main agroforestry systems identified, including alley cropping, fallows, hedgerows, multistrata, parklands, shaded perennial-crop, silvoarable and silvopastoral systems, disaggregated by climate and region. Using the same agroforestry classification, we are presenting a set of stock change factors ( F _LU ) and SOC accumulation/loss rates for three main land use changes (LUCs): cropland to agroforestry; forest to agroforestry; and grassland to agroforestry. Globally, the mean SOC stock change factors (± confidence intervals) were estimated to be 1.25 ± 0.04, 0.89 ± 0.07, and 1.19 ± 0.10, for the three main LUCs, respectively. However, these average coefficients hide huge disparities across and within different climates, regions, and types of agroforestry systems, highlighting the necessity to adopt the more disaggregated coefficients provided herein. We encourage national governments to synthesize data from local field experiments to generate country-specific factors for more robust estimation of biomass and SOC storage.

Published
2018
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10. Improved accuracy and reduced uncertainty in greenhouse gas inventories by refining the IPCC emission factor for direct N 2 O emissions from nitrogen inputs to managed soils

Author

Åsa Kasimir, Kristell Hergoualc'h, Martial Bernoux, N. Mueller, Tony J. van der Weerden, and Stephen M. Ogle

Subjects
Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, Soil texture, business.industry, Climate change, Land cover, engineering.material, Atmospheric sciences, Manure, Agriculture, Greenhouse gas, Soil water, engineering, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental science, Fertilizer, business, General Environmental Science
Abstract

Most national GHG inventories estimating direct N2 O emissions from managed soils rely on a default Tier 1 emission factor (EF1 ) amounting to 1% of nitrogen inputs. Recent research has however demonstrated the potential for refining the EF1 considering variables that are readily available at national scales. Building on existing reviews, we produced a large dataset (n = 848) enriched in dry and low latitude tropical climates observations as compared to former global efforts and disaggregated the EF1 according to most meaningful controlling factors. Using spatially explicit N fertilizer and manure inputs, we also investigated the implications of using the EF1 developed as part of this research and adopted by the 2019 IPCC refinement report. Our results demonstrated that climate is a major driver of emission, with an EF1 three times higher in wet climates (0.014, 95% C.I. 0.011 - 0.017) than in dry climates (0.005, 95% C.I. 0.000 - 0.011). Likewise, the form of the fertilizer markedly modulated the EF1 in wet climates, where the EF1 for synthetic and mixed forms (0.016, 95% C.I. 0.013 - 0.019) was also almost three times larger than the EF1 for organic forms (0.006; 95% C.I. 0.001 - 0.011). Other factors such as land cover and soil texture, C content and pH were also important regulators of the EF1 . The uncertainty associated with the disaggregated EF1 was considerably reduced as compared to the range in the 2006 IPCC guidelines. Compared to estimates from the 2006 IPCC EF1 , emissions based on the 2019 IPCC EF1 range from 15-46% lower in countries dominated by dry climates to 7-37% higher in countries with wet climates and high synthetic N fertilizer consumption. The adoption of the 2019 IPCC EF1 will allow parties to improve the accuracy of emissions inventories and to better target areas for implementing mitigation strategies.

Published
2021

11. New estimates of greenhouse gas emissions from biomass burning and peat fires using MODIS Collection 6 burned areas

Author

Martial Bernoux, Giulia Conchedda, Paolo Prosperi, Francesco N. Tubiello, Mirella Salvatore, Simone Rossi, Mario Bloise, and Luigi Boschetti

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Global and Planetary Change, Biomass (ecology), Peat, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Land use, business.industry, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Climate change, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, 020801 environmental engineering, Tier 1 network, Agriculture, Environmental protection, Greenhouse gas, Environmental science, Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer, business, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The Paris Agreement calls on parties to undertake ambitious efforts to combat climate change by engaging in appropriate policies and measures as put forward through Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), to strengthen transparency when reporting their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and to increase their mitigation contributions to climate action from 2020. It also calls for regular and transparent monitoring and reporting of the GHG emissions and on the NDCs implementation efforts. Biomass fires significantly affect the GHG atmospheric balance, with fire emissions representing more than 5% of total emissions from agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU), according to recent estimates produced by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). We update previously published Tier 1 estimates of GHG emissions in FAOSTAT—which had been used in the IPCC AR5 analysis—by using new burned area activity data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) known as MCD64A1, Collection 6. The previous FAOSTAT estimates had used as input the Global Fire Emission Database v.4 (GFED4) burned area product, based on older MODIS Collection 5.1 burned area product. In line with differences between the input data used, the new FAOSTAT estimates indicate roughly 30% higher fire emissions globally than previously published. Our analysis also confirms that the FAOSTAT Tier 1 approach produces fire emissions estimates that are comparable to those computed at Tier 3 by GFED, and thus represent a useful complementary tool in support of country GHG reporting.

Published
2020

13. Climate and Soil Characteristics Determine Where No-Till Management Can Store Carbon in Soils and Mitigate Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Author

Brian McConkey, Jeff Baldock, Stephen M. Ogle, F. Jay Breidt, Martial Bernoux, Kristiina Regina, Gabriel Vazquez-Amabile, and Cody Alsaker

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Climate change, lcsh:Medicine, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, No-till farming, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental protection, Ciencias Agrarias, lcsh:Science, Multidisciplinary, Food security, lcsh:R, Soil classification, Carbon cycle, No-till, Redistribution (cultural anthropology), Soil carbon, 030104 developmental biology, Greenhouse gas, Soil water, Soil erosion, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, Agroecology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Adoption of no-till management on croplands has become a controversial approach for storing carbon in soil due to conflicting findings. Yet, no-till is still promoted as a management practice to stabilize the global climate system from additional change due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, including the 4 per mille initiative promoted through the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. We evaluated the body of literature surrounding this practice, and found that SOC storage can be higher under no-till management in some soil types and climatic conditions even with redistribution of SOC, and contribute to reducing net greenhouse gas emissions. However, uncertainties tend to be large, which may make this approach less attractive as a contributor to stabilize the climate system compared to other options. Consequently, no-till may be better viewed as a method for reducing soil erosion, adapting to climate change, and ensuring food security, while any increase in SOC storage is a co-benefit for society in terms of reducing greenhouse gas emissions., Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales

Published
2019

14. Les émissions de N2O peuvent-elles compenser les avantages du stockage du carbone organique dans le sol ?

Author

David S. Powlson, Frédéric Rees, Victoria Naipal, Jérôme Balesdent, Rémi Cardinael, Julien Fouché, Emanuele Lugato, Elisa Bruni, Stefan Frank, Philippe Ciais, Dominique Arrouays, Catherine Hénault, Benoit Gabrielle, Hanqin Tian, Thomas Nesme, Sylvain Pellerin, Hugo Valin, Bertrand Guenet, Jean-Pierre Caliman, Michael Obersteiner, Claire Chenu, Feng Zhou, Yang Su, Jean-François Soussana, Dominique Desbois, Songchao Chen, Daniel P. Rasse, Martial Bernoux, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), InfoSol (InfoSol), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie] (FAO), Smart Research Institute [Indonésie] (SMARTRI), SMART agribusiness and food [Jakarta] (SMART), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Agroécologie et Intensification Durables des cultures annuelles (UPR AIDA), University of Zimbawe [Harare] (UZ), University of Zimbawe, ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Economie Publique (ECO-PUB), Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème (UMR LISAH), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), Agroécologie [Dijon], Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Rothamsted Research, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Auburn University (AU), Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], This paper stemmed from a workshop 'Emerging challenges in large scale soil carbon sequestration' held in Paris on 8-10 October 2018. The workshop was financially supported by the French government under the ANR 'Investissements d'avenir' program with the reference CLAND ANR-16-CONV-0003. F.Z. acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 41671464), ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), Norsk institutt for bioøkonomi=Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 41671464), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale (UMR TETIS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Environnement Méditerranéen et Modélisation des Agro-Hydrosystèmes (EMMAH), Avignon Université (AU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Atténuation de l'effet de serre, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Travail du sol, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, greenhouse gases emissions, Agroforesterie, Carbone dans le sol, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, agroforestry, Interactions biologiques, Environmental protection, Biochar, organic amendment, General Environmental Science, 2. Zero hunger, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, greenhouse gas emissions, land based mitigation, erosion, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, Tillage, Gaz a effet de serre, séquestration du carbone, Cycle de l'azote, réduction des émissions, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, tillage, Culture de couverture, P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, Labour, Land management, Climate change, érosion, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, 010603 evolutionary biology, 12. Responsible consumption, Matière organique du sol, Fertilité du sol, Environmental Chemistry, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, biochar, Occupation des sols, émissions de gaz à effet de serre, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, cover crops agroforestry, Oxyde nitreux, Global warming, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, soil organic carbon, land-based mitigation, Amendement organique, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Soil water, Environmental science, cover crops, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Cycle du carbone
Abstract

This paper stemmed from a workshop 'Emerging challenges in large scale soil carbon sequestration' held in Paris on 8-10 October 2018; International audience; To respect the Paris agreement targeting a limitation of global warming below 2°C by 2100, and possibly below 1.5°C, drastic reductions of greenhouse gas emissions are mandatory but not sufficient. Large‐scale deployment of other climate mitigation strategies are also necessary. Among these, increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks is an important lever because carbon in soils can be stored for long periods and land management options to achieve this already exist and have been widely tested. However, agricultural soils are also an important source of nitrous oxide (N$_2$O), a powerful greenhouse gas, and increasing SOC may influence N$_2$O emissions, likely causing an increase in many cases, thus tending to offset the climate change benefit from increased SOC storage. Here, we review the main agricultural management options for increasing SOC stocks. We evaluate the amount of SOC that can be stored as well as resulting changes in N$_2$O emissions to better estimate the climate benefits of these management options. Based on quantitative data obtained from published meta‐analyses and from our current level of understanding, we conclude that the climate mitigation induced by increased SOC storage is generally overestimated if associated N$_2$O emissions are not considered but, with the exception of reduced tillage, is never fully offset. Some options (e.g, biochar or non‐pyrogenic C amendment application) may even decrease N$_2$O emissions.; Pour respecter l'accord de Paris visant à limiter le réchauffement climatique à moins de 2°C d'ici 2100, et éventuellement à moins de 1,5°C, des réductions drastiques des émissions de gaz à effet de serre sont obligatoires mais pas suffisantes. Le déploiement à grande échelle d'autres stratégies d'atténuation du climat est également nécessaire. Parmi celles-ci, l'augmentation des stocks de carbone organique du sol (SOC) est un levier important car le carbone dans les sols peut être stocké pendant de longues périodes et les options de gestion des terres pour y parvenir existent déjà et ont été largement testées. Toutefois, les sols agricoles sont également une source importante d'oxyde nitreux (N$_2$O), un puissant gaz à effet de serre, et l'augmentation du SOC peut influer sur les émissions de N$_$O, provoquant probablement une augmentation dans de nombreux cas, tendant ainsi à compenser le bénéfice du changement climatique résultant du stockage accru du SOC. Nous passons ici en revue les principales options de gestion agricole pour l'augmentation des stocks de SOC. Nous évaluons la quantité de SOC qui peut être stockée ainsi que les changements qui en résultent dans les émissions de N$_2$O afin de mieux estimer les avantages climatiques de ces options de gestion. Sur la base des données quantitatives obtenues à partir de méta-analyses publiées et de notre niveau de compréhension actuel, nous concluons que l'atténuation du climat induite par un stockage accru du SOC est généralement surestimée si l'on ne tient pas compte des émissions de N$_2$O associées, mais, à l'exception du travail réduit du sol, n'est jamais totalement compensée. Certaines options (par exemple, le biochar ou l'application d'un amendement C non pyrogène) peuvent même réduire les émissions de N$_2$O.

Published
2021

15. Can N

Author

Bertrand, Guenet, Benoit, Gabrielle, Claire, Chenu, Dominique, Arrouays, Jérôme, Balesdent, Martial, Bernoux, Elisa, Bruni, Jean-Pierre, Caliman, Rémi, Cardinael, Songchao, Chen, Philippe, Ciais, Dominique, Desbois, Julien, Fouche, Stefan, Frank, Catherine, Henault, Emanuele, Lugato, Victoria, Naipal, Thomas, Nesme, Michael, Obersteiner, Sylvain, Pellerin, David S, Powlson, Daniel P, Rasse, Frédéric, Rees, Jean-François, Soussana, Yang, Su, Hanqin, Tian, Hugo, Valin, and Feng, Zhou

Subjects
Greenhouse Gases, Paris, Soil, Nitrous Oxide, Agriculture, Carbon
Abstract

To respect the Paris agreement targeting a limitation of global warming below 2°C by 2100, and possibly below 1.5°C, drastic reductions of greenhouse gas emissions are mandatory but not sufficient. Large-scale deployment of other climate mitigation strategies is also necessary. Among these, increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks is an important lever because carbon in soils can be stored for long periods and land management options to achieve this already exist and have been widely tested. However, agricultural soils are also an important source of nitrous oxide (N

Published
2020

16. Landscape-scale spatial modelling of deforestation, land degradation, and regeneration using machine learning tools

Author

Jean-Roger Rakotoarijaona, Marie Nourtier, Ghislain Vieilledent, Clovis Grinand, Tantely Maminiana Razafimbelo, Martial Bernoux, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire des Radio-Isotopes (LRI), Université d'Antananarivo, Université d'Antananarivo, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
changement dans l'usage des terrres, 010501 environmental sciences, computer.software_genre, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, 11. Sustainability, Régénération, apprentissage machine, Dégradation des terres, analyse spatiale, General Environmental Science, education.field_of_study, U10 - Informatique, mathématiques et statistiques, scenarios, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, ensemble method, land use change modelling, Land degradation, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, Conservation du paysage, REDD+, Sustainable land management, REDD plus, Population, Soil Science, Development, Machine learning, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Deforestation, Scenarios, Madagascar, Environmental Chemistry, K70 - Dégâts causés aux forêts et leur protection, Regeneration (ecology), education, Ensemble method, Modélisation environnementale, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Ensemble forecasting, business.industry, Modélisation des cultures, Land-use planning, Land use change modelling, 15. Life on land, Déboisement, 13. Climate action, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Artificial intelligence, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, computer
Abstract

Land degradation and regeneration are complex processes that greatly impact climate regulation, ecosystem service provision, and population well-being and require an urgent and appropriate response through land use planning and interventions. Spatially explicit land change models can greatly help decision makers, but traditional regression approaches fail to capture the nonlinearity and complex interactions of the underlying drivers. Our objective was to use a machine learning algorithm combined with high-resolution data sets to provide simultaneous and spatial forecasts of deforestation, land degradation, and regeneration for the next two decades. A 17,000-km(2) region in the south of Madagascar was taken as the study area. First, an empirical analysis of drivers of change was conducted, and then, an ensemble model was calibrated to predict and map potential changes based on 12 potential explanatory variables. These potential change maps were used to draw three scenarios of land change while considering past trends in intensity of change and expert knowledge. Historical observations displayed clear patterns of land degradation and relatively low regeneration. Amongst the 12 potential explanatory variables, distance to forest edge and elevation were the most important for the three land transitions studied. Random forest showed slightly better prediction ability compared with maximum entropy and generalized linear model. Business-as-usual scenarios highlighted the large areas under deforestation and degradation threat, and an alternative scenario enabled the location of suitable areas for regeneration. The approach developed herein and the spatial outputs provided can help stakeholders target their interventions or develop large-scale sustainable land management strategies.

Published
2020

17. Climate Change Adaptation in the Agriculture and Land Use Sectors: A Review of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) in Pacific Small Island Developing States (SIDS)

Author

Martial Bernoux and Krystal Crumpler

Subjects
Sustainable development, Geography, Food security, Land use, Natural resource economics, Agriculture, business.industry, Effects of global warming, Small Island Developing States, business, Natural resource, Ecosystem services
Abstract

Climate change is already altering the natural resource base upon which global food security and nutrition depend, with disproportionate impacts on rural and coastal communities in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) (IPCC in An IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate. IPCC, 2018). The agriculture and land use sectors (crops, livestock, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture) lie at the heart of the global response to climate change, with the unique capacity to protect ecosystem integrity and promote the livelihoods and resilience of the poor and vulnerable (FAO in State of food and agriculture: climate change, agriculture and food security. FAO, Rome, 2016a). The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (UN) has developed a methodology (Crumpler et al. in Working paper no. 76, FAO, Rome, 2019) and analysis of the role of the agriculture and land use sectors in the climate change adaptation components set forth in the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) of Pacific SIDS under the Paris Agreement (FAO in regional analysis of the Nationally Determined Contributions in the Pacific: gaps and opportunities in the agriculture and land use sectors. FAO, Rome, 2020). The analysis aims to provide a synthesis of the extent to which countries in the Pacific region include agriculture and land use in their adaptation components, as well as identify “gaps” and “opportunities” for enhancing adaptation ambitions by addressing the major climate-related impacts, hazards and vulnerabilities reported in ecosystems and social systems. Overall, around 90% of Pacific SIDS identify adaptation measures in ocean and coastal zone ecosystems and agroecosystems, with mangrove conservation and replanting and water storage and harvesting amongst the most frequently prioritized adaptation options. Adverse health, loss of productive infrastructure and assets, and food insecurity and malnutrition constitute the greatest climate-related risks in social systems reported. Over two-thirds of countries promote health information and services as a cross-cutting adaptation priority, and half prioritize resilient infrastructure. However, high adaptation policy coverage gaps emerge around climate-related losses in ecosystem service provision, particularly biological control, soil erosion control, moderation of extreme events and the maintenance of genetic diversity and abundance. In social systems, high policy coverage gaps are found around climate-related migration and displacement. The analysis aims to inform 2020 NDC revision processes, as well as guide country support and investment options in the region.

Published
2020

18. Conclusion

Author

Tiphaine Chevallier, Tantely M. Razafimbelo, Lydie Chapuis-Lardy, Michel Brossard, Martial Bernoux, and Étienne Drieux

Published
2020

20. Introduction

Author

Tiphaine Chevallier, Lydie Chapuis-Lardy, Martial Bernoux, Tantely M. Razafimbelo, Michel Brossard, and Étienne Drieux

Published
2020

21. Characterization of N2O emissions and associated microbial communities from the ant mounds in soils of a humid tropical rainforest

Author

M. Z. Majeed, Alain Brauman, Edouard Miambi, I. Barois, and Martial Bernoux

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Soil biology, Rainforest, complex mixtures, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Microbiology, N-cycle genes, chemistry.chemical_compound, Antmounds, Nitrate, Abundance (ecology), Microbial denitrification, Attamexicana, Nitrous oxideemission, biology, Ecology, fungi, Solenopsis geminata, food and beverages, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Medicine, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, equipment and supplies, biology.organism_classification, chemistry, Tropical forest soil, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Atta mexicana, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Epigeal, Tropical rainforest
Abstract

Tropical rainforest soils harbor a considerable diversity of soil fauna that contributes to emissions of N2O. Despite their ecological dominance, there is limited information available about the contribution of epigeal ant mounds to N2O emissions in these tropical soils. This study aimed to determine whether ant mounds contribute to local soil N emissions in the tropical humid rainforest. N2O emission was determined in vitro from individual live ants, ant-processed mound soils, and surrounding reference soils for two trophically distinct and abundant ant species: the leaf-cutting Atta mexicana and omnivorous Solenopsis geminata. The abundance of total bacteria, nitrifiers (AOA and AOB), and denitrifiers (nirK, nirS, and nosZ) was estimated in these soils using quantitative PCR, and their respective mineral N contents determined. There was negligible N2O emission detected from live ant individuals. However, the mound soils of both species emitted significantly greater (3-fold) amount of N2O than their respective surrounding reference soils. This emission increased significantly up to 6-fold in the presence of acetylene, indicating that, in addition to N2O, dinitrogen (N-2) is also produced from these mound soils at an equivalent rate (N2O/N-2 = 0.57). Functional gene abundance (nitrifiers and denitrifiers) and mineral N pools (ammonium and nitrate) were significantly greater in mound soils than in their respective reference soils. Furthermore, in the light of the measured parameters and their correlation trends, nitrification and denitrification appeared to represent the major N2O-producing microbial processes in ant mound soils. The ant mounds were estimated to contribute from 0.1 to 3.7% of the total N2O emissions of tropical rainforest soils.

Published
2017

22. Wetting-drying cycles do not increase organic carbon and nitrogen mineralization in soils with straw amendment

Author

Isabelle Bertrand, Martial Bernoux, Tiphaine Chevallier, Pierrot Lionel Yemadje, Hervé Guibert, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Agroécologie et Intensification Durables des cultures annuelles (UPR AIDA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), and C2D Cameroun Project

Subjects
[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, Crop residue, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, MINERALISATION, 01 natural sciences, STOCKAGE, C-13 isotope, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Priming effect, Périodicité, 2. Zero hunger, chemistry.chemical_classification, FERTILITE DU SOL, Chemistry, 13C isotope, food and beverages, Soil chemistry, Residues, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Straw, CARBONE, FACTEUR CLIMATIQUE, Minéralisation du carbone, Nitrogen, Soil Science, Wetting-drying cycles, Saison sèche, AZOTE, Soil organic carbon mineralization, Organic matter, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Soil organic matter, MATIERE ORGANIQUE, P30 - Sciences et aménagement du sol, Mineralization (soil science), 15. Life on land, Saison humide, Agronomy, 13. Climate action, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Soil fertility, Minéralisation de l'azote
Abstract

Increasing soil organic matter (SOM) is of primary importance for maintaining soil fertility and mitigating climate change. Leaving crop residues on top of soil is not always an efficient means of increasing SOM because (i) of the high mineralization of the crop residues, (ii) crop residues may increase the mineralization of existing SOM (priming effect) and (iii) wetting-drying cycles may increase mineralization of SOM and crop residues. Little research has been carried out into these mechanisms under Sudano-Sahelian conditions where the rainfall is mostly irregular with wetting-drying cycles during the transition between the wet and the dry season. To evaluate the effect of wetting-drying cycles on the mineralization of SOM and crop residues and the priming effect, an agricultural soil from the North Region of Cameroon with or without (controls) 13 C-labeled rice straw amendment as crop residues was either subjected to five wetting-drying cycles or maintained at constant water potential after a single rewetting event. Soil samples were incubated for 70 days at 28 °C and the CO 2 and 13 CO 2 emissions and mineral N were monitored. Adding straw (+ 833 μg C g − 1 soil) increased the cumulative CO 2 emissions from the soil (+ 921 μg C-CO 2 g − 1 soil). A positive priming effect was observed (+ 92 μg C-CO 2 g − 1 soil). Only the first wetting cycle created a mineralization flush of the SOM and the straw. This flush did not recur probably because of a lack of labile SOM. However an extra addition of straw after 28 days increased CO 2 emissions but did not result in further mineralization flushes after re-wetting while SOM mineralization was not limited by N availability. We conclude that SOM depletion under Sudano-Sahelian conditions was not explained by SOM mineralization enhancement due to multiple rewetting events or to priming effect following crop residues addition. Indeed, SOM depletion could rather be explained by a high level of mineralization of both, SOM and crop residues, when the soil reached its water retention capacity.

Published
2017

23. Mathematical analysis of a spatially distributed soil carbon dynamics model

Author

Martial Bernoux, Oana Iosifescu, Alaaeddine Hammoudi, Institut Montpelliérain Alexander Grothendieck (IMAG), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Group (mathematics), Applied Mathematics, Weak solution, positive weak solutions, Mathematical analysis, Soil organic carbon dynamics, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 01 natural sciences, Term (time), Quadratic equation, Bounded function, Attractor, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, [MATH.MATH-AP]Mathematics [math]/Analysis of PDEs [math.AP], 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Initial value problem, reaction-diffusion-advection system, periodic weak solutions, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Analysis, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Mathematics
Abstract

International audience; The aim of this paper is to study the mathematical properties of a new model of soil carbon dynamics which is a reaction-diffusion-advection system with a quadratic reaction term. This is a spatial version of Modeling Organic changes by Micro-Organisms of Soil model, recently introduced by M. Pansu and his group. We show here that for any nonnegative initial condition, there exists a unique nonnegative weak solution. Moreover, if we assume time periodicity of model entries, taking into account seasonal effects, we prove existence of a minimal and a maximal periodic weak solution. In a particular case, these two solutions coincide and they become a global attractor of any bounded solution of the periodic system.

Published
2017

24. Modeling Soil Carbon Dynamics in Tropical Ecosystems

Author

Pete Falloon, D. S. Jenkinson, Carlos Eduardo Pellegrino Cerri, Kevin Coleman, M C Piccolo, Martial Bernoux, László Pásztor, Pete Smith, John Ingram, Joanne Ursula Smith, and József Szabó

Subjects
Total organic carbon, chemistry.chemical_classification, chemistry, Ecology, Soil organic matter, Climate change, Environmental science, Tropics, Ecosystem, Organic matter, Soil carbon, Atmospheric sciences
Published
2019

25. Revisiting IPCC Tier 1 coefficients for soil organic and biomass carbon storage in agroforestry systems

Author

Louis Bockel, Rémi Cardinael, Viviane Umulisa, Alain Olivier, Martial Bernoux, and Anass Toudert

Subjects
P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, Carbone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, media_common.quotation_subject, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, Stockage, Climate change, Agroforesterie, 01 natural sciences, Grassland, Scarcity, Matière organique du sol, Biomasse, Hectare, Stock (geology), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, media_common, Changement climatique, geography, Utilisation des terres, geography.geographical_feature_category, Land use, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Agroforestry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, Livelihood, K10 - Production forestière, séquestration du carbone, réduction des émissions, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Cycle du carbone
Abstract

Agroforestry systems comprise trees and crops, or trees and pastures within the same field. Globally, they cover approximately 1 billion hectares of land and contribute to the livelihoods of over 900 million people. Agroforestry systems have the capacity to sequester large quantities of carbon (C) in both soil and biomass. However, these systems have not yet been fully considered in the approach to C accounting developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, largely due to the high diversity of agroforestry systems and scarcity of relevant data. Our literature review identified a total of 72 scientific, peer-reviewed articles associated with biomass C storage (50) and with soil organic carbon (SOC) (122), containing a total of 542 observations (324 and 218, respectively). Based on a synthesis of the reported observations, we are presenting a set of Tier 1 coefficients for biomass C storage for each of the eight main agroforestry systems identified, including alley cropping, fallows, hedgerows, multistrata, parklands, shaded perennial-crop, silvoarable and silvopastoral systems, disaggregated by climate and region. Using the same agroforestry classification, we are presenting a set of stock change factors (F LU ) and SOC accumulation/loss rates for three main land use changes (LUCs): cropland to agroforestry; forest to agroforestry; and grassland to agroforestry. Globally, the mean SOC stock change factors (± confidence intervals) were estimated to be 1.25 ± 0.04, 0.89 ± 0.07, and 1.19 ± 0.10, for the three main LUCs, respectively. However, these average coefficients hide huge disparities across and within different climates, regions, and types of agroforestry systems, highlighting the necessity to adopt the more disaggregated coefficients provided herein. We encourage national governments to synthesize data from local field experiments to generate country-specific factors for more robust estimation of biomass and SOC storage.

Published
2019

26. Contrasted seasonal balances in a Sahelian pastoral ecosystem result in a neutral annual carbon balance

Author

Jonathan Vayssières, Mohamed Habibou Assouma, Alexandre Ickowicz, Philippe Lecomte, Martial Bernoux, Pierre Hiernaux, Systèmes d'élevage méditerranéens et tropicaux (UMR SELMET), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, ghg emissions, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, Dry season, C sequestration, 2. Zero hunger, Ecology, Senegal, GHG emissions, séquestration du carbone, Variation saisonnière, ecosystem functioning, Livestock, Gaz à effet de serre, Écosystème, Wet season, ecosystem approaches [EN], P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, Borehole, Monsoon, 010603 evolutionary biology, Système d'élevage, senegal, Ecosystem, Landscape, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], Pastoralisme, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, business.industry, c sequestration, L01 - Élevage - Considérations générales, 15. Life on land, landscape, Balance (accounting), 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Ecosystem functioning, Environmental science, business
Abstract

International audience; This paper explores an original approach in which greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and carbon (C) accumulation are assessed monthly and at landscape scale to account for the highly seasonal monsoon climate and the mobility of pastoral herds that characterize West African pastoral ecosystems. The study was conducted in northern Senegal, in the service area of the Widou Thiengoly borehole, a circular zone of 706 km(2) centered on the borehole. The C balance was calculated using an ecosystem approach, i.e. taking all main sources of GHG emissions and C sinks of the ecosystem, not only anthropogenic sources, into account. The annual C balance of the pastoral ecosystem was -0.04 +/- 0.01 tC-eq.ha(-1).year(-1), showing that total GHG emissions were mitigated by C accumulation in trees, soil and livestock. The C balance varied considerably with the seasons, with a positive monthly balance in the wet season, from July to October (+ 0.58 tC-eq.ha(-1).month(-1)) and a negative monthly balance in the cold dry season from November to February and the hot dry season from March to June (- 0.57 and -0.05 tC-eq.ha(-1).month(-1) respectively). Care should be taken when generalizing these results, which were obtained in a dry year, because of strong inter-annual variations in rainfall.

Published
2019

27. Carbon Accounting Tools for Sustainable Land Management

Author

Maylina St-Louis, Adriana Ignaciuk, Martial Bernoux, Louis Bockel, Yuxuan Zhao, Manar Abdelmagied, Anass Toudert, and Ademola K. Braimoh

Subjects
Sustainable land management, Climate change mitigation, Carbon accounting, Land use, Natural resource economics, Agriculture, business.industry, Deforestation, Economic sector, Greenhouse gas, Environmental science, business
Abstract

Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector is unique among economic sectors because its mitigation potential derives from both an enhancement of removals of GHGs and a reduction of emissions through management of land and livestock. The AFOLU sector is responsible for just under a quarter (approximately 10–12 GtCO2eq per year) of global anthropogenic GHG emissions, mainly due to deforestation and agricultural emissions from livestock, soil, and nutrient management. AFOLU emissions could change substantially in transformational pathways, given the high mitigation potential from agriculture, forestry, and bioenergy. Mitigation options in the AFOLU sector, therefore, need to be assessed, as far as possible, for their potential impact on all other services generated by land.

Published
2018

28. Greenhouse Gas Accounting for Sustainable Land Management

Author

Martial Bernoux, Yuxuan Zhao, Louis Bockel, Adriana Ignaciuk, Manar Abdelmagied, Anass Toudert, Ademola K. Braimoh, and Maylina St-Louis

Subjects
Sustainable land management, Land use, Environmental protection, Deforestation, Greenhouse gas, Carbon footprint, Climate change, Environmental science, Greenhouse gas accounting, Soil fertility
Published
2018

29. A global spectral library to characterize the world's soil

Author

David J. Brown, Carolyn Hedley, Cécile Gomez, Bo Stenberg, Suk Young Hong, P. Sanborn, H.J.M. Morrás, R. A. Viscarra Rossel, Youssef Fouad, Martial Bernoux, Adrian Chappell, Pierre Roudier, Harm Bartholomeus, César Guerrero, Viacheslav I. Adamchuk, Valérie Genot, Zhou Shi, Bernard Barthès, Leigh A. Winowiecki, Eyal Ben-Dor, L. Brodský, Kenneth A. Sudduth, Christian Walter, Anita D. Bayer, Wenjun Ji, Hamouda Aichi, José Alexandre Melo Demattê, Sabine Grunwald, Leonardo Ramirez-Lopez, Barry G. Rawlins, Andreas Gubler, E.M. Rufasto Campos, Changwen Du, Keith D. Shepherd, V.M. Sellitto, Kristin Böttcher, Antoine Stevens, Marco Nocita, Thorsten Behrens, Maria Knadel, CSIRO Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), University of Tübingen, Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], Washington State University (WSU), Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho = São Paulo State University (UNESP), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Mali] (ICRAF), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Zhejiang University, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Earth and Life Institute [Louvain-La-Neuve] (ELI), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], SPADD Laboratory, Higher School of Agriculture of Mograne, Université de Tunis Carthage, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (CZU), State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Université de Liège, Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème (UMR LISAH), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), Agroscope FAL Reckenholz (AGROSCOPE), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Universidad Miguel Hernández [Elche] (UMH), Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research [Lincoln], Aarhus University [Aarhus], INTA Castelar CIRN, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), BÜCHI Labortechnik AG, Partenaires INRAE, Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo, University of Northern British Columbia [Prince George] (UNBC), University of Molise [Campobasso] (UNIMOL), University of Molise, USDA-ARS Cropping Systems and Water Quality Research Unit (USDA), University of Missouri [Columbia] (Mizzou), University of Missouri System-University of Missouri System, British Geological Survey (BGS), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Remote Sensing and GIS Laboratory, Laboratoire de Probabilités et Modèles Aléatoires (LPMA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), CSIRO - Land & Water National Research Flagship, Tissu Osseux et Contraintes Mecaniques (LBTO), Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Universidad de Sevilla, AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Tel Aviv University (TAU), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Università degli Studi del Molise = University of Molise (UNIMOL)

Subjects
Vis–NIR spectroscopy, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Earth and Planetary Sciences(all), Soil Science, Soil science, Land cover, Silt, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, Global soil dataset, Wavelets, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, Laboratory of Geo-information Science and Remote Sensing, Machine learning, Cation-exchange capacity, machine teaming, Laboratorium voor Geo-informatiekunde en Remote Sensing, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Agricultural Science, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Soil vis-NIR spectra, Food security, business.industry, Scale (chemistry), Environmental resource management, Vis-NIR spectroscopy, Soil vis–NIR spectra, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, PE&RC, Soil spectral library, Multivariate statistics, Environmental Sciences related to Agriculture and Land-use, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Sustainability, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, business
Abstract

Soil provides ecosystemservices, supports human health and habitation, stores carbon and regulatesemissions ofgreenhouse gases. Unprecedented pressures on soil from degradation and urbanization are threatening agroecologicalbalances and food security. It is important that we learn more about soil to sustainably manage andpreserve it for future generations. To this end, we developed and analyzed a global soil visible–near infrared(vis–NIR) spectral library. It is currently the largest and most diverse database of its kind. We show that the informationencoded in the spectra can describe soil composition and be associated to land cover and its global geographic distribution, which acts as a surrogate for global climate variability. We also show the usefulness ofthe global spectra for predicting soil attributes such as soil organic and inorganic carbon, clay, silt, sand andiron contents, cation exchange capacity, and pH. Usingwavelets to treat the spectra, whichwere recorded in differentlaboratories using different spectrometers and methods, helped to improve the spectroscopic modelling.We found that modelling a diverse set of spectra with a machine learning algorithm can find the local relationshipsin the data to produce accurate predictions of soil properties. The spectroscopic models that we derivedare parsimonious and robust, and using them we derived a harmonized global soil attribute dataset, whichmight serve to facilitate research on soil at the global scale. This spectroscopic approach should help to dealwith the shortage of data on soil to better understand it and to meet the growing demand for information to assessandmonitor soil at scales ranging fromregional to global.New contributions to the library are encouraged sothat this work and our collaboration might progress to develop a dynamic and easily updatable database withbetter global coverage. We hope that this work will reinvigorate our community's discussion towards larger,more coordinated collaborations. We also hope that use of the database will deepen our understanding of soilso that we might sustainably manage it and extend the research outcomes of the soil, earth and environmentalsciences towards applications that we have not yet dreamed of.

Published
2016

30. Studying the Physical Protection of Soil Carbon with Quantitative Infrared Spectroscopy

Author

Ernest Kouakoua, Tiphaine Chevallier, Patricia Moulin, Bernard Barthès, Joële Toucet, Tahar Gallali, Kaouther Hmaidi, Emmanuel Bourdon, Michael Clairotte, Martial Bernoux, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM), RIME–PAMPA project (AFD -Agence française de développement), GESSOL programme of the French Ministry of ecology, sustainable development and energy, contract ADEME – IRD – INRA Montpellier N°0975C0035, IRD, UMR Eco&Sols, Montpellier, France, This work was supported by the GESSOL program of the French Ministry of ecology, sustainable development and energy, by ADEME (Agence de l'environnement et de la maîtrise de l'énergie, which is a French government agency concerned with environmental protection and energy management, contract ADEME – IRD – INRA Montpellier N°0975C0035), and by the RIME–PAMPA project funded by AFD (Agence française de développement, which is a French public financial institution dedicated to development assistance to developing countries), the French Ministry for foreign affairs, and FFEM (Fonds français pour l'environnement mondial, which is a French public funding agency dedicated to environment protection in developing countries)., Viscarra Rossela, R.A. (ed.), and Stenberg, B. (ed.)

Subjects
Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS), Carbon sequestration, Materials science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil test, Carbonates, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Infrared spectroscopy, 01 natural sciences, Soil respiration, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Spectroscopy, Mid-infrared spectroscopy, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Soil organic matter, Topsoil, SOL, Mid-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (MIRS), MATIERE ORGANIQUE, SPECTROSCOPIE, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, CARBONE, REFLECTANCE, RESPIRATION, Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, ANALYSE MULTIVARIABLE, Carbon
Abstract

Near infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (mid-IR) reflectance spectroscopy are time- and cost-effective tools for characterising soil organic carbon (SOC). Here they were used for quantifying (i) carbon (C) dioxide (CO2) emission from soil samples crushed to 2 mm and 0.2 mm, at 18°C and 28°C; (ii) physical C protection, calculated as the difference between CO2 emissions from 0.2 mm and 2 mm crushed soil at a given temperature; and (iii) the temperature vulnerability of this protection, calculated as the difference between C protection at 18°C and 28°C. This was done for 97 topsoil samples from Tunisia, mostly calcareous, which were incubated for 21 days. Soil CO2 emission increased with temperature and fine crushing. However, C protection in 0.2–2 mm aggregates had little effect on the temperature vulnerability of CO2 emission, possibly due to preferential SOC protection in smaller aggregates. In general, NIR spectroscopy, and to a lesser extent mid-IR spectroscopy, yielded accurate predictions of soil CO2 emission (0.60 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.91), and acceptable predictions of C protection at the beginning of incubation (0.52 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.81) but not over the whole 21 day period ( R2 ≤ 0.59). For CO2 emission, prediction error was the same order of magnitude as, and sometimes similar to, the uncertainty of conventional determination, indicating that a noticeable proportion of the former could be attributed to the latter. The temperature vulnerability of C protection could not be modelled correctly ( R2 ≤ 0.11), due to error propagation. The prediction of SOC was better with NIR spectroscopy and that of soil inorganic C (SIC) was very accurate ( R2 ≥ 0.94), especially with mid-IR spectroscopy. Soil CO2 emission, C protection and its vulnerability were best predicted with NIR spectra, those of 0.2 mm samples especially. Mid-IR spectroscopy of 2 mm samples yielded the worst predictions in general. NIR spectroscopy prediction models suggested that CO2 emission and C protection depended (i) on aliphatic compounds (i.e. labile substrates), dominantly at 18°C; (ii) on amides or proteins (i.e. microbial biomass), markedly at 28°C; and (iii) negatively, on organohalogens and aromatic amines (i.e. pesticides). Models using mid-IR spectra showed a negative influence of carbonates on CO2 emission, suggesting they did not contribute to soil CO2 emission and might form during incubation. They also suggested that CO2 emission and C protection related to carboxylic acids, saturated aliphatic ones especially.

Published
2016

31. Managing Mediterranean soil resources under global change: expected trends and mitigation strategies

Author

Ali Hammani, Philippe Lagacherie, Abdelkader Douaoui, Olivier Grünberger, Luca Montanarella, Rachid Mrabet, Sami Bouarfa, Jorge Álvaro-Fuentes, Martial Bernoux, Mohamed Annabi, Mohammed Sabir, Damien Raclot, Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème (UMR LISAH), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie (INRAT), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages (UMR G-EAU), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Djilali Bounaama Khemis Miliana (univ-DBKM), Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II - IAV (MOROCCO) (IAV), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Ecole Nationale Forestière d'Ingénieurs du Maroc [Salé] (ENFI), Álvaro-Fuentes, Jorge, Voltz M. (ed.), Ludwig W. (ed.), Leduc Christian (ed.), Bouarfa S. (ed.), Álvaro-Fuentes, Jorge [0000-0002-0192-7954], Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-AgroParisTech-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II (IAV Hassan II)

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, Soil salinity, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, EROSION, CLIMATE CHANGE, Climate change, 01 natural sciences, Mediterranean Basin, CARBON, Soil, Environmental protection, Soil retrogression and degradation, SALINIZATION, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Soil map, Global and Planetary Change, Salinization, BASSIN MEDITERRANEEN, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, Carbon, SOIL, Erosion, 13. Climate action, Soil water, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science
Abstract

13 Pags.- 3 Figs., The soils of the Mediterranean Basin are the products of soil processes that have been governed by a unique convergence of highly differentiated natural and anthropogenic drivers. These soils are expected to be dramatically affected by future climate and societal changes. These changes imply that suitable adaptive management strategies for these resources cannot simply be transposed from experiments that are performed in other regions of the world. Following a framework that considers the chain of “drivers-soil process-soil capital-ecosystem services/disservices,” the paper review the research undertaken in the Mediterranean area on three types of Mediterranean soil degradation than can be expected under global change: (i) soil losses due to the increase of drought and torrential rainfall; (ii) soil salinization due the increase of droughts, irrigation, and sea level; and (iii) soil carbon stock depletion with the increase of temperature and droughts. The possible strategies for mitigating each of these degradations have been largely addressed and are still studied in current research projects. They should include changes in agricultural practices, soil water management, and vegetal material. As a pre-requisite for the site-specific adaptations of such mitigation strategies within viable Mediterranean agrosystems, it is highlighted that methodological advances are necessary in integrated assessment of agricultural systems and in finer resolution soil mapping.

Published
2018

32. Variation in soil carbon stocks with depth along a toposequence in a sub-humid climate in North Africa (Skikda, Algeria)

Author

Mahtali Sbih, Rabah Bensaid, Zohra Bounouara, Martial Bernoux, Joële Toucet, Jérôme Balesdent, Tiphaine Chevallier, Noureddine Belaissaoui, Ouarda Bouneb, Université 20 Août 1955 Skikda, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Collège de France (CdF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Batna Hadj Lakhder [Algeria], Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, Sub-humid climate, North africa, Soil science, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, 01 natural sciences, Size fractionation of organic matter, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Subsoil, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Stock (geology), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, 2. Zero hunger, Hydrology, Toposequence, Topsoil, Ecology, Soil organic matter, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, Organic matter mineralization, 15. Life on land, Deep carbon, Alluvial plain, Mediterranean soils, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

International audience; Deep soil carbon (> 30 cm) is the primary pool of soil organic carbon (SOC). However, deep SOC is often not included in carbon inventories or management strategies, especially in North-Africa. The objective of the study was to determine the distribution and the main factors governing SOC storage along a representative toposequence in North-Eastern Algeria. The soil organic matter (SOM) was characterized by SOC content, carbon stocks, particle size distribution and mineralization potential. The amount and the dynamics of the deep SOC depended on the topographical position. In the mountain soils, most of the SOC stock (100 t C ha(-1)) was in the topsoil (0-30 cm) and associated with the > 50 mu m fractions (plant materials) whereas in the piedmont and alluvial plain soils, most of the SOC stock (168 t C ha(-1)) was accumulated in subsoil (30-100 cm) and associated with the < 20 mu m fractions (mineral fractions). The SOC in the subsoil contributed to SOC potential of mineralization and should not be underestimated, especially in the alluvial cultivated plains. This carbon should be considered as an important component in agro-ecological agriculture but it is also a potential source of CO2.

Published
2017

33. Dynamics of soil organic matter in a cultivated chronosequence in the Cerrado (Minas Gerais, Brazil)

Author

José Silvio Govone, Martial Bernoux, Marcelo Zacharias Moreira, Vania Rosolen, Fabiano Tomazini da Conceição, Thalita Mendes Resende, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and Universidade de São Paulo (USP)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Chronosequence, Soil Science, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), 01 natural sciences, Pasture, Isotopic signature, savanna, 13C, Stock (geology), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, δ13C, business.industry, Soil organic matter, carbon stock, Forestry, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Agriculture, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, business, agricultural systems
Abstract

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:16:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-01-01 The vegetation of the Cerrado has been replaced by pastures and agriculture, affecting the stock and dynamic of soil organic matter (SOM). The present study was conducted in a cultivated chronosequence with a mixed system (agriculture+pasture for 15 years; Agric+P15) and cultivated pasture (30 years; P30), taking the native Cerrado as a reference to assess changes in the stock of SOM, the dynamics (δ13C) and the carbon replacement derived from the C3 in native vegetation to C4 in cultivated vegetation. Compared to Cerrado, there was a reduction in C stock in cultivated soils at 0-15-cm depth (reduction of 26.5% in Agri+P15 and 6% in P30). The close similarity between Cerrado and P30 indicates that the pasture management enhanced the stock relative to Agri+P15, but was not effective in sequestering C. Only in the 0-15cm depth was there a marked replacement of C derived from the C3 of Cerrado plants associated with cultivation time. In the chronosequence, the isotopic signature of C4 plants dominated in the soil below 30cm depth, suggesting a paleoclimatic effect on SOM. Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Avenida João Naves de Ávila Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas (IGCE), Avenida 24A Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Centro de Energia Nuclear Na Agricultura (CENA), Avenida Centenário Centro de Estudos Ambientais (CEA)/UNESP, CEA24A, 1515 Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas (IGCE), Avenida 24A Centro de Estudos Ambientais (CEA)/UNESP, CEA24A, 1515

Published
2017

34. Livestock induces strong spatial heterogeneity of soil CO2, N2O, CH4 emissions within a semi-arid sylvo-pastoral landscape in West Africa

Author

Frédéric Guérin, Alexandre Ickowicz, Jonathan Vayssières, Philippe Lecomte, Dominique Serça, Martial Bernoux, Ibra Touré, Raphaël J. Manlay, Vincent Blanfort, Mohamed Habibou Assouma, Systèmes d'élevage méditerranéens et tropicaux (UMR SELMET), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut de recherche pour le développement [Dakar, Sénégal] (IRD Hann Maristes), DP-Pôle Pastoralisme Zones Sèches (Dispositif de Partenariat) (PPZS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-ISRA-CSE-Université Cheikh Anta DiopEcole Nationale d'Economie Appliquée, Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Comité permanent Inter-États de Lutte contre la Sécheresse au Sahel (CILSS), AgroParisTech, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)

Subjects
émission atmosphérique, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Élevage, Agroforesterie, 01 natural sciences, Système agrosylvopastoral, Water Science and Technology, 2. Zero hunger, surface water, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Senegal, Spatial heterogeneity, [SDV.SA.SPA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Animal production studies, Terrestrial ecosystem, Rangeland, Gaz à effet de serre, P02 - Pollution, P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, Méthane, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Borehole, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, soil, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, greenhouse gases, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Hydrology, Paysage, Sol, Oxyde nitreux, L01 - Élevage - Considérations générales, landscape, 15. Life on land, Eau superficielle, Arid, émission, livestock, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Surface water, Dioxyde de carbone
Abstract

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the surface soils and surface water receiving animal excreta may be important components of the GHG balance of terrestrial ecosystems, but the associated processes are poorly documented in tropical environments, especially in tropical arid and semi-arid areas. A typical sylvo-pastoral landscape in the semi-arid zone of Senegal, West Africa, was investigated in this study. The study area (706 kmA(2) of managed pastoral land) was a circular zone with a radius of 15 km centered on a borehole used to water livestock. The landscape supports a stocking rate ranging from 0.11 to 0.39 tropical livestock units per hectare depending on the seasonal movements of the livestock. Six landscape units were investigated (land in the vicinity of the borehole, natural ponds, natural rangelands, forest plantations, settlements, and enclosed plots). Carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) fluxes were measured with static chambers set up at 13 sites covering the six landscape units, and the 13 sites are assumed to be representative of the spatial heterogeneity of the emissions. A total of 216 fluxes were measured during the one-year study period (May 2014 to April 2015). At the landscape level, soils and surface water emitted an average 19.8 t C-CO2 eq/(hm(2).a) (CO2: 82%, N2O: 15%, and CH4: 3%), but detailed results revealed notable spatial heterogeneity of GHG emissions. CO2 fluxes ranged from 1148.2 (+/- 91.6) mg/(m(2).d) in rangelands to 97,980.2 (+/- 14,861.7) mg/(m(2).d) in surface water in the vicinity of the borehole. N2O fluxes ranged from 0.6 (+/- 0.1) mg/(m(2).d) in forest plantations to 22.6 (+/- 10.8) mg/(m(2).d) in the vicinity of the borehole. CH4 fluxes ranged from-3.2 (+/- 0.3) mg/(m(2).d) in forest plantations to 8788.5 (+/- 2295.9) mg/(m(2).d) from surface water in the vicinity of the borehole. This study identified GHG emission "hot spots" in the landscape. Emissions from the surface soils were significantly higher in the landscape units most frequently used by the animals, i.e., in the vicinity of the borehole and settlements; and emissions measured from surface water in the vicinity of the borehole and from natural ponds were on average about 10 times higher than soil emissions.

Published
2017

35. Accounting for Carbon Stocks in Soils and Measuring GHGs Emission Fluxes from Soils: Do We Have the Necessary Standards?

Author

Lizzi Andersen, Denis A. Angers, Hiro Sakai, Michel Brossard, Angus E McElnea, Thomas Eglin, Antonio Bispo, Knut Jonassen, Edith Martin, Yoichi Watabe, Frank Lamé, J. Harmsen, Rob N.J. Comans, Martial Bernoux, Caroline Lhuillery, Stanislav Maly, Lauric Cécillon, Direction Productions et Energies Durables, Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie (ADEME), COWI A/S, Agriculture and Agri-Food [Ottawa] (AAFC), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo [Ouagadougou] (UJZK), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Department Sustainable Soil Management, Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra), Standards Norway, Department of Soil and Groundwater Systems, Deltares, Normalisation, Industry and Environment, Association Française de Normalisation (AFNOR), Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture [Brno] (UKZUZ), Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation [Queensland] (DSITI), Railway Technical Research Institute, Japan Railways (JR), Soil Mechanics Laboratory, School of Engineering, Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Eco&Sols, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Wageningen University and Research Center (WUR), Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation, EcoSciences Precinct, and Hokkaido University

Subjects
Carbon sequestration, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Standardization, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 01 natural sciences, CYCLE BIOGEOCHIMIQUE, sciences du sol, Soil, 11. Sustainability, carbone organique du sol, MESURE, gaz à effet de serre, Soil parameters, lcsh:Environmental sciences, Carbon stock, General Environmental Science, lcsh:GE1-350, Sustainable Soil Use, changement climatique, Nitrous oxide, Environmental resource management, STOCK, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, CARBONE, 6. Clean water, carbone du sol, Methane, Standards, Bodemscheikunde en Chemische Bodemkwaliteit, Climate change, Soil science, QUALITE, 12. Responsible consumption, AZOTE, greenhouse gases, Duurzaam Bodemgebruik, global change, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, WIMEK, SOL, business.industry, 15. Life on land, Soil quality, soil sciences, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Environmental Science, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Climate model, business, NORME, Soil Chemistry and Chemical Soil Quality
Abstract

Soil is a key compartment for climate regulation as a source of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions and as a sink of carbon. Thus, soil carbon sequestration strategies should be considered alongside reduction strategies for other greenhouse gas emissions. Taking this into account, several international and European policies on climate change are now acknowledging the importance of soils, which means that proper, comparable and reliable information is needed to report on carbon stocks and GHGs emissions from soil. It also implies a need for consensus on the adoption and verification of mitigation options that soil can provide. Where consensus is a key aspect, formal standards and guidelines come into play. This paper describes the existing ISO soil quality standards that can be used in this context, and calls for new ones to be developed through (international) collaboration. Available standards cover the relevant basic soil parameters including carbon and nitrogen content but do not yet consider the dynamics of those elements. Such methods have to be developed together with guidelines consistent with the scale to be investigated and the specific use of the collected data. We argue that this standardization strategy will improve the reliability of the reporting procedures and results of the different climate models that rely on soil quality data.

Published
2017

37. Effect of biomass management regimes and wetting-drying cycles on soil carbon mineralization in a Sudano-Sahelian region

Author

Martial Bernoux, Hervé Guibert, Philippe Deleporte, Pierrot Lionel Yemadje, and Tiphaine Chevallier

Subjects
P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, Carbone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Conservation agriculture, Soil biodiversity, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, Teneur en eau, Wetting-drying cycles, Paillage, 01 natural sciences, complex mixtures, Soil respiration, agriculture alternative, No-till farming, Matière organique du sol, Respiration du sol, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Régime hydrique du sol, Ecology, Soil organic matter, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Mineralization (soil science), Soil carbon, Soil type, Pratique culturale, Agronomy, Minéralisation du carbone, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Soil fertility
Abstract

In Sudano-Sahelian regions, wetting-drying cycles may affect soil carbon mineralization in soil already poor in carbon. Conservation agriculture systems by improving crop residues return to soil is given to increase soil organic carbon and soil fertility. We studied the effect of biomass management regimes and wetting-drying cycles on soil carbon stocks and mineralization. A 50-day experiment was set up to compare carbon mineralization under two biomass management regimes, with and without mulch, using three soil wetting treatments. Wetting the soil and mulching increased soil carbon mineralization. However, wetting-drying cycles did not increase the soil carbon mineralization as compared with soils kept moist. During the experiment, the total carbon mineralization from the dry soils was low, 0.63 tC ha −1 and 0.53 tC ha −1 respectively for soils with and without mulch. Total carbon mineralization from soil without mulch was 1.40 tC ha −1 with wetting-drying cycles and 1.51 tC ha −1 for soils that were kept moist. Total carbon mineralization from soils with mulch was 1.70 tC ha −1 , regardless of whether the soils had wetting-drying cycles or were kept moist. In our context, characterized by very little crop residues and rapid mineralization of this biomass, the conservation agriculture systems do not seem sufficient to increase soil organic carbon stocks.

Published
2016

38. Temperature dependence of CO2 emissions rates and isotopic signature from a calcareous soil

Author

Martial Bernoux, Tahar Gallali, Tiphaine Chevallier, Laurent Cournac, Salwa Hamdi, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Faculté des Sciences, UR Pedologie, Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM), CORUS-2 project (number 6112), RIME-PAMPA Project (AFD, MAEE, FFEM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Université Tunis El Manar (UTM), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)

Subjects
changement de température, carbone inorganique, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Temperature change, émission de gaz carbonique, sol calcaire, Soil science, Context (language use), Soil pH, Delta C-13, ph du sol, 01 natural sciences, soil respiration, Soil respiration, Isotopic signature, soil alkalinity, Total inorganic carbon, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, carbone organique du sol, Climate change, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Ecology, δ13C, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, calcareous soils, 13. Climate action, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, respiration du sol, Calcareous, Calcium carbonate
Abstract

In the context of climate change, studies have focused on the temperature dependence of soil CO2 emissions. Although calcareous soils cover over 30% of the earth's land surface, few studies have considered calcareous soils where soil inorganic carbon (SIC) makes the analysis of the C fluxes at the soil to air interface more complex. This study tested how temperature could affect the contributions of soil organic carbon (SOC) and SIC to the CO2 emitted from a calcareous soil. The soil pH, CO2 emissions and delta C-13 signatures of CO2 were measured after soil incubations at 4 temperatures (20 degrees C, 30 degrees C, 40 degrees C and 50 degrees C). The CO2 emissions and the C-delta 13 signature of the emitted CO2 increased with temperature. The proportion of SIC-derived CO2 in these emissions seemed to be stimulated by temperature. Three processes were discussed: (1) isotopic fractionations, (2) temperature impacts on SIC- and SOC-derived CO2, and (3) isotope exchanges between SIC-and SOC-derived CO2. The use of delta C-13 signature analysis to determine the contribution of SIC and SOC to the total CO2 emissions from soil is not straightforward. An increase in the SIC signature of emitted CO2 does not directly imply an increase in SIC as a source of CO2.

Published
2016

40. Physical attributes and organic carbon in soil under brazilian Savannah converted to pasture and mixed system

Author

Elias Nascentes Borges, Jorge Luis Silva Brito, Fabrício Pelizer Almeida, Vania Rosolen, Thalita Mendes Resende, Martial Bernoux, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Densidade, geography.geographical_feature_category, Land use, biology, Agroforestry, Forestry, Cerrado, Carbon sequestration, Soil type, biology.organism_classification, Brachiaria, Pasture, Bulk density, brazilian Savannah, matéria orgânica, Geography, chemistry, Soil retrogression and degradation, Greenhouse gas, sistemas agropecuários, Organic matter, agricultural systems, organic matter
Abstract

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-12T17:27:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-12-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-14T17:51:46Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1982-45132015000300501.pdf: 2472095 bytes, checksum: 07068bdd1547e5f0e4c1ded99bb09e3a (MD5) RESUMO A pastagem é uma importante atividade econômica no Cerrado. A partir das décadas de 1970 e 1980, programas para melhoria das pastagens introduziu gramíneas principalmente do gênero Brachiaria. Quando manejada adequadamente, a pastagem é reconhecida como eficiente em sequestrar carbono e contribuir com a mitigação das concentrações de gases do efeito estufa na atmosfera, condição que será atingida em função do tempo de uso e das propriedades de cada tipo de solo. A microrregião de Uberlândia no Triângulo Mineiro (MG) é tradicionalmente ligada à pastagem. No entanto, as condições geológicas, naturais do solo e do clima são fatores que podem acelerar a degradação dos solos quando a pastagem não é manejada adequadamente. O objetivo deste artigo foi comparar as mudanças das propriedades do solo e a incorporação de C em áreas recobertas com [1] Cerrado arbóreo natural, [2] sistema misto convertido inicialmente ao uso agrícola e os últimos 15 anos de pastagem, e [3] pastagem cultivada há 30 anos. Os resultados mostram a influência de uso sobre a dinâmica da matéria orgânica, e avalia o potencial de degradação dos solos mediante a atividade, o manejo e o tempo de uso do solo. ABSTRACT The pasture is an important economic activity in the brazilian Savannah. From the 1970s and 1980s, the implementation of the programs to improve the productivity of pastures, was introduced grasses, especially Brachiaria. When handled properly, the pasture is an efficient method to contribute to carbon sequestration and to the mitigation of concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which are dependent to the time of the land-use and the properties of each soil type. The microregion of Uberlandia in Triangulo Mineiro (MG) is traditionally linked to the pasture. However, the geological and natural soil conditions and climate are factors that can accelerate soil degradation when pasture is not handled properly. The objective of this article was to compare the changes of soil properties and the incorporation of C in covered areas [1] natural brazilian Savannah, [2] mixed system initially converted to agricultural use and the last 15 years of pasture, and [3] pasture cultivated with 30 years of implantation. The results show the influence of the land use on organic matter dynamics, and evaluate the potential degradation of soil by the activity, management and time of land use. Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Universidade Estadual Paulista Institut de Recherche pour le Développement Universidade Estadual Paulista

Published
2015

41. Relationships Between Tropical Annual Cropping Systems and Climate Change

Author

Martial Bernoux, Edward Gérardeaux, François Affholder, and Bertrand Muller

Subjects
Changement climatique, Food security, Tropical agriculture, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, Exploitation agricole familiale, Agroforestry, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, Conservation agriculture, fungi, Global warming, food and beverages, Tropics, Climate change, E80 - Économie familiale et artisanale, Agronomy, Greenhouse gas, Environmental science, Système de culture, Cropping
Abstract

Annual crops on family farms in tropical regions are highly sensitive to climate. The increase in temperature will accelerate the growth and development of crops, thus shortening their seasonal cycle, in turn resulting in a decrease in intercepted solar radiation. Climate warming will increase the atmospheric evaporative demand, thermal stress frequency and crop maintenance respiration, likely resulting in lower yields. Conversely, reduced cold stress and increased atmospheric carbon dioxide storage are factors that increase yields. Little is known about changes in rainfall patterns, wind velocities and solar radiation. Given the poorly predicted positive and negative effects of biotic stress and potential interactions, there are still too many uncertainties to be able to forecast how yield patterns will change for most crops. Crop models are promising prospective analysis tools because they incorporate some of this complexity, but there is still insufficient data and expertise to be able to calibrate and validate them. Tropical agriculture can contribute to enhancing carbon storage or to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but adaptation to climate hazards is also necessary to ensure food security and income for farmers. Techniques such as conservation agriculture, agroforestry, sustainable rice intensification (intermittent drying of rice fields), planting holes or index insurance can help fulfil these two objectives.

Published
2015

42. 24-h variation in soil respiration after a long dry season in a Sudano-Sahelian region

Author

Martial Bernoux, Philippe Deleporte, Pierrot Lionel Yemadje, Tiphaine Chevallier, Jean-Paul Olina, Hervé Guibert, and Didier Blavet

Subjects
P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, Méthodologie, soil temperature, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, Soil science, complex mixtures, Carbon cycle, Atmosphere, Soil respiration, Matière organique du sol, Saison sèche, Respiration du sol, Dry season, Ecosystem, Teneur en eau du sol, lcsh:Agriculture (General), Morning, Moisture, lcsh:S1-972, Agronomy, Soil water, Environmental science, Animal Science and Zoology, Température du sol, soil moisture, Cycle du carbone, Agronomy and Crop Science, diel soil respiration
Abstract

Soil respiration is a major component of the global carbon cycle which links ecosystems and the atmosphere. To evaluate the reaction of soil respiration after wetting, during a dry period, soil respiration and associated environmental factors were measured over a 24-h period, during the dry season in North Cameroon after wetting the soil. Over 24-h, soil respiration rates followed a quadratic curve during the day coming close to linear at night, while soil temperature and moisture together explained at least 73 % of the variations during the 24-h observed. These soil respiration rates increased during the morning, peaked between 11h00 and 13h00 and then decreased gradually to the minimum around 06h00. These observations were used to propose a method for estimating mean daytime and nighttime soil respiration after wetting the soil. The method proposed in this study has the advantage of being based on a small number of measurements and is, therefore, easier to implement for monitoring 24-h soil respiration after the first rains following a long dry period.

Published
2015

43. Mathematical Analysis of a Nonlinear Model of Soil Carbon Dynamics

Author

Alaaeddine Hammoudi, Martial Bernoux, Oana Iosifescu, Institut Montpelliérain Alexander Grothendieck (IMAG), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)

Subjects
Periodic solutions, Asymptotic stability, Applied Mathematics, Dynamics (mechanics), Soil organic carbon dynamics, Soil carbon, Cooperative system, Nonlinear system, Exponential stability, Control theory, Ordinary differential equation, Attractor, Nonlinear systems, Initial value problem, Applied mathematics, [MATH.MATH-AP]Mathematics [math]/Analysis of PDEs [math.AP], Uniqueness, Analysis, Ordinary differential equations, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Mathematics
Abstract

International audience; MOMOS model (Modelling Organic changes by Micro-Organisms of Soil) is a nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations, which models the dynamics of carbon in soil. This "compartmental" model emphasizes the role of the microbial biomass which is responsible for the model nonlinearity. We show here that, for any initial condition, there exists a global unique solution. Moreover if we assume periodicity of model entries we prove existence and uniqueness of a periodic solution which is also a global attractor for any other solution of this periodic system.

Published
2015

44. Physical protection of soil carbon in macroaggregates does not reduce the temperature dependence of soil CO2 emissions

Author

Martial Bernoux, Ernest Kouakoua, Philippe Deleporte, Claudy Jolivet, Bernard Barthès, Joële Toucet, Tiphaine Chevallier, Tahar Gallali, Kaouther Hmaidi, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), UR Pédologie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Unité INFOSOL (ORLEANS INFOSOL), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Faculté des Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles de Tunis (FST), Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM)-Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM), Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM), and InfoSol (InfoSol)

Subjects
P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, Topsoil, Soil test, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, Chemistry, Soil organic matter, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Bulk soil, Soil Science, Soil science, Plant Science, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, carbon stabilization, soil respiration, complex mixtures, Soil respiration, Soil structure, 13. Climate action, soil organic matter, Soil water, soil structure, Q(10)
Abstract

In a warmer world, soil CO2 emissions are likely to increase. There is still much discussion about which soil organic C (SOC) pools are more sensitive to increasing temperatures. While the temperature sensitivity of C stabilized by biochemical recalcitrance or by sorption to mineral surfaces has been characterized, few studies have been carried out on the temperature sensitivityexpressed as Q(10)of C physically protected inside soil macroaggregates (0.2-2mm). It has been suggested that increasing the availability of labile SOC by exposing C through macroaggregate crushing would decrease Q(10), i.e., the temperature dependence of soil CO2 emissions. To test this hypothesis, the temperature dependence of CO2 emissions from C physically protected in macroaggregates was measured through 21-d laboratory incubations of crushed and uncrushed soils, at 18 degrees C and 28 degrees C. 199 topsoil samples, acidic or calcareous, with SOC ranging from 2 to121gkg(-1) soil were investigated. The CO2 emissions were slightly more sensible to temperature than to C deprotection: about 0.3mgCg(-1)soil (=13 mgC g(-1) SOC) and 0.2 mgC g(-1) (=12mgC g(-1) SOC) were additionally mineralized, in average, by increasing the temperature or by disrupting the soil structure, respectively. The mean Q(10) index ratio of CO2 emitted at 28 degrees C and 18 degrees C was similar for crushed and uncrushed soil samples and equaled 1.6. This was partly explained because Q(10) of macro-aggregate-protected C was 1. The results did not support the initial hypothesis of lower temperature dependence of soil CO2 emissions after macroaggregate disruption, although a slight decrease of Q(10) was noticeable after crushing for soils with high amounts of macroaggregate-protected C. Field research is now needed to confirm that soil tillage might have no effect on the temperature sensitivity of SOC stocks.

Published
2015

48. Chapter 16. Agricultural development measured against climate change

Author

Hubert Mazurek, Martial Bernoux, Benjamin Sultan, Serge Janicot, Catherine Aubertin, Thierry Lebel, Edmond Dounias, and Jean-François Guégan

Subjects
Agricultural development, Natural resource economics, Environmental science, Climate change
Published
2015

49. Observing and understanding climate change

Author

Martial Bernoux, Serge Janicot, Jean-François Guégan, Thierry Lebel, Hubert Mazurek, Edmond Dounias, Benjamin Sultan, and Catherine Aubertin

Subjects
Climatology, Environmental science, Climate change
Published
2015

50. Climate Change. What challenges for the South?

Author

Thierry Lebel, Jean-François Guégan, Martial Bernoux, Serge Janicot, Hubert Mazurek, Benjamin Sultan, Catherine Aubertin, Edmond Dounias, Processus de la variabilité climatique tropicale et impacts (PARVATI), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Gouvernance, Risque, Environnement, Développement (GRED), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Laboratoire d'étude des transferts en hydrologie et environnement (LTHE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble [1985-2015] (OSUG [1985-2015]), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology [2007-2019] (Grenoble INP [2007-2019])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology [2007-2019] (Grenoble INP [2007-2019])-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Population-Environnement-Développement (LPED), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), and Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)

Subjects
media_common.quotation_subject, Global warming, Biodiversity, Vulnerability, Climate change, Public policy, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, [SHS.DEMO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Demography, [SHS.ANTHRO-SE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Social Anthropology and ethnology, Geography, Environmental protection, LIV, Climate model, Psychological resilience, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Greenhouse effect, Environmental planning, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, media_common
Abstract

The mobilisation centred on the 2015 Paris Climate Conference (COP 21) is an opportunity to highlight the vulnerability of environments and populations in the South in the face of climate warming. Some tropical regions are already suffering from its effects, with heat waves in the Sahel, disturbances to monsoon systems, the melting of the Andean glaciers, threats to biodiversity, a rise in sea level and other features. Research conducted by IRD and its partners provides key knowledge for better understanding of the complexity of these phenomena. This book is a synthesis in three parts: observing and understanding climate change, analysing its main impacts on environments and setting societies and national public policies at the heart of the climate challenge. Focused on the capacity for resilience of populations and ecosystems in the face of trends in the climate, the book explores solutions that reconcile mitigation and adaptation in response to climate change, conservation of the environment and a reduction of inequalities. The work is both well documented and explanatory, reviewing operations and the results of research that is firmly involved and interdisciplinary, closely associating partners in the North and the South.

Published
2015

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