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Some patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis present impaired ventilatory variables characterised by low forced vital capacity values associated with an increase in respiratory rate and a decrease in tidal volume which could be related to the increased pulmonary stiffness. The lung stiffness observed in pulmonary fibrosis may also have an effect on the functioning of the brainstem respiratory neural network, which could ultimately reinforce or accentuate ventilatory alterations. To this end, we sought to uncover the consequences of pulmonary fibrosis on ventilatory variables and how the modification of pulmonary rigidity could influence the functioning of the respiratory neuronal network. In a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis obtained by 6 repeated intratracheal instillations of bleomycin (BLM), we first observed an increase in minute ventilation characterised by an increase in respiratory rate and tidal volume, a desaturation and a decrease in lung compliance. The changes in these ventilatory variables were correlated with the severity of the lung injury. The impact of lung fibrosis was also evaluated on the functioning of the medullary areas involved in the elaboration of the central respiratory drive. Thus, BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis led to a change in the long-term activity of the medullary neuronal respiratory network, especially at the level of the nucleus of the solitary tract, the first central relay of the peripheral afferents, and the Pre-Bötzinger complex, the inspiratory rhythm generator. Our results showed that pulmonary fibrosis induced modifications not only of pulmonary architecture but also of central control of the respiratory neural network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erythropoietin (Epo) and its receptor are expressed in central respiratory areas. We hypothesized that chronic Epo deficiency alters functioning of central respiratory areas and thus the respiratory adaptation to hypercapnia. The hypercapnic ventilatory response (HcVR) was evaluated by whole body plethysmography in wild type (WT) and Epo deficient (Epo-TAgh) adult male mice under 4%CO2. Epo-TAgh mice showed a larger HcVR than WT mice because of an increase in both respiratory frequency and tidal volume, whereas WT mice only increased their tidal volume. A functional histological approach revealed changes in CO2/H+-activated cells between Epo-TAgh and WT mice. First, Epo-TAgh mice showed a smaller increase under hypercapnia in c-FOS-positive number of cells in the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group than WT, and this, independently of changes in the number of PHOX2B -expressing cells. Second, we did not observe in Epo-TAgh mice the hypercapnic increase in c-FOS-positive number of cells in the nucleus of the solitary tract present in WT mice. Finally, whereas hypercapnia did not induce an increase in the c-FOS-positive number of cells in medullary raphe nuclei in WT mice, chronic Epo deficiency leads to raphe pallidus and magnus nuclei activation by hyperacpnia, with a significant part of c-FOS positive cells displaying an immunoreactivity for serotonin in the raphe pallidus nucleus. All of these results suggest that chronic Epo-deficiency affects both the pattern of ventilatory response to hypercapnia and associated medullary respiratory network at adult stage with an increase in the sensitivity of 5-HT and non-5-HT neurons of the raphe medullary nuclei leading to stimulation of f R for moderate level of CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erythropoietin (Epo) and its receptor are expressed in central respiratory areas. We hypothesized that chronic Epo deficiency alters functioning of central respiratory areas and thus the respiratory adaptation to hypercapnia. The hypercapnic ventilatory response (HcVR) was evaluated by whole body plethysmography in wild type (WT) and Epo deficient (Epo-TAg h ) adult male mice under 4%CO 2 . Epo-TAg h mice showed a larger HcVR than WT mice because of an increase in both respiratory frequency and tidal volume, whereas WT mice only increased their tidal volume. A functional histological approach revealed changes in CO 2 /H + -activated cells between Epo-TAg h and WT mice. First, Epo-TAg h mice showed a smaller increase under hypercapnia in c-FOS-positive number of cells in the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group than WT, and this, independently of changes in the number of PHOX2B -expressing cells. Second, we did not observe in Epo-TAg h mice the hypercapnic increase in c-FOS-positive number of cells in the nucleus of the solitary tract present in WT mice. Finally, whereas hypercapnia did not induce an increase in the c-FOS-positive number of cells in medullary raphe nuclei in WT mice, chronic Epo deficiency leads to raphe pallidus and magnus nuclei activation by hyperacpnia, with a significant part of c-FOS positive cells displaying an immunoreactivity for serotonin in the raphe pallidus nucleus. All of these results suggest that chronic Epo-deficiency affects both the pattern of ventilatory response to hypercapnia and associated medullary respiratory network at adult stage with an increase in the sensitivity of 5-HT and non-5-HT neurons of the raphe medullary nuclei leading to stimulation of f R for moderate level of CO 2 ., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Jeton, Perrin-Terrin, Yegen, Marchant, Richalet, Pichon, Boncoeur, Bodineau and Voituron.)