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Numerous types of solid structures protect coastal activities and cities from the damaging effects of tides and waves all around the globe. Thus, having a three-dimensional digital representation of the physical environment would help decision-makers in understanding the dynamic nature of coastal environments and implementing effective mitigation strategies. Generally speaking, Feature matching, Structure from Motion (SFM) and Multi-View Stereo (MVS) algorithms are used in this order to achieve realistic results. The Literature shows that there is a constant evolution of new techniques and technologies either with learning based or hand-crafted approach, which gives a possibility to integrate different method to optimize each step of the three-dimensional reconstruction process. The aim of this paper is to present the progress of three-dimensional modelling methods that use ground-level images by providing an overview of the latest applications and a comparison of their results. Overall, the state-of-the-art in three-dimensional building modelling using ground-level imagery is rapidly evolving, and new ways are being developed to improve the efficiency, accuracy and scalability of the process

This paper reports a study of bioclimatic dynamics and land use in the region of Tlemcen (north-west of Algeria). GIS (geographic information system) and satellite images (LandSat) were used to conduct a diachronic study based on a series of satellite images from the years 2000 and 2019 to demonstrate changes in the study area while highlighting the importance of environmental conditions, including climate and anthropogenic impact on dynamic vegetation cover. Bioclimatic synthesis has shown an improvement in the rainfall regime and an evolution towards higher bioclimatic atmospheres between the two periods (1985–1999) and (2004–2018). Land use in the study area is under the influence of strong anthropogenic pressures and is experiencing a decline in forest areas from 28.74 to 17.49% but also in agricultural land and lawns from 38.61% to 27.67% in favour of built-up areas which increased from 0.81% to 1.09% but mainly to the benefit of bare soil: an ultimate stage of degradation whose surface area increased from 31.59% in 2000 to 53.46% in 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal zones, as highly dynamic and complex environments, have substantial ecological and territorial implications for both government authorities and coastal managers. This research study investigated the impacts of port construction on shoreline dynamics along the coastal region of Ksar Esghir, located on the northern coast of Morocco, over a 19-year period (2002-2021). This study aimed to characterize the evolution of the coastline using high-resolution satellite images in a geographic information system (GIS) environment. Coastline evolution was assessed using GIS tools, particularly the digital shoreline analysis system (DSAS). Statistical approaches were used to determine the net rates of shoreline change, namely the end point rate (EPR) and net shoreline movement (NSM). Three main sectors were defined for the study area: The Eddallya sector, the western sector of Ksar Esghir and the port sector. As a result, two distinct zones have been identified in the Eddallya sector. Zone I shows an average accretion of +1.46 m/year, while zone II shows an erosion of -0.80 m/year. Analysis of the western sector of Oued Ksar Sghir revealed both erosion and accretion sites. Furthermore, the port sector showed positive values for shoreline evolution, with an average of +9.44 m and a rate of +0.49 m/year, signifying significant shoreline expansion over the study period. These findings highlight the dynamic and highly complex processes involved in coastal development in the study area. The results suggest that sediment dynamics, tidal regimes and potential anthropogenic influences have a significant impact on shoreline evolution, especially where port construction is concerned. The outcomes of this study provide helpful information for better and sustainable coastal management along the coastal area of Ksar Sghir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leachate from public landfill in the city of Tangier, which is neither collected nor treated, could constitute a probable source of pollution of the groundwater table and of those of the Mlalah and Khandak Bou Hajjar wadis in the east, and the Mghogha and Ghir Boudra wadis to the south. This work aims to analyze the level of contamination at Tangier's municipal waste disposal. The leachate samples were collected and analyzed during the period from 2016 to 2019 and the physicochemical parameters (humidity, pH, organic matter, etc.) were determined on these samples as well as the contents of five heavy metals (lead, cadmium, iron, chrome and zinc). Analysis of the well water shows the presence of polluting elements in the leachate water and a high concentration of metals (especially iron) that exceeds standards. This makes the effluent extremely toxic and thus presents a permanent threat to the health of the local population and the surrounding environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]