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Exosomes are the extracellular vesicles secreted normally by most of the cells, containing important bioactive molecules including lipids, carbohydrates, protein, DNA and RNA resulting in cell to cell communication and many other biological activities. In this review we have focused on different insight onto exosomes to cover its basic mechanism, biogenesis, biomolecules it carries and how they are altering secondary sites. In cancerous cells these tiny bodies are reported to be secreted aberrantly and through paracrine signalling contributes in metastasis. Each type of cancer cells exosomes is unique with types of load inside, thus behave with an individual pattern to transfer cancer load from origin to other sites. Because of its involvement in cancer metastasis and its role as biomarkers in early stage disease identification and also as suitable particles for drug delivery system, Exosomes research has been focal field since last two decades. Currently exosomes are the hot area of research and because of their biologically important structure and composition some studies have also been conducted to use them as early stage biomarkers in different diseases and also by a modification these could also be a biocompatible source in drug delivery. The current researches data, results and advancement in exosome studies are quit promising and are positive indication in resolving many clinical complexities in future but still further investigations are needed to evaluate the clinical importance and applications of exosomes in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are two types of diabetes: Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes insipidus. Diabetes mellitus occurs because of pancreatic beta-cell destruction and insulin deficiency, Diabetes insipidus occurs because of the deficiency of vasopressin (AVP). This study was conducted to determine the Insilico efficacy and suitability of the chemical constituents of medicinal plants that are used to cure diabetes. The chemical compounds of medicinal plants: Bauhinia Variegata, Prunella Vulgaris, Aloe Vera, and Clematis Montana, used to cure diabetes were checked for toxicity, only 5 chemical constituents lying in non-toxic classes, were further analyzed and docked with mutated Insulin-B and Vasopressin proteins. All the chemical compounds best fit in the pockets of proteins and does not leave the complex, in all the docked complexes the common interacting amino acid residues were ALA, VAL, LEU, HIS, LYS, TRP, and SER. It determines their suitability to be used as medicine against diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exosomes are the extracellular vesicles secreted normally by most of the cells, containing important bioactive molecules including lipids, carbohydrates, protein, DNA and RNA resulting in cell to cell communication and many other biological activities. In this review we have focused on different insight onto exosomes to cover its basic mechanism, biogenesis, biomolecules it carries and how they are altering secondary sites. In cancerous cells these tiny bodies are reported to be secreted aberrantly and through paracrine signalling contributes in metastasis. Each type of cancer cells exosomes is unique with types of load inside, thus behave with an individual pattern to transfer cancer load from origin to other sites. Because of its involvement in cancer metastasis and its role as biomarkers in early stage disease identification and also as suitable particles for drug delivery system, Exosomes research has been focal field since last two decades. Currently exosomes are the hot area of research and because of their biologically important structure and composition some studies have also been conducted to use them as early stage biomarkers in different diseases and also by a modification these could also be a biocompatible source in drug delivery. The current researches data, results and advancement in exosome studies are quit promising and are positive indication in resolving many clinical complexities in future but still further investigations are needed to evaluate the clinical importance and applications of exosomes in detail.

Exosomes are 20-150nm cell secreting nano-bodies that helps in the transportation of various biomolecules, including micro ribonucleic acid (miRNA) in the human body during both normal and diseased conditions. The current review was planned to summarise the role of miRNA carried by circulatory exosomes in cancer. miRNA is responsible for contribution in cancer, regulation of gene expression, interfering in biological pathways, gene silencing or amplification, and also has a role in cancer resistance. (miRNA) plays a dynamic role in this process by regulating the genes related to drug resistance, cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis through a tissue-specific fashion. Owing to its significances, micro ribonucleic acid has been reported to be the key regulator of cancer, metastasis and also a factor in cancer resistance, and is a better source of possible potential diagnostic biomarkers. Though many studies have explored the biological roles of RNAs in cancer, many facts are needed to be investigated for clinical applications.

Background: Search for new drug targets is becoming imperative these days, given that marketed chemotherapeutic drugs have lost their efficacy against harmful agents because of adaptability to climatic changes and co-evolving vectors to new hosts. In the wake of such a challenge, the prominence of biochemical studies is increasing by way of exploring selective enzymes and investigating their structural and functional properties through biochemical kinetic parameter Km for the application of IC50 using designed drugs. Recently, discovered Adenine Aminohydrolase (EC 3.5.4.2) in Leishmania has been found to be absent in mammalian purine salvage pathway and thus considered as a promising drug target against infectious agents., Objectives: The objective of this study is to isolate and characterize AAH by learning its kinetic mode of action using preferred substrate Adenine and additives estimated through expected product formation Hypoxanthine. Bioassays designed to measure exact Enzyme kinetic parameter Km value through establishing hyperbolic curve of an enzyme reaction with the use of exact values of cellular quantities for IC50 application under experimental conditions devised by presteady state approach for SSA validity., Methods: Following saturation kinetic, the plot of hyperbolic equilibrium curve developed using initial rates of product formation as a function of (Si) through forward shift under circumstance dG0 the system allows product and reactant favored reactions in relation to (Ef) ≈ [E0 = KM] until complete saturation and estimates Km and Vmax of enzyme system under applied conditions. M-M equation used to assess experimental initial rate data for estimation of Km on excel using Solver and nonlinear least square coefficient correlation "R2" using logarithmic equation for nonlinear curve assessment., Results: UV/Vis spectrophotometer selectively analyzed reacting components confirming Enzyme characteristic reaction constant Km equal toi15. 0 ± 2 μ mol acquired from the Hyperbolic curve developed through the use of exact (Si) ranges at selected parameter Km and Vmax. The curve assessed by Michaelis Menten equation provides Km value=14.99 μmol and non-linear least square coefficient correlation "R2" value equal to 0.9895, along with that optimized lysis buffer formulation. In the docked complexes, the interactive amino acids identified were MSE441, ALA 364, GLN363, MSE518, VAL362, GLY517, ASP538, ALA445, TYR521, and TYR444. 2D interactions revealed hydrophobic and alkyl interactions at the noncompetitive binding site of the enzyme and therefore recommended as potential inhibitors against 3ICS protein., Conclusion: This study encourages biochemical analysis of the novel enzymes with the use of presteady state rationale in association with the computational tools as an effective way of designing drugs in a short time against selective enzymes to meet the current challenge efficiently., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Objective: To access a new step using PCR to amplify the targeted mtDNA sequence for detecting specifically Plasmodium vivax and its co-infections, false positive and false negative results with Plasmodium falciparum., Methods: In this study we have standardized a new technical approach in which the target mitochondrial DNA sequence (mtDNA) was amplified by using a PCR technique as a tool to detect Plasmodium spp. Species specific primers were designed to hybridize with cytochrome c oxidase gene of P. vivax (cox I) and P. falciparum (cox III). Two hundred blood samples were collected on the basis of clinical symptoms which were initially examined through microscopic analysis after preparing Giemsa stained thick and thin blood smears. Afterwards genomic DNA was extracted from all samples and was then subjected to PCR amplification by using species specific primers and amplified segments were sequenced for confirmation of results., Results: One-hundred and thirty-two blood samples were detected as positive for malaria by PCR, out of which 64 were found to be positive by PCR and 53 by both microscopy and PCR for P.vivax infection. Nine samples were found to be false negative, one P.vivax mono infection was declared as co infection by PCR and 3 samples identified as having P.falciparum gametes were confirmed as P.vivax by PCR amplification. Sensitivity and specificity were found to be 85% and 92% respectively., Conclusions: Results obtained through PCR method were comparatively better and reliable than microscopy.