Search

Additional file 2: Table S2. Characterization of the community environment needs by neighbourhoods’ type and self-assessment of neighbourhood’ satisfaction.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Evidence-based data by neighbourhoods’ type.

Background Non-communicable diseases are a leading cause of health loss worldwide, in part due to unhealthy lifestyles. Metabolic-based diseases are rising with an unhealthy body-mass index (BMI) in rural areas as the main risk factor in adults, which may be amplified by wider determinants of health. Changes in rural environments reflect the need of better understanding the factors affecting the self-ability for making balanced decisions. We assessed whether unhealthy lifestyles and environment in rural neighbourhoods are reflected into metabolic risks and health capability. Methods We conducted a community-based cross-sectional study in 15 Portuguese rural neighbourhoods to describe individuals’ health functioning condition and to characterize the community environment. We followed a qualitatively driven mixed-method design to gather information about evidence-based data, lifestyles and neighbourhood satisfaction (incorporated in eVida technology), within a random sample of 270 individuals, and in-depth interviews to 107 individuals, to uncover whether environment influence the ability for improving or pursuing heath and well-being. Results Men showed to have a 75% higher probability of being overweight than women (p-value = 0.0954); and the reporting of health loss risks was higher in women (RR: 1.48; p-value = 0.122), individuals with larger waist circumference (RR: 2.21; IC: 1.19; 4.27), overweight and obesity (RR: 1.38; p-value = 0.293) and aged over 75 years (RR: 1.78; p-value = 0.235; when compared with participants under 40 years old). Metabolic risks were more associated to BMI and physical activity than diet (or sleeping habits). Overall, metabolic risk linked to BMI was higher in small villages than in municipalities. Seven dimensions, economic development, built (and natural) environment, social network, health care, demography, active lifestyles, and mobility, reflected the self-perceptions in place affecting the individual ability to make healthy choices. Qualitative data exposed asymmetries in surrounding environments among neighbourhoods and uncovered the natural environment and natural resources specifies as the main value of rural well-being. Conclusions Metabolic risk factors reflect unhealthy lifestyles and can be associated with environment contextual-dependent circumstances. People-centred approaches highlight wider socioeconomic and (natural) environmental determinants reflecting health needs, health expectations and health capability. Our community-based program and cross-disciplinary research provides insights that may improve health-promoting changes in rural neighbourhoods.

Na doença de Parkinson, a perda progressiva de neurónios produtores de dopamina da substantia nigra pars compacta conduz a desequilíbrios neuroquímicos da gânglia basal e, consequentemente, ao surgimento de sintomas como bradicinesia, rigidez das extremidades e tremor. Sintomas reminiscentes destas disfunções motoras, assim como sinais não motores de doença de Parkinson, foram revelados num modelo transgénico de murganho, modelo este que expressa apenas 5% da proteína transportadora vesicular monoaminérgica (VMAT2-deficient). A doença de Parkinson é tipicamente tratada com o fármaco L-DOPA, um percursor da dopamina. Dado que a degradação da molécula de L-DOPA pela enzima catecol-O-metiltransferase (COMT) leva ao aumento dos níveis de homocisteína, um fator de risco cardiovascular e demência, a reposição terapêutica prolongada de dopamina poderá acelerar a disfunção neuronal e a neurodegeneração. Para além do uso de L-DOPA, tentativas anteriores para restaurar os níveis de dopamina e simultaneamente promoverem neuroprotecção não foram bem-sucedidas. Este estudo investigará os efeitos do inibidor enzimático da enzima COMT, Tolcapone, nas funções motoras, nas performances olfactiva e cognitiva, e mais tarde, na evolução dos marcadores bioquímicos de neurodegeneração e dos níveis sanguíneos de homocisteína em murganhos VMAT2-deficient. Propõe-se que o fármaco Tolcapone possa não só reduzir a degradação de L-DOPA mas adicionalmente favorecer o tratamento da doença de Parkinson aumentando e estabilizando os níveis de dopamina. Além disso, sugere-se ainda que a inibição farmacológica da enzima COMT oferece benefícios significativos a longo-prazo no contexto da doença de Parkinson: reduz o risco de episódios cardiovasculares, atrasa o aparecimento de declínio cognitivo, e sobretudo, oferece significativos efeitos neuroprotetores. Palavras-chave: doença de Parkinson, inibição de COMT, neurofarmacologia, modelo animal de PD, comportamento.