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International audience; This article provides the first detailed analysis within economic geography of the GPN of lithium and of the Bolivian strategy of brine industrialization. Considering extractive and manufacturing chains of the lithium industry, it demonstrates how the production networks’ organizational structures and practices are shaped by interconnected relations of cooperation and competition. Specifically the article targets two key points in the GPN literature: i) how the multi-scalar competitive and/or cooperative strategies and practices of forward and backward integrations create and sustain the production networks and their evolution; ii) a combined analysis of the GPN approach with a placed-based interpretation of the political economy of the lithium industry focusing on the central role of states as inter-scalar mediators in strategic coupling relations for the insertion of national economic actors and assets to global markets. We then propose a new interpretation of the global reconfiguration of the extractive chain and its spatial forms.

La transition energetique constitue un nouveau paradigme qui promeut le passage d’un systeme carbone vers un systeme plus soutenable. Cet article s’interesse au developpement des systemes energetiques en analysant la « dependance au sentier ». Dans un contexte de decarbonisation des productions et des societes, le developpement des energies renouvelables entraine des bifurcations. Ces energies diversifient les matrices energetiques, consolidant l’offre par la hausse d’une production alternative et le renforcement des reseaux. Leur developpement entraine l’apparition de nouveaux territoires energetiques en fournissant un service dans des sites isoles et en supportant des processus extractifs. Trois cas d’etude situes dans des territoires de montagne argentins, boliviens et francais illustrent en quoi le developpement des energies renouvelables constitue un processus de renforcement de l’offre auquel participent les grands acteurs energetiques traditionnels, et une opportunite d’inclusion et/ou de reappropriation citoyenne des trajectoires de ces territoires.

International audience; This paper introduces several notions and a collection of manuscripts compiled for a special section of The Extractive Industries and Society on the temporal and spatial trajectories of mining territories. These papers were developed from presentations delivered at two international conferences held in 2018: the TRAMIN (“Socio-environmental Trajectories of Mining Territories”) conference and the Social Geology session at the RFG (“Resources for Future Generations”) conference, that took place respectively in Chambéry (France) and Vancouver (Canada). The introduction paper situates these pieces in the wider literature, exploring the connections between mineral resources and the development of societies that exploit, transform and sell them. It also argues that using a polyphonic notion such as “trajectories” allows for the adoption of an interdisciplinary approach leading to key insights on sustainability for mining territories.

Argentina posee abundantes recursos energeticos gasiferos y renovables. Ante los desafios sociales y ambientales, el pais favorece su explotacion. De este modo, expande las redes de gas y electricas y apuesta a la produccion distribuida. El objetivo del trabajo es poner de manifiesto el caracter multivectorial de la transicion energetica argentina. La valorizacion de recursos locales delinea una nueva geografia energetica, con especializacion regional. Argentina busca asi reforzar los servicios energeticos, la inclusion social y la autonomia territorial, abriendo camino a la sostenibilidad.

En France, depuis les annees 2000, les pouvoirs publics engagent des actions en faveur de l’electromobilite en reponse aux enjeux energie/climat. Les bornes de recharge pour vehicules electriques sont deployees sur le territoire a differentes echelles par des acteurs publics ou prives, nouveaux ou historiques. Cet article realise une etude spatiale des modalites de ce deploiement avec une attention portee a deux territoires de montagne. Il interroge la construction des logiques differenciees qui concourent a une organisation inegale de ces equipements et questionne la necessite d’une coordination des acteurs publics et prives de l’electromobilite au moyen d’une gouvernance multi-niveaux pour une organisation spatiale coherente du service de recharge pour les vehicules electriques.

espanolEn la region del Comahue (Patagonia argentina), los sectores hidrocarburifero y agropecuario presentan procesos de intensificacion del uso de los recursos naturales y tecnologicos. Mientras uno explota el subsuelo y otro cultiva la tierra, ambos desarrollan infraestructuras y participan en la conformacion de la identidad de la region (socioeconomica, politica, ambiental, paisajistica, etc.). Empresas nacionales y extranjeras ponen en valor los recursos locales con criterios globalizados de produccion. Los actores privados, la sociedad civil y el Estado procuran hacer converger sus intereses. Participan en la construccion de poder y de las relaciones y condiciones locales (empleo, manejo de los conflictos, etc.). Basado en la recopilacion de datos empiricos y en las entrevistas realizadas en 2016, este articulo interroga el modelo de desarrollo que resulta del posicionamiento de actores globalizados en la region (grandes establecimientos agricolas, transnacionales del sector hidrocarburifero y servicios), para la explotacion a gran escala de las materias primas del suelo y del subsuelo. Las negociaciones que se entablan ante conflictos sociales y ambientales, en las que el dialogo llega a estructurarse y consensuar posiciones, pueden conllevar procesos de hibridacion de logicas publicas y privadas. Luego se puede establecer una co-construccion socioeconomica y politica del territorio. . EnglishIn the Comahue region (Argentine Patagonia), the oil and gas sector as well as the agricultural one are relevant, in terms of intensifying the use of natural and technological resources. While one exploits the subsoil and another cultivates the land, both develop infrastructures and participate in the conformation the region´s identity (socio-economic, political, environmental, landscape, etc.). National and foreign companies value local resources with globalized production criteria. Shared agreements make converge the interests of private actors, local governments and the State. They participate in the construction of power and their relations with local populations (employment, conflict management, etc.). Based on the compilation of empirical data and interviews conducted in 2016, the article questions the development model resulting from the positioning of globalized actors (large agricultural establishments, hydrocarbon concessions) in the region, for the large-scale exploitation of soil and subsoil materials. The negotiations that take place before social and environmental conflicts, in which the dialogue comes to be structured and leads to agreements, can entail processes of hybridization of public and private logics. Then a socio-economic and political co-construction of the territory can be established. portuguesNa regiao de Comahue (Patagonia argentina), os setores de hidrocarbonetos e agropecuario apresentam processos de intensificacao do uso de recursos naturais e tecnologicos. Enquanto um explora o subsolo e o outro cultiva a terra, ambos desenvolvem infraestruturas e participam da conformacao da identidade da regiao (socioeconomica, politica, ambiental, paisagistica, etc.). Empresas nacionais ou estrangeiras valorizam os recursos locais com criterios globalizados de producao. Esses atores privados, outros da sociedade civil e os Estados procuram fazer convergir seus interesses. Participam da construcao do poder e das relacoes e condicoes locais (emprego, gestao de conflitos, etc.). Baseada na recompilacao de dados empiricos e em entrevistas realizadas em 2016, a reflexao questiona o modelo de desenvolvimento resultante do posicionamento de atores globalizados na regiao (grandes estabelecimentos agricolas transnacionais do setor de hidrocarboneto e de servicos) em relacao a exploracao em grande escala de materias primas do solo e do subsolo. As negociacoes que se estabelecem perante os conflitos sociais e ambientais e, quando o dialogo e estruturado e leva a consensos, podem carregar processos de hibridacao de logicas publicas e privadas. Logo se pode estabelecer uma co-construcao socioeconomica e politica do territorio.

In South America, two energy-related challenges may be identified. In the first place, it is necessary to make energy systems more efficient as a means of ensuring universal access to adequate energy services, while at the same time making a sustainable use of available resources. In the second place a new paradigm of energy generation and consumption emerges in the form of distributed generation (DG). National trajectories toward energy efficiency (EE) and DG are relatively recent and have different levels of development. Most countries in the region are implementing programs and regulations which call for the installation of low-consumption equipment and promote efficient practices. Regarding DG, most South American countries are still in the initial phase, some have already obtained interesting results, while others have had no practical experiences or legal development. This chapter addresses the situation of South American countries in the realm of DG and EE. Public policies and incentive mechanisms are analyzed for each country, as well as the results achieved through their implementation.

Desde el siglo XIX, la exploración de territorios patagónicos ha viabilizado el avance de frentes pioneros para la explotación de sus recursos naturales. A lo largo del siglo XX, en esos espacios periféricos, el Estado nacional construye una frontera energética para su integración al país. La industrialización del petróleo y del gas natural ha favorecido la especialización e internacionalización de la cuenca Neuquina. Empresas transnacionales participan desde el inicio en la actividad hidrocarburífera, y en la explotación de los hidrocarburos no convencionales, junto a la empresa estatal YPF Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales, que ha liderado la exploración y producción. Las nuevas dinámicas en los espacios patagónicos, inducen procesos de (re)territorialización. La celeridad y magnitud de los cambios y la incertidumbre en los mercados internacionales de la energía, abren un signo de interrogación sobre cómo construir el bienestar de las poblaciones y territorios afectados, frente al nuevo horizonte patagónico. From the 19th century on, the exploration of Patagonian territories has made it possible to move forward in pioneering fronts to exploit natural resources. Throughout the 20th century, in those peripheral spaces, the national state has been building a power frontier to integrate to the country. Industrializing natural gas and oil has favored the specialization and internationalization of Neuquen’s basin. Transnational corporations have been participating from the beginning of hydrocarbon mining, and nonconventional hydrocarbon extracting, in association with State-owned YPF (Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales), who has led their exploration and production. Those new dynamics in Patagonian spaces lead (re)territorialization processes. The speed and extent of changes, and the uncertainty in international power markets open a question mark about how to build welfare for affected populations and territories, face to the new Patagonian horizon. A partir do século XIX, a exploração dos territórios patagônicos tornou possível o avanço de frentes pioneiras para a exploração de seus recursos naturais. Ao longo do século XX, nesses espaços periféricos, o Estado nacional constrói uma fronteira energética para sua integração ao país. A industrialização do petróleo e gás natural favoreceu a especialização e internacionalização da bacia de Neuquén. Empresas transnacionais participam desde o início da atividade de hidrocarbonetos e na exploração de hidrocarbonetos não convencionais, juntamente com a empresa estatal YPF (Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales), que tem liderado a exploração e a produção. As novas dinâmicas nos espaços patagônicos induzem processos de (re)territorialização. A velocidade e a magnitude das mudanças e a incerteza nos mercados internacionais de energia abrem um ponto de interrogação sobre como construir o bemestar das populações e territórios afetados, em face do novo horizonte patagônico. Fil: Forget, Marie. Université Savoie Mont Blanc; Francia Fil: Carrizo, Silvina Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Humanas. Centro de Estudios Sociales de América Latina; Argentina Fil: Villalba, María Sofía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Humanas. Centro de Estudios Sociales de América Latina; Argentina

La actividad minera en Argentina cobra dinamismo y se vuelve fundamental para la economía del país, reposicionando la cordillera de los Andes en el corazón de las problemáticas económicas, políticas y sociales, a distintas escalas. La especialización de los territorios de montaña como reservorios de materias primas mineras es cuestionada por parecer inducir -en territorios todavía marginales, pobres y poco poblados- un débil desarrollo. Las trayectorias de tres provincias -San Juan, Catamarca y Jujuy- permiten analizar el rol de los actores estatales y no estatales en la construcción del recurso y de los valores que le son atribuidos. De esas interacciones nacen modelos de desarrollo alternativos para los territorios andinos, tomando en cuenta progresivamente las problemáticas locales de desarrollo. The mining industry has become very dynamic in Argentina and is in fact essential to the country's economy, repositioning the Andes mountain chain at the heart of economic, political and social issues, on different scales. The specialization of the mountain territories as reservoirs of raw materials to be obtained through mining is questioned because of the weak development that seems to result from it in these still marginal, poor and scarcely populated territories. The trajectories of three provinces -San Juan, Catamarca and Jujuy- make it possible to analyze the role of governmental and non-governmental stakeholders in developing the industry and the values attributed to it. These interactions give rise to alternative development models for the Andean territories, that progressively take the local development issues into account. A atividade mineradora na Argentina ganha dinamismo e torna-se fundamental para a economia do país ao reposicionar a Cordilheira dos Andes no coração das problemáticas econômicas, políticas e sociais, a diferentes escalas. A especialização dos territórios de montanha como reservatórios de matérias-primas mineradoras é questionada por parecer induzir -em territórios ainda marginalizados, pobres e pouco povoados- um fraco desenvolvimento. As trajetórias de três províncias - San Juan, Catamarca e Jujuy- permitem analisar o papel dos atores estatais e não estatais na construção do recurso e dos valores que lhe são atribuídos. Dessas interações, nascem modelos de desenvolvimento alternativos para os territórios andinos, considerando progressivamente as problemáticas locais de desenvolvimento. Fil: Carrizo, Silvina Cecilia. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Humanas. Centro de Estudios Sociales de America Latina; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Forget, Marie. Université de Savoie; Francia Fil: Denoël, Mathilde. No especifica

En Argentina, la actividad minera ha crecido rápidamente desde la década de 2000, al igual que las redes de energía que han sufrido cambios significativos. La expansión minera y energética se refuerzan mutuamente, y cada una depende de la otra. El nexo de la energía minera permite analizar el despliegue dialéctico de estos dos sectores, estratégicos para el país y para las transformaciones territoriales., En l’Argentine, l’activité minière a connu une croissance rapide depuis les années 2000, tout comme les réseaux énergétiques qui ont subie des changements considérables. L’exploitation minière et l’expansion énergétique se renforcent mutuellement, étant chacune dépendante de l’autre. Le nexus mine-énergie permet d’analyser le déploiement dialectique de ces deux secteurs, stratégiques pour le pays et pour les transformations territoriales., In Argentina, mining activity has grown rapidly since the 2000s, as have energy networks that have undergone considerable change. Mining and energy expansion are mutually reinforcing each other by their dependency. The nexus mine-energy enables to analyze the dialectical deployment of these two sectors, strategic for the country including territorial transformations., Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo

En Argentine, les modes de développement des productions du secteur primaire (mine, hydrocarbures, agriculture) invitent à réfléchir aux stratégies déployées par les acteurs car elles déterminent leur façon de « faire territoire » ou non. Des négociations peuvent dépasser des situations conflictuelles et, là où le dialogue arrive à se structurer, une co-production des systèmes socio-spatiaux locaux peut s’établir par le biais de processus d’hybridation des logiques publiques et privées, et du fait de positions consensuelles plus ou moins tacites In Argentina, the modes of development of production of primary sector (mine, hydrocarbons, agriculture) invite to think about the strategies deployed by the stakeholders. These determine the way of "making territory" or not. Negotiations can go beyond conflictual situations and, where the dialogue is able to be structured, a local socio-spatial systems co-production can be established through processes of hybridization of public and private logics, and through more explicit consensual positions. Fil: Forget, Marie. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Universite Savoie Mont Blanc; Francia Fil: Guibert, Martine. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Universite de Toulose - Le Mirail; Francia Fil: Carrizo, Silvina Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Humanas. Centro de Estudios Sociales de América Latina; Argentina

La provincia de Jujuy, en el extremo Norte de Argentina, presenta un espectro variado de configuraciones técnico-espaciales y de articulaciones de actores públicos y privados, atípico en Argentina. De esas configuraciones resulta una diversidad de sistemas eléctricos. La provincia es pionera en electrificación rural con energía renovable para el abastecimiento de población dispersa con paneles solares. Aún posee, como la Provincia de Tierra del Fuego en el extremo austral del continente, un sistema eléctrico aislado del interconectado nacional. La Nación y la Provincia de Jujuy han sido claves en la dinámica de expansión eléctrica jujeña, impulsando innovaciones organizativas y de funcionamiento, junto a otros actores. Un sistema de retroacciones generado por la expansión eléctrica y la valorización de los recursos permite una transformación territorial importante. Pero la pequeña gran transformación es permitir que poblaciones aisladas puedan acceder a mejores condiciones de vida. En este sentido, las innovaciones son recursos para introducir cambios en los sistemas y continuidades en los territorios que, sin aquéllos, podrían ver sus poblaciones quitar la región. La province de Jujuy, située à l’extrême Nord-Ouest de l’Argentine, présente un spectre varié de configurations technico-spatiales et d’articulations entre les acteurs privés et publics, atypiques en Argentine. De ces configurations résultent une diversité de systèmes électriques. La province est pionnière dans les processus d’électrification rurale par le biais des énergies renouvelables, pour l’approvisionnement des populations isolées avec des panneaux solaires. Cette province possède, comme celle de Terre de Feu à l’extrême Sud du continent, un système de réseau électrique isolé du réseau interconnecté national. L’Etat argentin et la province de Jujuy ont été des acteurs clés dans les dynamiques d’électrification, en impulsant des innovations organisationnelles et fonctionnelles, en coordination avec d’autres acteurs. Le système de rétroactions généré par l’expansion de l’électrification et la valorisation des ressources locales, induit une transformation territoriale importante. Mais la grande transformation est de permettre aux populations isolées d’accéder à de meilleures conditions de vie. Dans ce sens, les innovations sont des ressources pour intégrer les changements dans les systèmes et permettre une continuité dans les territoires qui, sans ces apports, verraient ses populations émigrer. Jujuy province, located in the extreme northwest of Argentina, presents a large spectrum of technical and spatial configurations as well of public and private stakeholders’articulations. These configurations are atypical in Argentina, resulting in a variety of electrical networks. The province is a pioneer in the process of rural electrification through renewable energy to supply isolated communities with solar panels. This province – like Tierra del Fuego province in the extreme south of the country – has an isolated electric grid. The Argentine government and the Province of Jujuy have been key stakeholders in the electrification dynamics, by impulsing organizational and functional innovations in coordination with other stakeholders. The feedback system generated by the electrification extension and local resources development induces considerable territorial transformations. But the main impact is allowing isolated populations to access to better living conditions. In this sense, innovations are resources that incorporate changes in the systems and allow continuity in territories that would otherwise be affected by population emigration. A província de Jujuy, no extremo Norte da Argentina, apresenta um aspecto variado de configurações técnio-espaciais e de articulações de atores públicos e privados, atípico na Argentina. Destas configurações resulta uma diversidade de sistemas elétricos. A província é pioneira em eletrificação rural com energia renovável para o abastecimento da população dispersa com painéis solares. Ainda possui, como a província de Terra do Fogo, no extremo austral do continente, um sistema elétrico isolado do interconetado nacional. O estado da Argentina e a província de Jujuy tem sido chaves na dinâmica de expansão eletrificação, impulsinando inovações organizativas e de funcionamento, junto a outros atores. Um sistema de retroações gerado pela expansão elétrica e a valorização dos recursos locais permite uma transformação territorial importante. Entretanto, a grande trasformação é permitir que populações isoladas possam ter acesso a melhores condições de vida. Neste sentido, as inovações são recursos para introduzir mudanças nos sistemas e continuidades nos territórios que, sem essas contribuições, poderiam ver suas populações deixar a região.

International audience; Argentina’s mining industry has grown rapidly in recent years, making the sector an essential part of the country’s economy and placing the Andes at the heart of numerous economic, political and social issues. The present article examines the spatial distribution of mining activities and the role attributed to the mountains of northwest Argentina. Exploiting these territories as reservoirs of raw materials was uncontroversial at the beginning of the century; however, this approach is now being contested because it leads to little territorial development. Latin America’s renewed focus on primary industries, involving the extraction and export of unprocessed natural resources, could be viewed as a step back to colonial-style exploitation. As such, it raises questions about North-South relations and the development of mountain territories, which are often peripheral, poor and sparsely populated. Our research examines the territorial-development trajectories of three provinces - San Juan, Catamarca and Jujuy – and analyzes how interactions between governmental and non-governmental actors affect a territory’s approach to constructing and exploiting its resources. Questions about the way in which these interactions shape the development of mountain territories have led to alternative models that take into account the need for territorial development to be built locally.; L’activité minière en Argentine est devenue très dynamique et essentielle pour l’économie du pays, plaçant la cordillère des Andes, au cœur des problématiques économiques, politiques et sociales, provinciales et nationales. Cet article propose donc d’interroger la division spatiale du travail et le rôle attribué aux territoires andins dans le Nord-ouest de l’Argentine. La spécialisation des territoires de montagne comme des réservoirs de matières premières minières, bien acceptée au début du siècle, est aujourd’hui remise en cause du fait du faible développement territorial qu’elle induit. La re-primarisation des économies latino-américaines semble reproduire des formes d’exploitation coloniale qui interroge les relations Nord-Sud et les modalités de développement de territoires encore largement marginaux, pauvres et peu peuplés. Les trajectoires territoriales de trois provinces – San Juan, Catamarca et Jujuy – permettront d’analyser le rôle des acteurs étatiques et non étatiques dans la construction de la ressource et des valeurs qui lui sont attribuées. Ces interactions interrogent les modèles de développement des territoires de montagne, qui de « fournisseurs globaux » intègrent progressivement les problématiques de développement territorial à l’échelle locale.

International audience; Argentina’s mining industry has grown rapidly in recent years, making the sector an essential part of the country’s economy and placing the Andes at the heart of numerous economic, political and social issues. The present article examines the spatial distribution of mining activities and the role attributed to the mountains of northwest Argentina. Exploiting these territories as reservoirs of raw materials was uncontroversial at the beginning of the century; however, this approach is now being contested because it leads to little territorial development. Latin America’s renewed focus on primary industries, involving the extraction and export of unprocessed natural resources, could be viewed as a step back to colonial-style exploitation. As such, it raises questions about North-South relations and the development of mountain territories, which are often peripheral, poor and sparsely populated. Our research examines the territorial-development trajectories of three provinces - San Juan, Catamarca and Jujuy – and analyzes how interactions between governmental and non-governmental actors affect a territory’s approach to constructing and exploiting its resources. Questions about the way in which these interactions shape the development of mountain territories have led to alternative models that take into account the need for territorial development to be built locally.; L’activité minière en Argentine est devenue très dynamique et essentielle pour l’économie du pays, plaçant la cordillère des Andes, au cœur des problématiques économiques, politiques et sociales, provinciales et nationales. Cet article propose donc d’interroger la division spatiale du travail et le rôle attribué aux territoires andins dans le Nord-ouest de l’Argentine. La spécialisation des territoires de montagne comme des réservoirs de matières premières minières, bien acceptée au début du siècle, est aujourd’hui remise en cause du fait du faible développement territorial qu’elle induit. La re-primarisation des économies latino-américaines semble reproduire des formes d’exploitation coloniale qui interroge les relations Nord-Sud et les modalités de développement de territoires encore largement marginaux, pauvres et peu peuplés. Les trajectoires territoriales de trois provinces – San Juan, Catamarca et Jujuy – permettront d’analyser le rôle des acteurs étatiques et non étatiques dans la construction de la ressource et des valeurs qui lui sont attribuées. Ces interactions interrogent les modèles de développement des territoires de montagne, qui de « fournisseurs globaux » intègrent progressivement les problématiques de développement territorial à l’échelle locale.

Dans la troisieme ville de Bolivie, le contexte de rarefaction de la ressource en eau fait apparaitre des strategies d’adaptation des populations non desservies par le service public. Le reseau de distribution couvre moins de la moitie de la ville, laissant une grande partie de celle-ci sans acces a l’eau potable. Pour repondre a ces lacunes, les habitants de certains quartiers se sont regroupes en organisations communautaires appelees Comites de l’eau, rendant des services similaires que ceux proposes par la SEMAPA (Service Municipal de l’Eau Potable et de l’Assainissement). De ce fait, la gestion de la ressource en eau est territorialement differenciee et donne naissance a des « territoires de l’eau » autonomes, aux frontieres bien definies dans le tissu urbain. Cet article vise a s’interroger sur les vulnerabilites qui resultent de la presence de territoires de gestion et de distribution multiples pouvant introduire de fortes inegalites socio-environnementales ou au contraire generer une plus forte resilience dans l’acces a l’eau.