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Abstract Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder and its characteristics include the immune system's invasion of the healthy lining of the joints and the articular structures degeneration. The IL‐21 pro‐inflammatory cytokine, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) might have a role in the RA etiopathogenesis. The present study assessed the correlation of IL‐21 with vitamin 25(OH)D and the ROS. Methods The study included 120 RA patients and 60 healthy group. The RA patients were categorized based on rheumatoid factor (RF) seropositivity or seronegativity and the RA severity. Chemiluminescent immunoassay and 10% hematocrit were used to check levels of vitamin 25(OH)D and ROS, respectively. ELISA was used for the detection of IL‐21 in the plasma. Results The RA patients had a significantly reduced vitamin 25(OH)D level compared to the healthy controls. The IL‐21 and ROS were however significantly increased in the RA patients compared to the controls. Further, the seropositive RF and the high RA severity patients had significant IL‐21 and ROS increase in comparison with the seronegative RF and the low severity RA patients. Finally, IL‐21 negatively correlated with vitamin 25(OH)D, but positively correlated with the ROS. Conclusion This is the first investigation to confirm the relationship between IL‐21 with vitamin 25(OH)D and the ROS among the RA patients. The findings indicate that vitamin 25(OH)D is reduced in the RA patients' serum. ROS and IL‐21 are also associated with increased RA severity.

This study investigates the impact of biaxial strain on monolayer black phosphorus (BP) through first-principles calculations, confirming its stability and subsequently modifying its photocatalytic performance. Under biaxial strain, BP exhibits a direct bandgap suitable for photocatalytic hydrogen production during water splitting, albeit with limitations due to its valence band maximum edge. A distinctive GaN/BP heterojunction is proposed, featuring a direct bandgap and advantageous band edge positions conducive to efficient photocatalytic overall water splitting. Under the influence of biaxial strain, the heterojunction type undergoes a transition from direct type-I to direct type-II and Z, augmenting the separation of photoexcited electrons and holes and markedly enhancing the efficiency of photocatalytic hydrogen production. Furthermore, the heterojunction exhibits commendable capabilities in absorbing visible light. This research provides a promising avenue to surmount the constraints associated with monolayer BP in photocatalysis, offering valuable insights for the development of efficient photocatalytic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic-inorganic methylammonium lead iodide perovskite (MAPbI3) nanowires (NWs) have attracted significant attention in the realm of optoelectronic devices due to their outstanding optoelectronic properties. However, the persistent challenge of high trap densities has been a limiting factor in realizing their full potential in device performance. To address this challenge, we incorporated cesium (Cs) and systematically investigated the impact of Cs concentration on the trap densities and the optoelectronic characteristics of Cs x MA(1− x)PbI3 NWs. Our findings unveiled an initial reduction in trap densities as Cs+ content increased, with the lowest point occurring at x = 0.2. However, beyond this threshold, trap densities began to rise, eventually surpassing those observed in pure MAPbI3 at x = 0.4. Furthermore, we fabricated single NW photodetectors to assess how Cs+ content influenced optoelectronic properties. The results indicated that Cs+ incorporation led to enhancements in photocurrent and response speed, withthe optimal performance observed at x = 0.2. Our study provides valuable insights into the role of Cs+ incorporation in tailoring the optoelectronic properties of perovskite NWs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-aspect-ratio microholes, the fundamental building blocks for microfluidics, optical waveguides, and other devices, find wide applications in aerospace, biomedical, and photonics fields. Yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) crystals are commonly used in optical devices due to their low stress, hardness, and excellent chemical stability. Therefore, finding efficient fabrication methods to produce high-quality microholes within YAG crystals is crucial. The Bessel beam, characterized by a uniform energy distribution along its axis and an ultra-long depth of focus, is highly suitable for creating high-aspect-ratio structures. In this study, an axicon lens was used to shape the spatial profile of a femtosecond laser into a Bessel beam. Experimental verification showed a significant improvement in the high aspect ratio of the microholes produced in YAG crystals using the femtosecond Bessel beam. This study investigated the effects of the power and defocus parameters of single-pulse Bessel beams on microhole morphology and size, and microhole units with a maximum aspect ratio of more than 384:1 were obtained. Based on these findings, single-pulse femtosecond Bessel processing parameters were optimized, and an array of 181 × 181 microholes in a 400 μm thick YAG crystal was created in approximately 13.5 min. The microhole array had a periodicity of 5 μm and a unit aspect ratio of 315:1, with near-circular top and subface apertures and high repeatability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few decades, the critical role played by cellular contractility associated mechanotransduction in the regulation of cell functions has been revealed. In this case, numerous biomaterials have been chemically or structurally designed to manipulate cell behaviors through the regulation of cellular contractility. In particular, adhesive proteins including fibronectin, poly- L -lysine and collagen type I have been widely applied in various biomaterials to improve cell adhesion. Therefore, clarifying the effects of adhesive proteins on cellular contractility has been valuable for the development of biomaterial design. In this study, reference-free traction force microscopy with a well-organized microdot array was designed and prepared to investigate the relationship between adhesive proteins, cellular contractility, and mechanotransduction. The results showed that fibronectin and collagen type I were able to promote the assembly of focal adhesions and further enhance cellular contraction and YAP activity. In contrast, although poly- L -lysine supported cell spreading and elongation, it was inefficient at inducing cell contractility and activating YAP. Additionally, compared with cellular morphogenesis, cellular contraction was essential for YAP activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]