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Early exposures such as maternal smoking can be associated mental disorders. We aimed to analyze the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and depression in the 1993 birth cohort (Pelotas, Brazil).Data on maternal smoking were collected in the perinatal study, while information on GAD and depression was collected at age 22 years using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Information on maternal mental health, the mediator, was collected at the 11-year follow-up. Simple and multiple logistic regressions were used to assess the association between exposure, outcomes, and analysis of negative controls.3,781 participants presented complete data. The incidence of GAD was 10.4%, depression 2.9%, and smoking during pregnancy 32.6%. The children of mothers who smoked had a 45% higher chance of developing GAD at age 22 years (OR 1.45; 95%CI 1.18; 1.80) and 75% higher chance of depression (OR 1.75; 95%CI 1.18; 2.59). Also, the higher the number of cigarettes smoked. the higher was the chance for the development of GAD. Paternal smoking was not associated with the outcomes. The mother's mental health accounted for 18.2% of the association between maternal smoking and GAD, and for 13.4% for maternal smoking and depression.Data for smoking during pregnancy were collected through a self-report. Residual confusion due to important variables cannot be ruled out.MSDP was associated with the mental health of children in early adulthood. However, a small part of the effect found was mediated by the mother's mental health.

Although adolescents living on the street tend to have unprotected sex with many partners and substance abuse, little is known about this reality in Brazil. To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with risky sexual behavior among children and adolescents living on the street in Porto Alegre and Rio Grande. A cross-sectional study was carried out using the Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS) sampling method to quickly and efficiently access populations of difficult access. Poisson regression with robust adjustment of variance was used in the multivariate analysis. The sample consisted of 231 participants aged 10-21 years. Most were male and aged 16- 21 years. More than half (66.7%) of the respondents did not have a school bond, and 64.5% did not live with the family. Half of the sample had been living on the street for at least four years, spending 15 h or more on the street. Most (86.6%) responded that they had already used illicit drugs in their lives, and unprotected sex prevalence was 61.9%. The variables independently associated with unprotected sex were years living on the street, hours spent on the street, having a steady partner, illicit drug use, and sexual intercourse without a condom under the influence of drugs. The high prevalence of unprotected sex points to the need for intervention policies for this population to prevent the main risk factors.

Abtract Objectives: to describe the knowledge of infant feeding on breastfeeding and the introduction of complementary feeding among mothers of children under one-year-old in São Luís, MA. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study using a single questionnaire, standardized by trained interviewers, who visited all the residents in 20 communities chosen by convenience. This questionnaire searched for socioeconomic, demographic information, care received during pregnancy, and the knowledge about infant feeding. The analysis was performed through the creation of knowledge scores, frequency listing, central tendency and dispersion measurements. Results: among the 709 interviewees, 53.5% presented satisfactory knowledge. The score on the percentage mean of knowledge on infant feeding was 66.7%. The specific score on the introduction of complementary feeding was 60.7% and breastfeeding was71.4%. The benefits of breastfeeding for the babies were better known than the advantages it confers on mothers. The worst result was related to porridge preparation,(13.5%). Conclusion: the proportion of mothers who did not know about the basic teachings of infant feeding is high. This can lead to reduce exclusive breastfeeding time, increase rates of improper introduction of food and drink, and in favor early weaning. Resumo Objetivos: descrever o conhecimento em alimentação infantil sobre aleitamento materno e introdução da alimentação complementar entre mães de menores de um ano em São Luís, MA. Métodos: estudo descritivo transversal com aplicação de questionário único, padronizado por entrevistadoras treinadas, que visitaram todos os domicílios de 20 comunidades escolhidas por conveniência. Este questionário buscava informações socioe-conômicas, demográficas, assistência recebida durante a gestação e sobre conhecimento em alimentação infantil. A análise consistiu da montagem de escores do conhecimento, listagem de frequências e medidas de tendência central e de dispersão. Resultados: dentre as 709 entrevistadas, 53,5% apresentaram conhecimento satisfatório. A média em percentual de acertos do escore do conhecimento em alimentação infantil foi de 66,7%. O escore específico da introdução alimentar obteve 60,7% e o do aleitamento materno 71,4%. Os benefícios da amamentação para os bebês foram mais conhecidos do que as vantagens que esta confere às mães. O pior resultado esteve relacionado ao preparo de papas (13,5%). Conclusões: é elevada a proporção de mães que desconhece ensinamentos básicos sobre alimentação infantil. Isto pode levar à redução do tempo de aleitamento exclusivo, aumentar as taxas de introdução inadequada de alimentos e bebidas e favorecer o desmame precoce.

Background Exposure to tobacco during pregnancy may disrupt fetal brain development and impact offspring cognitive development. Aims To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on maternal smoking during pregnancy and intelligence quotient (IQ) in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Methods We searched PubMed, Lilacs, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Original articles evaluating tobacco use/exposure during pregnancy and the offspring’s IQ as the outcome. The review protocol is registered in PROSPERO (number CRD 42,019,116,257). For the meta-analysis, we included studies with information on the regression coefficient and its confidence interval (CI) or standard error. Random effects model was used for pooling the estimates. Results 25 studies were included in the review, and of these 14 met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. The overall pooled estimate showed that subjects who were exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy presented lower IQ scores, compared to those not exposed to maternal smoking (β -1.30; 95 % CI ―1.74, ―0.86; I2 = 87.8 %); IQ scores were also lower in crude (β -5.46; 95 % CI -7.31, -3.60; I²: 79.0 %) and adjusted pooled estimates (β =―0.45; 95 % CI ―0.76, ―0.13; I2 = 80.4 %), for the group exposed to maternal smoking. In the stratified analysis, an inverse association was also observed in studies with large sample size (n≥1000 participants) (β=―0.49; 95 % CI ―0.96, ―0.02), among those performed with adolescents (β=―1.16; 95 % CI ―2.18, ―0.14), and among those adjusted for maternal education (β=―0.57; 95 % CI ―1.05, ―0.08). Conclusions Our findings suggest that exposure to tobacco during pregnancy may have negative effects on IQ. However, the findings of this meta-analysis should be interpreted with caution.

Maternal smoking during pregnancy causes several harmful effects, including deficits in the intelligence quotient (IQ), a measure associated with academic achievements and higher socioeconomic position. We aimed to measure the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring's IQ in two birth cohorts from Pelotas, Brazil. Data from the 1982 and 1993 birth cohorts were analyzed. Smoking during pregnancy was ascertained at the perinatal follow-up, and IQ was measured at 30 years (1982) and 18 years (1993). Simple and multiple linear regressions were used for crude and adjusted analysis. Mediation analysis was performed using birth weight and breastfeeding as possible mediators. Data analysis was conducted in 2020. There were 3611 and 4050 participants from the 1982 and 1993 cohorts, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders, the inverse association between smoking during pregnancy and children's IQ remained significant in both cohorts. Offspring of mothers who smoked during pregnancy had an average of 1.32 less IQ points (95%CI: -2.23, -0.242) in the 1982 cohort, and an average of 1.66 less IQ points (95%CI: -2.42, -0.90) in the 1993 cohort. Neither cohort showed association with paternal smoking (negative controls) after adjustment. Breastfeeding's mediated effects accounted for 26.2% and 23.9% of the association in the 1982 and 1993 cohorts, respectively, while birth weight's accounted for 6.8% and 30.1%, respectively; indirect effects were not significant. The inverse association between maternal smoking and IQ and the lack of association with paternal smoking reinforces our findings of a negative association between exposure and outcome.

Este estudo teve como objetivoconhecer como os profissionais de saúde tem se fortalecido e encorajado para proceder às notificações de violência contra crianças e adolescentes no Rio Grande/RS. Pesquisa exploratória, descritiva, de abordagem qualitativa, realizada com sete profissionais de saúde que realizaram essa notificação. A coleta de dados foi desenvolvida por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, mediante análise textual discursiva.Constatou-se que o conhecimento sobre a temática violência mostra-se como uma condição necessária para a realização da notificação. O conhecimento de si e o cuidado de si mostrou-se fortemente articulada ao exercício da liberdade dos notificadores de exercer poder e resistência à manutenção da violência, frente a suas vivências prévias, crenças e valores em relação a situações de violência.A notificação constitui-se, assim, em uma ação ética, pois expressa não apenas o cuidado de si dos profissionais envolvidos, mas o cuidado do outro, a busca do seu bem-estar e proteção. This study aimed to understand how health professionals has strengthened and encouraged to make the reports of violence against children and adolescents in Rio Grande / RS. This is an exploratory and descriptive qualitative approach, carried out with seven health professionals who reported violence against children and adolescents. Data collection was conducted through semi -structured interviews. By discursive textual analysis, it was found that knowledge on the subject violence shows up as a necessary condition for the completion of the notification, as well as self-knowledge and self-care was strongly articulated the exercise of freedom of reporters to exercise power and endurance to maintain the violence, compared to their previous experiences, beliefs and values in relation to violence. Notification It is therefore in an ethical action, it expresses not only the care of itself of the professionals, but the care of the other, the pursuit of their well-being and protection. Este estudio tuyo como objetivo saber cómo se fortalece y alienta a los profesionales de la salud a proceder con los informes de violencia contra niños y adolescentes en Río Grande / RS.Investigación exploratoria, descriptiva, enfoque cualitativo, realizado con siete profesionales de la salud que realizan esta notificación. La recopilación de datos se desarrolló a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, utilizando análisis de discurso textual. Parece que el conocimiento sobre violencia temática se muestra como una condición necesaria para llevar a cabo la notificación. El conocimiento del yo y el cuidado de estar fuertemente articulados al ejercicio de la libertad por parte de los notificadores del poder y la resistencia a la violencia, frente a sus experiencias, creencias y valores previos en relación con situaciones de violencia.La notificación publicada, por ejemplo, en una acción ética, muestra no solo el cuidado de los profesionales involucrados, sino también el cuidado de los demás, una búsqueda de su bienestar y protección.

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar, se os conteúdos trabalhados no curso de graduação das áreas da saúde, educação e direito de uma Instituição Federal de Ensino Superior do Brasil, possibilitam a formação do estudante de graduação para lidar com a violência e exploração sexual na prática profissional. Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental em planos de ensino de seis cursos de graduação, a saber: Enfermagem, Educação Física, Medicina, Psicologia, Pedagogia e Direito O projeto derivado dessa pesquisa, foi aprovado sob parecer CAAE: 49775415.8.0000.5324. Foram analisados vinte e quatro planos de ensino, segundo as variáveis: disciplina, curso, carga horária, semestre ofertado e conteúdo abordado. Pode-se constatar que, apenas seis planos contemplam a temática violência. Conclui-se a necessidade premente de um maior comprometimento das Instituições de Ensino Superior, na formação e qualificação profissional, em relação ao enfrentamento de situações de violência contra crianças e adolescentes. O conteúdo referente à obrigatoriedade legal do profissional em identificar, diagnosticar, notificar e encaminhar os casos de violência que chegam aos serviços que atendem crianças e adolescentes, deveria ser introduzido já na formação acadêmica; observou-se, entretanto, a partir dos resultados que essa prática não ocorre na maioria dos cursos.

Objective: To measure the prevalence of illicit drugs use in the lifetime, last year and last month, as well as the factors associated to the last year's use and its association with academic migration, among undergraduate students of a university in southern Brazil. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, data were collected through self-administered questionnaire. It was conducted a clustered systematic sampling. For multivariate analyses, it was used Poisson regression. Results: 1,423 students participated. The prevalence of illicit drug use in the lifetime, last year and last month were 42.4%, 25.5% and 17.7%, respectively. Regarding illicit substances, marijuana use was the most prevalent. The variables independently associated with illicit drugs use in the last year were academic migration, being male, younger, single, high parent's educational level, living with peers, tobacco use in the last year, and having friend and relative that have used illicit drugs. Religious practice had a protective effect. Conclusion: Individuals who migrated from their cities to study at the university are more exposed to the main risk factors pointed out by this research and hence to the use of illicit drugs. Based on these results, we suggest that universities develop evaluation, prevention, treatment or referral strategies considering specific needs of this population

The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of depression and its associated factors in elderly residents of the rural area of Rio Grande/RS. In this cross-sectional population-based study performed with 994 elderly (≥ 60 years), whose sampling was based on the 2010 Demographic Census, the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) was used for Major Depressive Episode (EDM) screening. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression. The overall prevalence for Major Depressive Episode screening was 8.1%. The variables independently associated with depression were: female gender, continuous use of medications, chronic diseases, body mass index and worse health perception. The creation of programs target at the elderly in the rural area, aimed at screening, early diagnosis of depression and maintenance of treatment, encompassing several factors related to health, are important actions that must be fostered by the health system.O objetivo deste estudo é estimar a prevalência de depressão e seus fatores associados em idosos residentes da zona rural do município de Rio Grande/RS. Neste estudo transversal de base populacional realizado com 994 idosos (≥ 60 anos), cuja amostragem foi baseada no Censo Demográfico de 2010, utilizou-se o “Patient Health Questionnaire 9” (PHQ-9) para o rastreio de Episódio Depressivo Maior (EDM). Foram realizadas análises descritiva, bivariada e multivariável, com uso de regressão logística. A prevalência geral para o rastreio de Episódio Depressivo Maior foi de 8,1%. As variáveis independentemente associadas com depressão foram: sexo feminino, uso contínuo de medicamentos, doenças crônicas, índice de massa corporal e pior percepção de saúde. A criação de programas de atendimento direcionados aos idosos da área rural, visando rastreamento, diagnóstico precoce de depressão e manutenção do tratamento, englobando diversos fatores relacionados à saúde, são ações importantes que devem ser fomentadas pelo sistema de saúde.