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This paper traces the historical origins of the state's exploitative agricultural market system in Malawi with a case of Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation (admarc), a post-colonial agriculture marketing board established in 1971. The study analyses how its initial intention of facilitating the transformation of agriculture got thwarted by political interest and structural adjustment and recently globalization processes. The study goes further to explain the changes that had taken place from early colonial era agricultural marketing institutions to the present days of admarc, covering a period from 1926 to 2000. This period has been chosen as present day admarc directly traces its origin to the Native Tobacco Board that was established in 1926. The paper explores how these marketing boards, which were initially created in the colonial era to facilitate the participation of the peasant farmers in organized markets, turned to be instruments of exploitation and vehicles of marginalization of the peasantry. Furthermore, as this paper notes, after the country gained independence, admarc continued to be a post-colonial era instrument for peasant farmers' systematic oppression through intrinsic taxation that further compromised the development of the peasant farmers. The institution was further used to strengthen agricultural sector dualism in Malawi as the surplus extracted from the peasant smallholder farmers was used to develop the capitalist estates sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article examines the now largely forgotten, but then important, "Chicken and Egg War" of 1970–71. The chicken and egg war began when the Quebec government established the Fédération des producteurs d'œufs de consommation du Québec (FPOCQ) in 1970, a marketing board that began to restrict the price, grading, and sale of all eggs in Quebec, including egg imports from other provinces. The new board disrupted egg sales in Manitoba and Ontario, and it was not long before a series of legislative retaliations among the provinces took place, including strict import controls on broiler chickens and eggs and the seizure of out-of-province produce. Although predominantly contained to the neighbouring provinces of Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec, this event was significant because it resulted in appeals to the Supreme Court of Canada, claims made concerning the rights of provinces vis-à-vis the federal government, and the restriction of agricultural goods, in this case, poultry and eggs, across provincial boundaries. This episode also had serious political ramifications, including fractured relationships among farmers, consumers, other industry stakeholders, and politicians and heightened tensions surrounding the legality and authority of provincial agricultural marketing boards. Ultimately, this "war" provided a significant impetus for the federal government to establish a national system of supply management in the egg and poultry sectors, a system that remains today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the contending debates on the establishment of marketing boards in colonial Nigeria. It analyses their operations within the purview of colonialist and nationalist perspectives. The paper contends that the British established the boards to protect its imperial and economic interests rather than the price stabilization policy they were primarily created for. It submits that the marketing boards were monopoly institutions the British used to cushion the internal contradictions in its postSecond World War economy. It argues that the paltry infrastructural facilities provided by the British administration were not meant to stimulate development but accidental fallouts of colonialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As emerging market international marketing alliances (E-IMAs) are becoming popular as instruments of growth for firms from the developed markets that are attempting to expand into emerging markets, there is a growing need to understand how these E-IMAs are formed, operate, and even get dissolved in the emerging markets. Extant theories on IMAs, although limited, have primarily focused on alliances that are formed and operate in developing markets. However, as the institutional context of emerging markets differs significantly from that of developing markets, these existing theories are not sufficient to explain and predict phenomena related to E-IMAs. Therefore, using data from in-depth interviews with senior executives from 106 companies involved in marketing alliances, this study develops a new theoretical model based on the awareness-motivation-capability framework that can explain and predict phenomena related to E-IMAs. Related propositions are presented for both researchers and practitioners who are interested in studying or developing E-IMAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Akwanga division has been a major theater of export crop production and expropriation of other economic resources by the colonial regime, but the Economic History of the area has suffered neglect by scholars in the discipline. This work seeks to examine the evolution of cash crop economy in Akwanga division, north-central Nigeria and the changes brought about by the development. The development of groundnut as a main cash crop in central Nigeria's Akwanga division shall also be explore. The study also analyses establishment of produce marketing boards and their roles as catalyst for the distribution of export produce. The work argues that the development of cash crop economy has coopted the people of Central Nigeria into international economy as primary producers of cash crops. The system did not in any way mechanized the agriculture sector and deliberately eschewed possible avenues for the development of individual cultivators. The Historical research method is used to achieve the objectives of this research; primary and secondary data are consulted for the successful completion of the work. This research argues that the increase in demand of groundnut by European manufacturing industries for the production of soap, cooking oil, and margarine has facilitated its production Akwanga division. The work concludes that compulsory labour, taxes, and British currency were introduced as a strategy conceived by the colonial government to implement cash crop production in the study area. Above all the colonial economy did not mechanized agricultural sector and manufacturing industries were not established in Akwanga division. The development of cash crop Economy has incorporated the people of the area into international market as producers of raw materials needed by the European manufacturing companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nineteenth-century travelogues by British travelers to Persia commonly include warnings against "excessive" Persian politeness, casting it as flattery or deceit. While this pejorative representation of Persian cordiality is a token of British Orientalism, it also highlights the incompatible measures for pleasantries in Persia and Britain. This essay traces the competing economies of social courtesy in these two contexts: a desire for utmost calculability in the British market entailed a new conception of politeness, one more moderate and commercial; by contrast, Persian politeness operated through gift-giving and "extravagant" greetings and complimenting. While the former hinges on a "modern" conception of commerce, the latter pivots around the bargain entailed in gift-giving. (Mis)recognition and (mis)translation of Persian "excess" as the hypocrisy of the ancien régime in the travelogues, however, signpost a teleological fabrication of the past which urges a global circulation of the British notion of polite character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]