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Stochastic computing is a non‐traditional computing approach that utilizes stochastic bitstreams to represent numerical values. This representation enables the implementation of circuits using basic logic gates, named stochastic circuits. This work proposes a versatile architecture with correlated input bitstreams for biased accumulation. The design offers a notable reduction in the reliance on random number generators, resulting in lower hardware costs and higher computing accuracy when compared with the existing designs. Experimental results show that the application of Gaussian smoothing has a reduction in area by at least 45% and an improvement in peak signal‐to‐noise ratio of at least 30%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines controversial issues regarding the implementation of specialized, but at the same time universal, large integrated circuits, which appear in the initial stages of automated hierarchical design. To increase the efficiency of automated design systems, universal micro- and nanocircuits with programmable logic have been created. The article offers effective methods of programming multiplexer micro- and nanocircuits with programmable logic for implementing Boolean and majority logic functions. The obtained results are used to configure the functional blocks of the multiplexers. With the use of modern automated design systems, comparative modeling of logical microand nanocircuits was carried out, which confirmed the adequacy of their work, as well as the advantages of frequency and temperature characteristics of nanomultiplexer circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ternary logic has a benefit over the binary logic which provides a secured solution to achieve a trade-off between the area and power of the design. However, from the structure of the ternary Aritmetic Logic Unit (ALU), it is clear that its architecture increases the area, propagation delay, and power consumption. To overcome this drawback, a loopback algorithm is proposed to achieve low power and high throughput Internet of Things (IoT) processors. The loopback algorithm reduces the number of processing stages in multipliers and adders which can significantly reduce area and power dissipation. The proposed 2:1 multiplexer-based approach reduces the need for a decoder and results in low power consumption. The proposed design will be implemented in Xilinx ISE 13.0 and simulation will be done in Modelsim. The modified Ternary ALU (TALU) performs finer than the previous TALU method. The number of registers used in this architecture is reduced by up to 25% than the existing system therefore there is a reduction in power dissipation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As CMOS technology approaches its physical and technical limits, alternative technologies such as nanotechnology or quantum computing are needed to overcome the challenges of lithography, transistor scaling, interconnects, and miniaturization. This article introduces a novel nanotechnology that uses atomic-scale silicon dangling bonds (ASDB) to create high-performance, low-power, nanoscale logic circuits. DBs are atoms that can form basic logic gates on a silicon surface using a scanning tunneling microscope device. ASDB can also be an alternative to the existing complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The article also proposes a new bar-shaped pattern to design gates and logic circuits with ASDB nano tecnolgoy. The bar-shaped pattern improves the reliability of the output, reduces the area and power consumption, and solves the problem of interatomic energy effects of ASDB. The article demonstrates the efficiency of the bar-shaped pattern by implementing two-input gates such as AND, NAND, OR, NOR, XOR, XNOR, and a 2:1 multiplexer with ASDB. The article also uses a powerful tool called SiQAD to simulate and verify the performance of the proposed structures with ASDB. According to the simulation results, the proposed logic gates are more energy efficient, stable, and compact than the previous structures. They consume 35% and 24.34% less energy and have 14.18% more stability, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, carrier reservoir semiconductor optical amplifiers (CR-SOAs) are utilized for the first time in designing an all-optical 2 × 1 multiplexer with enable function, operating at 120 Gb/s. Traditional SOAs face challenges with slow carrier recovery, restricting their application in high-speed scenarios. CR-SOA, with a carrier reservoir near the active region, replenishes carriers quickly, enabling faster gain and phase recovery. For the first time, a 2 × 1 multiplexer with an enable input is proposed, adding flexibility and control for dynamic data routing in optical systems. Basic gates such as AND, OR, and NOT gates have been designed using this multiplexer, with the enable input enhancing their versatility. The performance of the multiplexer and gates is evaluated using metrics like quality factor, extinction ratio, contrast ratio, and eye opening factor. The quality factor is analyzed concerning parameters such as amplified spontaneous emission, data rate, carrier transition time, and injection current. Simulation results confirm the functionality of the 2 × 1 multiplexer and logic gates, demonstrating satisfactory performance at high data rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article considers an International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard digital output current sensor with improved current conversion characteristics and expanded functionality. The results of the study of primary electromagnetic current converters used in the current sensor are presented. It is proposed to combine the functions of converting signals into the digital format of the IEC 61850 standard and the functions of current relay protection in the current sensor. The features of the newly developed sensors are shown, allowing for a significant improvement in the main characteristics of relay protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Extensive research is now being conducted on the design and construction of logic circuits utilizing quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) technology. This area of study is of great interest due to the inherent advantages it offers, such as its compact size, high speed, low power dissipation, and enhanced switching frequency in the nanoscale domain. This work presents a design of a highly efficient RAM cell in QCA, utilizing a combination of a 3-input and 5-input Majority Voter (MV) gate, together with a 2 × 1 Multiplexer (MUX). The proposed design is also investigated for various faults such as single cell deletion, single cell addition and single cell displacement or misalignment defects. The circuit under consideration has a high degree of fault tolerance. The functionality of the suggested design is showcased and verified through the utilization of the QCADesigner tool. Based on the observed performance correlation, it is evident that the proposed design demonstrates effectiveness in terms of cell count, area, and latency. Furthermore, it achieves a notable improvement of up to 76.72% compared to the present configuration in terms of quantum cost. The analysis of energy dissipation, conducted using the QCAPro tool, is also shown for various scenarios. It is seen that this design exhibits the lowest energy dispersion, hence enabling the development of ultra-low power designs for diverse microprocessors and microcontrollers.

This paper continues the research on the circuit synthesis problem for a multiplexer function of logic algebra, which is a component of many integrated circuits and is also used in theoretical study. The exact value of the depth of a multiplexer with select lines in the standard basis is found under the assumption that the conjunction and disjunction gates are of depth 1 and the negation gate is of depth 0; the depth equals if . Thus, it follows from previous results that the exact depth value equals for all positive integers such that either or . Moreover, for , this value equals 2, and for , it equals either or . Similar results are also obtained for a basis consisting of all elementary conjunctions and elementary disjunctions of two variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This letter presents the design of a microstrip-based diplexer for the applications of the Internet of Things (IoT). By incorporating stub-loaded coupled line resonators, the diplexer achieves significant enhancements in its passband performance. Specifically engineered to operate at precise frequencies of 2.55 and 3.94 GHz, the diplexer demonstrates improved isolation and selectivity through the integration of five transmission poles (TPs). A comprehensive analysis is conducted, evaluating crucial parameters, such as size, insertion loss, return loss, and isolation. The diplexer is fabricated on a compact Rogers Duroid 5880 substrate, and experimental measurements validate its effectiveness, exhibiting a low insertion loss of 0.3 dB at 2.55 GHz and 0.4 dB at 3.94 GHz, in close agreement with simulated predictions. The proposed design, featuring stub-loaded coupled line resonators, showcases highly promising passband characteristics, making it a compelling solution for efficient multiplexing of diverse frequency bands in wireless communication applications within the IoT and network-on-chip (NoC) domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an analysis of existing single-digit binary adders from the point of view of their implementation on fans built based on metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor—MOSFETs. The synthesis of a single-digit adder with a conditional sum is carried out. The considered adders are compared in terms of speed and hardware complexity (by the number of MOSFETs). Adders perform arithmetic operations on numbers. In combination with other logical operations, adders are the core of the circuits of arithmetic logic devices that implement several different operations; they are an integral part of different processors. The most important parameters of adders are their hardware complexity and performance; therefore, many options for single-bit and multi-bit connectors with serial, parallel and combined transmissions have been developed. In the final part, a scheme of a multi-bit adder with consecutive transfers on adders with a conditional sum is given. An example of performing addition operations is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time division SQUID multiplexing is being developed as the TES readout technology for the ATHENA X-ray integral field unit and CMB-S4. Close packing of TDM and dc-biased SQUID components is motivated by chip area constraints but has resulted in significant physical neighbor crosstalk in previous generation chips. We present techniques to reduce physical neighbor crosstalk in both linear and two dimensional (2D) TDM chips as well as measurements of crosstalk in these chips. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a single nano ring resonator using Annular Photonic Crystal (APC) with ultra-compact size for applications in versatile optical network components. The proposed resonator is designed in the hexagonal lattice, made up of Silicon (Si) planar and annular rods, where the annular rods are filled with Silicon Nitride (Si3N4). Despite being pervasive, the proposed structure operates mostly in the C-band wavelength, providing high resonation, low insertion loss, high contrast ratio, and large bandwidth with low loss comprising a single resonator ring with photonic crystal waveguides. This structure is used to realize several high-performance optical network devices like optical ring resonator, 4 × 2 reversible encoder, 1 × 2 power splitter, and a multiplexer. Several parameters and their performances are optimized for this miniaturized photonic device using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method. This device works in the quantum regime as a slow light device with a better squeeze factor enabling quantum computing. The proposed nanostructure, having a Quality factor (Q) of 396.05, is highly suitable for optical network applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive research is now being conducted on the design and construction of logic circuits utilizing quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) technology. This area of study is of great interest due to the inherent advantages it offers, such as its compact size, high speed, low power dissipation, and enhanced switching frequency in the nanoscale domain. This work presents a design of a highly efficient RAM cell in QCA, utilizing a combination of a 3-input and 5-input Majority Voter (MV) gate, together with a 2 × 1 Multiplexer (MUX). The proposed design is also investigated for various faults such as single cell deletion, single cell addition and single cell displacement or misalignment defects. The circuit under consideration has a high degree of fault tolerance. The functionality of the suggested design is showcased and verified through the utilization of the QCADesigner tool. Based on the observed performance correlation, it is evident that the proposed design demonstrates effectiveness in terms of cell count, area, and latency. Furthermore, it achieves a notable improvement of up to 76.72% compared to the present configuration in terms of quantum cost. The analysis of energy dissipation, conducted using the QCAPro tool, is also shown for various scenarios. It is seen that this design exhibits the lowest energy dispersion, hence enabling the development of ultra-low power designs for diverse microprocessors and microcontrollers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adders are one of the basic arithmetic circuits of any processor, microcomputer, multiplication circuits, etc. Presently, the most substantial areas in the research of VLSI design are area, power, and efficient high-speed circuits. In this paper two new architectures Carry Select Adder (CSLA) using D-latch and CSLA using multiplexers are proposed to reduce the power, delay, and its efficiency is compared with conventional carry select adder (CSLA) and existing literature. Architectural level power reduction is the most important area where it plays a vital role in improving the speed and power of the overall circuit. The existing and proposed CSLAs are synthesized with the Synopsys EDA tool using 32 nm technology node is used for the design and implementation. The values obtained across technology in nm underline the dominance of the proposed adder architectures in terms of delay and energy and area efficiency. For the proposed architectures, the evaluation results show that 60%–75% improvement in delay and 22%–56%in power when compared to other architectures. Proposed architectures shows increment in area but overall are delay product reduces compares to existing designs The proposed CSLA-DLATCH-FIR obtained significant reduction for 16-bits for power (46.4 (µW)), delay (0.66), ADP (359.8 × 10–15), and PDP (30.63 × 10–15). While the proposed CSLA-MUX-FIR has attained substantial performance for power (52.44 (µW)), delay (0.82 ns), ADP (457.392 × 10–15), and PDP (42.9 × 10–15). With the use of this proposed CSLA, a FIR filter was able to significantly reduce its power and delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A general cellular circuit of functional and switching elements (CCFSE) is a mathematical model of integral circuits (ICs), which takes into account peculiarities of their physical synthesis. A principal feature of this model distinguishing it from the well-known classes of circuits of gates (CGs) is the presence of additional requirements on the geometry of the circuit which ensure the accounting of the necessary routing resources for IC creation. The complexity of implementation of a multiplexer function of Boolean algebra (FBA) in different classes of circuits has been extensively studied. In the present paper, we give asymptotically sharp upper and lower estimates for the area of a CCFSE implementing a multiplexer FBA of order n. We construct a family of circuit multiplexers of order n of area equal to the halved upper estimate, and provide a method of delivering the corresponding lower estimate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of acoustic multiplexer and demultiplexer circuits using ring resonator cavity on mercury-water phononic crystal platform is proposed in the present paper. We investigate the transmission spectra and pressure distribution for different orders of multiplexer and demultiplexers of the proposed structures. The design of acoustic 2:1/4:1 multiplexer and 1:2/1:4 demultiplexer is numerically investigated in Comsol Multiphysics platform. The design could play a crucial role in phononic integrated circuits that are used in underwater and medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy efficiency considerations in terms of reduced power dissipation are a significant issue in the design of digital circuits for very large-scale integration (VLSI) systems. Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is an emerging ultralow power dissipation approach, distinct from traditional, complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology, for building digital computing circuits. Developing fully reversible QCA circuits has the potential to significantly reduce energy dissipation. Multiplexers are fundamental elements in the construction of useful digital circuits. In this paper, a novel, multilayer, fully reversible QCA 8:1 multiplexer circuit with ultralow energy dissipation is introduced. The power dissipation of the proposed multiplexer is simulated using the QCADesigner-E version 2.2 tool, describing the microscopic physical mechanisms underlying the QCA operation. The results show that the proposed reversible QCA 8:1 multiplexer consumes 89% less energy than the most energy-efficient 8:1 multiplexer circuit previously presented in the literature.

In this paper, a probe for measuring radio-frequency electric fields in the environment is designed and presented. These electric fields consist of multi cellular technology (2G, 3G and 4G), including four bands: GSM900, GSM1800, 3G2100 and LTE2600. This device, called the MCT electric probe, is realized by three orthogonal antennas, in connection to frequency multiplexer circuits and detectors. The proposed antenna is a 3-D multi-branch monopole antenna, and these orthogonal antennas can receive the electric fields in all directions uniformly and isotopically. The proposed multiplexer can separate the received signals into four narrowband and has the ability to remove out-of-band signals. The detector is able to convert the fields received from the antenna and multiplexer sections to suitable DC voltages for amplifying and digital processing. Finally, the designed MCT electric probe is fabricated and tested. The measurements confirm the proper operation of the probe in terms of dynamic range, accuracy, sensitivity, and the linearity and isotropicity of the received electric fields.

The quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) are an alternative nanotechnology for overcoming the drawbacks of traditional CMOS technology. QCA is one of the alternative transistors-less nanotechnologies for the implementation of computational circuits. It can also be used for implementation in molecular and nanoscale structures. In this paper, ultradense and quantum-cost-efficient random access memory (RAM) cell designs have been proposed, which are critical for designing large memory circuits. A novel loop-based RAM cell design using a proposed 2:1 multiplexer (MUX) and a three-input majority gate has been implemented on different quantum-dot cell sizes such as 14 × 14 nm2, 16 × 16 nm2, and 18 × 18 nm2. According to the performance results, the RAM cell design has a 35.89% minimum cell count, a 56.05% small area, and a 16.66% reduction in latency as compared to its existing design. The presented design performance and energy consumption are evaluated by QCADesigner-E 2.2 (coherence vector W/energy) and QCADesigner version 2.0.3 (bistable approximation) and also show the thermal map of the suggested MUX and RAM cell designs at 2 K temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The operation of a four-channel multiplexer, utilizing multimode interference (MMI) wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology, can be designed through the cascading of MMI couplers or by employing angled MMI couplers. However, conventional designs often occupy a larger footprint, spanning a few millimeters, thereby escalating the energy power requirements for the photonic chip. In response to this challenge, we propose an innovative design for a four-channel silicon nitride (Si3N4) MMI coupler with a compact footprint. This design utilizes only a single MMI coupler unit, operating within the O-band spectrum. The resulting multiplexer device can efficiently transmit four channels with a wavelength spacing of 20 nm, covering the O-band spectrum from 1270 to 1330 nm, after a short light propagation of 22.8 µm. Notably, the multiplexer achieves a power efficiency of 70% from the total input energy derived from the four O-band signals. Power losses range from 1.24 to 1.67 dB, and the MMI coupler length and width exhibit a favorable tolerance range. Leveraging Si3N4 material and waveguide inputs and output tapers minimizes light reflection from the MMI coupler at the input channels. Consequently, this Si3N4-based MMI multiplexer proves suitable for deployment in O-band transceiver data centers employing WDM methodology. Its implementation offers the potential for higher data bitrates while maintaining an exemplary energy consumption profile for the chip footprint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, an all-optical compact 2*1 multiplexer gate based on two-dimensional photonic crystals is presented. The structure is made of silicon rods (which are formed in the eight shaped (8) waveguide) in the background of air. The proposed multiplexer is designed based on only linear materials to overcome low gain and nonlinearity difficulties. The functionality of the multiplexer is fulfilled by considering the interference and scattering effects of silicon defect rods situated in the structure. The performance of the presented structure is studied by considering the photonic band gap, field distribution and transmitted power spectra. Plane wave expansion (PWE) and finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) methods are utilized for extracting the PBG and field distribution diagrams. The dimension (116.64 μm2), contrast ratio (21.39 dB), rise time (0.8 ps) and bitrate (0.312 Tbit/s) are the remarkable specifications of the proposed multiplexer. In other words, compatibility and integrability are the main advantages of the presented structure. As a result, the proposed 2*1 multiplexer can be considered as an appropriate candidate in optical circuits (optical networking and optical signal processing). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy efficiency considerations in terms of reduced power dissipation are a significant issue in the design of digital circuits for very large-scale integration (VLSI) systems. Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is an emerging ultralow power dissipation approach, distinct from traditional, complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology, for building digital computing circuits. Developing fully reversible QCA circuits has the potential to significantly reduce energy dissipation. Multiplexers are fundamental elements in the construction of useful digital circuits. In this paper, a novel, multilayer, fully reversible QCA 8:1 multiplexer circuit with ultralow energy dissipation is introduced. The power dissipation of the proposed multiplexer is simulated using the QCADesigner-E version 2.2 tool, describing the microscopic physical mechanisms underlying the QCA operation. The results show that the proposed reversible QCA 8:1 multiplexer consumes 89% less energy than the most energy-efficient 8:1 multiplexer circuit previously presented in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wideband signal combining circuit with continuous bandwidth based on multichannel different‐/same‐frequency power combiner is presented. Two‐way signals with the same frequency can be combined to a higher power signal. Two‐way signals with different frequencies can be combined into a broadband signal. A stepped impedance resonator (SIR) is used as a multimode resonator. The wider bandwidth is got by SIR. And the selectivity of the two filtering channels is improved by the introduction of SIR stubs, which generate four transmission zeros on both sides of the passbands. The high 3‐dB point of the low‐frequency channel overlaps with the low 3‐dB point of the high‐frequency channel. Therefore, the output passband is continuous. The measured frequency ranges of two channels are 1.34–2.21 GHz/2.21‐2.87 GHz, respectively, and from 1.46 to 2.74 GHz, the input reflection coefficient is such that the return loss is higher than 15.5 dB. The insertion loss of the two channels is 0.71/1.18 dB, and the measured isolation is higher than 15.4 dB. The measured bandwidth of the combining signal is 1.5 GHz (1.34–2.84 GHz). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Reversible gate that can be reversed implements a reversible operation and has the same number of inputs and outputs that create a specific 1 to 1 between inputs and outputs. The field of reversible logic is now the center of considerable attention in the scientific community. Due to its capacity to produce digital circuits with low energy consumption, the incorporation of this method into the design of digital circuits has opened up a wide range of possibilities in fields including biotechnology, quantum entanglement, remote sensing, and computing technologies. This paper presents a sophisticated multiplexer circuit based on reversible logic and using many basic reversible gates. The total number of reversible gates used in the circuit and the number of redundant outputs produced are the two main criteria used to assess the multiplexer circuit's optimization. This circuit is highly beneficial for designing digital circuits with reduced power loss and improved performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an analysis of existing single-digit binary adders from the point of view of their implementation on fans built based on metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor—MOSFETs. The synthesis of a single-digit adder with a conditional sum is carried out. The considered adders are compared in terms of speed and hardware complexity (by the number of MOSFETs). Adders perform arithmetic operations on numbers. In combination with other logical operations, adders are the core of the circuits of arithmetic logic devices that implement several different operations; they are an integral part of different processors. The most important parameters of adders are their hardware complexity and performance; therefore, many options for single-bit and multi-bit connectors with serial, parallel and combined transmissions have been developed. In the final part, a scheme of a multi-bit adder with consecutive transfers on adders with a conditional sum is given. An example of performing addition operations is given.

The aim of this paper is to propose a compact device to design a multiplexer and demultiplexer which can reduce the circuit area while maintaining competitive performance. A novel device, the dielectric-separated independent-gate junctionless transistor (DSIG-JLT), is used to implement functional logic of a multiplexer and demultiplexer. The DSIG-JLT has four gates that can be electrically controlled in multiple ways to realize different digital logics. The DSIG-JLT is used to realize a 2 × 1 multiplexer and 1 × 2 demultiplexer by two different logic styles. The 2 × 1 multiplexer is implemented using four transistors, and the 1 × 2 demultiplexer is implemented using five transistors by NAND logic (logic style-1). Further, by using mixed logic, the 2 × 1 multiplexer is designed using three transistors, and the 1 × 2 demultiplexer using four transistors (logic style-2). A 4 × 1 multiplexer is also implemented using eight transistors. The propagation delay, rise time, and fall time of the 2 × 1 multiplexer (logic style-1) are calculated and are found to be 24.45 ps, 31 ps, and 8.2 ps, respectively, at a supply voltage (VDD) of 1 V. It is found that with a change in supply voltage from 0.7 to 1.0 V, the delay, rise time, and fall time decrease by 17.2%, 11.4%, and 65.69%, respectively. Simulations are carried using the ATLAS 3D device simulator in mixed mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multiplexer is a combinational circuit that transfers multiple data inputs over a single output line. The input data are selected and transferred to the output line based on the selection line. In this work, 2 × 1 and 4 × 1 multiplexer is proposed. The proposed multiplexer has been worked out using the electro-optic principle. It is implemented using lithium niobate-based Mach–Zehnder interferometer (LN-MZI). LN-MZI is used as an optical switching device. The performance parameters extinction ratio, contrast ratio and insertion loss have been computed and found 31.31, 28.02 and 0.043 dB respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the considerable development of big data and the need for real-time information processing, the recent computing paradigm changed from centralized intelligence on cloud computing to the distributed intelligence on Edge Computing. On the algorithm layer, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been applied in different areas related to intelligent-edge applications. In this type of application, consumption and speed present essential challenges when designing hardware-level architecture on the embedded systems. In particular, an Edge Computing System (ECS) must be an energy efficient, compact, and fast component integrated into edge devices. Miniaturization has been happening at a steady pace for the last years. However, the MOS transistor size has been slowly reaching the physical limit. In this paper, we propose a Quantum Cellular Automata clock-phase-based technique for the design of the proposed ALU module. The obtained results using the QCA architecture designer exhibit better performances over the existing designs in terms of size, cell number, cost, latency, and power consumption. We have also used QCAPro software for power consumption estimation. The results show the effectiveness of the design in terms of cost and power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]