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Superconducting (SC) tokamak JT-60SA plays an essential role in fusion research and development by supporting and complementing the ITER project, providing directions to the DEMO design activity and fostering next generation scientists and engineers. Since the short circuit incident at the terminal joints of equilibrium field coil #1 during the integrated commissioning (IC) in March 2021, both EU and JA implementing agencies (IAs) have examined how to ensure safe operation of JT-60SA by mitigating the risk of possible discharge occurrence inside the cryostat. Based on the experience of the global Paschen tests, the IAs have established a strategy of risk mitigation measures, which is a combination of (i) reinforcement of insulation, (ii) avoiding unnecessary voltage application to the coil systems and (iii) immediate de-energization of the coils when deteriorated vacuum conditions are detected. Thanks to the considerable efforts of the Integrated Project Team members, the IC restarted in May 2023. After confirmation of the SC state of the coil systems (TF, EF and CS), the coil energization test and the plasma operation phase 1 (OP-1) started. The first plasma was successfully achieved on 23 October 2023 with a limited value of voltage and current applied to the coils. The plasma configuration control was also confirmed with low plasma current and low auxiliary heating power conditions. Based on the IO–F4E–QST collaboration, activities of JT-60SA have been shared with the IO and provided an important lesson for ITER assembly and commissioning, and will provide an outstanding contribution to fusion research at large. After OP-1, maintenance & enhancement phase 1 (M/E-1) starts from January 2024, in which in-vessel components are installed, and heating and diagnostic systems are extensively upgraded to allow a high power heating experiment planned in OP-2. In order to make the best use of JT-60SA, a newly organized JT-60SA experiment team will refine the research plan for the future high heating power operation phase.

Confining plasma for fusion requires controlling many parameters. Here the authors report the existence of a narrow parameter space for the simultaneous confinement of energetic alpha particles and removal of slowed-down helium ash in a magnetically confined fusion plasma by using kinetic-magnetohydrodynamic hybrid simulations.

It is becoming increasingly difficult to know who is working on what and how in computational studies of Dialectal Arabic. This study comes to chart the field by conducting a systematic literature review that is intended to give insight into the most and least popular research areas, dialects, machine learning approaches, neural network input features, data types, datasets, system evaluation criteria, publication venues, and publication trends. It is a review that is guided by the norms of systematic reviews. It has taken account of all the research that adopted a computational approach to dialectal Arabic identification and detection and that was published between 2000 and 2020. It collected, analyzed, and collated this research, discovered its trends, and identified research gaps. It revealed, inter alia, that our research effort has not been directed evenly between speech and text or between the vernaculars; there is some bias favoring text over speech, regional varieties over individual vernaculars, and Egyptian over all other vernaculars. Furthermore, there is a clear preference for shallow machine learning approaches, for the use of n-grams, TF-IDF, and MFCC as neural network features, and for accuracy as a statistical measure of validation of results. This paper also pointed to some glaring gaps in the research: (1) total neglect of Mauritanian and Bahraini in the continuous Arabic language area and of such enclave varieties as Anatolian Arabic, Khuzistan Arabic, Khurasan Arabic, Uzbekistan Arabic, the Subsaharan Arabic of Nigeria and Chad, Djibouti Arabic, Cypriot Arabic and Maltese; (2) scarcity of city dialect resources; (3) rarity of linguistic investigations that would complement our research; (4) and paucity of deep machine learning experimentation.

We present new HST F275W, F475W, and F814W imaging of the region of the Coma cluster around D100, a spiral galaxy with a remarkably long and narrow (60 × 1.5 kpc) ram pressure–stripped gas tail. We find blue sources coincident with the Hα tail, which we identify as young stars formed in the tail. We also determine they are likely to be unbound stellar complexes with sizes of ∼50–100 pc, likely to disperse as they age. From a comparison of the colors and magnitudes of the young stellar complexes with simple stellar population models, we find ages ranging from ∼1 to 50 Myr and masses ranging from 103 to ∼105M⊙. We find that the overall rate and efficiency of star formation are low, ∼6.0 × 10−3M⊙ yr−1 and ∼6 × 10−12 yr−1, respectively. The total Hα flux of the tail would correspond to a star formation rate 7 times higher, indicating that some other mechanism for Hα excitation is dominant. From an analysis of the colors, we track the progression of outside-in star formation quenching in the main body of D100, as well as its apparent companion, S0 D99. Finally, we observe that the dust extinction in the base of the tail has an outer envelope with remarkably smooth and straight edges and linear filamentary substructure strongly suggestive of magnetic fields. These features and the small amount of tail broadening strongly suggest gas cooling restricting broadening and the influence of magnetic fields inhibiting turbulence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report results of global resistive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations, which predict that wide-spread reconnecting instabilities may cause an internal disruption when 5 MW off-axis negative-ion-based neutral beam (N-NB) injection is used during the current ramp-up phase of a JT-60SA plasma. The simulations include fast ions as passive test particles and were initialized with plasma profiles obtained from an integrated transport simulation. The beam-driven current produces a nonmonotonic safety factor profile with three q = 2 rational surfaces. The resulting double or multiple kink-tearing instabilities redistribute both the bulk and fast particles in the inner half of the plasma. While the radial profiles appear to be flattened, the actual field topology and particle distributions are found to saturate in helical states. Moreover, because magnetic drifts are still large during the current ramp-up phase, there is a large difference between the topology of the magnetic field and 500 keV deuteron orbits. Fast ion phase space islands may thus appear and overlap at different times and in different regions than their magnetic counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical diagnostics using 3D simulation data are carried out to capture fluctuation properties in helical plasmas. Here, ion-temperature-gradient (ITG) turbulence data are used and obtained by the gyrokinetic code, GKV-X, with realistic magnetic configuration. Fluctuations are calculated in the field aligned coordinates, which have long wave lengths in the magnetic field direction and are anisotropic in the radial and poloidal directions; their features are represented in the experimental frame. For the validation, the density fluctuation spectrum is calculated, which is integrated along the line of sight as in the phase contrast imaging signals. From that integrated signal, its vertical profile is reconstructed by utilizing the variation of the direction of the magnetic field, as the operation carried out in experimental data. In experiments, there usually exists a limitation on the observation region and spatial resolution, so differences between the deteriorated and real spectra is confirmed by numerical simulations with variations related to spatial limitations. ITG modes have a characteristic wavelength and frequency, and are identified with sufficient spatial resolution even from the integrated signal by comparing the wavenumber spectra at different radial positions. Combination of multiple flux-tube data is also tested for calculation to give fluctuations spreading in wider radial ranges of plasma. These fluctuation spectra are compared with the experimental one for comprehensive understanding of experimental observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hot-tail (H-T) effect in disruption of impurity injections is considered. The contribution of the H-T effect to runaway electron (RE) current, which arises from fast thermal quenching, is studied using a two-dimensional Fokker–Planck simulation. It is found that in a high-density plasma the total RE current is reduced owing to the high collisionality. We also found that if the thermal quench is fast enough to invoke the H-T effect, the effect produces more seed REs than when the H-T effect is excluded even in high-density plasmas. In the high-density region () with fast thermal quenching, nevertheless the increment of the seed REs due to the H-T effect is generally small (tens of milliamperes) while the increment of the total RE current reached 2 MA owing to the avalanche effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reduced fluid simulation is developed to study the formation of runaway current profiles in the framework of a reduced magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model. In our simulation,three-dimensional dynamics of runaway electrons in real space is treated in terms of the equation for fluid electron density with source terms representing Dreicer and secondary generation mechanisms. The excitation of MHD instabilities, non-diffusive transport due to magnetic field fluctuation and dynamical changes of the runaway generation rate due to MHD activity are incorporated. The results of an m/n  =  1/1 single-helicity simulation for resistive kink instability are illustrated, where m and n are the poloidal and toroidal mode numbers, respectively. It is found that: (1) profile relaxation due to resistive kink instability affects net runaway generation through modification of the internal inductance; and (2) inductive voltage spike can be a direct channel to enhance Dreicer seed electrons with background electric fields exceeding the critical threshold of runaway generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recurring bursts of chirping Alfvén modes that were observed in JT-60U tokamak plasmas driven by negative-ion-based neutral beams (N-NB) are reproduced in first-principle simulations performed with an extended version of the hybrid code MEGA. This code simulates the interactions between gyrokinetic fast ions and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modes in the presence of a realistic fast ion source and collisions, so that it self-consistently captures dynamics across a wide range of time scales (0.01–100 ms). The simulation confirms that the experimentally observed phenomena known as ‘fast frequency sweeping (fast FS) modes’ are caused by bursts of energetic particle modes (EPM) with dominant toroidal mode number n  =  1. On the long time scale (1–10 ms), the simulation reproduces the chirping range (40–60 kHz), the burst duration (few ms) and intervals (5–10 ms). On the short time scale (0.01–0.1 ms), it reproduces pulsations and phase jumps, which we interpret as the result of beating between multiple resonant wave packets. Having reproduced at multiple levels of detail the dynamics of low-amplitude long-wavelength Alfvén modes driven by N-NB ions, the next goal is to reproduce and explain abrupt large-amplitude events (ALE) that were seen in the same experiments at longer time intervals (10–100 ms). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global nonlinear simulations with heat modulation are carried out to understand the turbulent transport mechanism in toroidal plasmas. Rapid propagation of the heat modulation and a hysteresis in the gradient-flux relation are found in the turbulent simulation of drift-interchange modes. A global mode is excited nonlinearly, and the nonlinear couplings with Reynolds stress take a finite temporal duration for self-consistent redistribution of the energy. The mode also has a seesaw effect: increase of the amplitude of the global mode at one position affects the turbulence at the other radial position not by inducing the radial flux by itself, but by absorbing the energy from microscopic modes. Successive excitations of microscopic modes cause the accelerated propagation of the flux change like turbulence spreading after the onset of modulation. Owing to these non-diffusive processes, the hysteresis appears in the gradient-flux relation, which is compared with experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During major disruptions, an induced loop voltage accelerates runaway electrons (REs) towards high energy, being in the order of 1–100 MeV in present tokamaks and ITER. The stochastization mechanisms of such high-energy RE drift orbits are investigated by three-dimensional (3D) orbit following in tokamak plasmas. Drift resonance is shown to play an important role in determining the onset of stochastic drift orbits for different electron energies, particularly in cases with low-order perturbations that have radially global eigenfunctions of the scale of the plasma minor radius. The drift resonance due to the coupling between the cross-field drift motion with radially global modes yields a secondary island structure in the RE drift orbit, where the width of the secondary drift islands shows a square-root dependence on the relativistic gamma factor γ. Only for highly relativistic REs (γ ≫ 1), the widths of secondary drift islands are comparable with those of magnetic islands due to the primary resonance, thus the stochastic threshold becoming sensitive to the RE energy. Because of poloidal asymmetry due to toroidicity, the threshold becomes sensitive not only to the relative amplitude but also to the phase difference between the modes. In this paper, some examples of 3D orbit-following calculations are presented for analytic models of magnetic perturbations with multiple toroidal mode numbers, for both possibilities that the drift resonance enhances and suppresses the stochastization being illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the current practices in the diagnosis and surgical management of anorectal malformations (ARMs) in female patients in Japan, specifically focusing on anovestibular fistula (AVF), rectovaginal fistula (RVF), and persistent cloaca (PC)., Methods: An anonymous online survey was conducted with 61 institutional members of the Japanese Study Group for Anorectal Anomalies., Results: Sixty-one institutions (100%) completed the survey. For AVF, fistulography/vaginography was the most common diagnostic method (98.4%), and anorectoplasty was usually performed at 3-6 months of age (86.9%) using anterior sagittal anorectoplasty (62.3%) or anal transposition (39.3%). Distal colostography (100%), MRI (71.7%), and cystscopy/urethroscopy/vaginoscopy (83.3%) were commonly used for PC. Patients with PC underwent anorectoplasty at 7-24 months (93.3%), predominantly posterior sagittal anorecto-urethro-vaginoplasty (PSARUVP) (41.7%), or laparoscopy-assisted anorectoplasty (LAARP) (43.3%). A subgroup analysis revealed that PSARUVP used blunt dissection (70.0% vs. 28.6%, p < 0.05) and visual confirmation by opening the rectum (80.0% vs. 4.8%, p < 0.001) significantly more often than LAARP for PC., Conclusion: This nationwide survey revealed distinct patterns in the diagnostic timing and surgical approaches for female ARMs in Japan, highlighting the varying preferences in fistula management techniques across different types of malformations., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest in association with the present study., (© 2024. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.)

In most fishes, the number of offspring increases with maternal body size. Although this size-fecundity relationship often varies among species as a result of the coevolution of life-history traits, the genetic basis of such size-fecundity relationships remains unclear. We explored the genetic basis underlying this size-fecundity relationship in two small medaka species, Oryzias latipes and O. sakaizumii. Our findings showed that O. sakaizumii has a higher fecundity than O. latipes, and quantitative trait locus analysis using interspecific F 2 hybrids showed that chromosome 23 is linked to the size-fecundity relationship. In particular, the genes igf1 and lep-b in this region are known to be associated with life-history traits, including somatic growth, gonad maturation, and progeny numbers in various taxa. Because O. sakaizumii is distributed at higher latitudes and has a shorter spawning season than O. latipes in the wild, we propose that the relatively high fecundity observed in O. sakaizumii is an adaptation to high latitudes. We also discuss the potential ecological ramifications associated with the evolution of increased fecundity in this species., (© 2024 The Author(s). Molecular Ecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: This study aimed to clarify whether the anterior hip capsular ligament is impinged between the acetabulum and femur during hip flexion or adduction and to determine the difference in the distance between the femur and capsular ligament in healthy adults and those with hip pain., Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging of the hip joint was conducted at the following hip positions: 0° of flexion, 60° of flexion, maximal flexion, and maximal flexion with adduction. A three-dimensional model of the capsular ligament and femur was constructed. The minimal distance between the femur and capsular ligament, termed the capsule-femur distance, was computed. Because a capsule-femur distance of 0 mm indicates contact between the femur and the capsular ligament, that is, capsular impingement, the distance in each position was compared for each group using a one-sample t-test. The capsule-femur distance in the various groups and for different positions was compared using a split-plot analysis of variance., Findings: Fifteen healthy individuals and sixteen individuals experiencing hip pain were enrolled. The capsule-femur distance was significantly greater than 0 mm in all positions in both groups, and none of the groups had a capsule-femur distance of 0 mm. The capsule-femur distance was significantly longer in the other positions than in the 0° flexion position, and significantly longer in the hip pain group than in the healthy group., Interpretation: Capsular impingement did not occur in either group, even during hip flexion or adduction. Furthermore, the capsule-femur distance was longer in the hip flexion and hip pain groups., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Background: This study explored useful indices of potential fall risk in healthy older adults based on comprehensive clinical and simple quantitative posturographic measurements., Methods: A total of 64 community-dwelling older adults aged ≥65 years were classified into fallers and non-fallers based on previous fall history. After excluding two participants due to missing data, 16 and 46 participants were included in the faller and non-faller groups, respectively. We conducted major clinical measurements, including timed up and go test, 10-m walk test, functional reach test, one-leg stand test, isometric muscle strength tests, open-close stepping test, and sit-to-stand test. For quantitative posturographic measurements, participants performed standing tasks with their eyes open and closed. In the standing tasks, the time series of the center of pressure in the anteroposterior and mediolateral directions were measured and decomposed into rambling and trembling components to evaluate postural control in detail, separately. The mean velocity and root mean square of the center of pressure, rambling, and trembling were calculated and compared between fallers and non-fallers., Findings: A significant fall-related difference was found only in the mean velocity of the rambling in the anteroposterior direction; fallers displayed greater values than non-fallers, especially while standing with their eyes closed., Interpretation: The clinical measures failed to distinguish differences in fall risk, whereas the rambling component in the anteroposterior direction could detect substantial differences. The mean velocity of the rambling component could be useful as a sensitive screening biomarker for potential fall risks in healthy older adults., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The objective of this study was to identify baseline patient and surgical factors predictive of optimal outcomes in staged versus same-day combined-approach surgery., Methods: Adult spinal deformity (ASD) patients with baseline and perioperative (by 6 weeks) data were stratified based on single-stage (same-day) or multistage (staged) surgery, excluding planned multiple hospitalizations. Means comparison analyses were used to assess baseline demographic, radiographic, and surgical differences between cohorts. Backstep logistic regression and conditional inference tree analysis were used to identify variable thresholds associated with study-specific definitions of an optimal outcome in each cohort, defined as no intraoperative or surgery-related in-hospital adverse event., Results: There were 439 patients with complex ASD in the dataset (mean age 64.0 ± 9.3 years, 68% female, mean BMI 28.7 ± 5.5 kg/m2). Overall, 58.8% of patients were in the same-day group, while 41.2% were in the staged group. Demographically, cohorts were not significantly different (p > 0.05), but staged patients were more frail per total Edmonton Frail Scale score (p = 0.043). Staged patients also reported greater numeric rating scale scores for back pain than same-day patients (p = 0.002). Cohorts were comparable in magnitude of planned correction of C7-S1 sagittal vertical axis, pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis (PI-LL) mismatch, and T4-12 kyphosis (all p > 0.05). Controlling for baseline age, frailty, and number of levels fused, staged patients reported significantly higher PROMIS Discretionary Social Activities scores by 6 weeks (p = 0.029). Radiographic outcomes by 6 weeks were comparable between cohorts, in terms of both magnitude of change from baseline and overall result (all p > 0.05). Same-day patients were significantly more likely to experience in-hospital complications (p = 0.013). When considering frailty thresholds for staging, only a Charlson Comorbidity Index ≤ 1.0 was associated with optimal outcome in same-day patients, while Edmonton Frail Scale score ≥ 7 (p = 0.036), ≥ 9 levels fused (p = 0.016), and baseline PI-LL mismatch ≥ 15.3° (p = 0.028) were associated with optimal outcome for staged patients. Yet, staging alone was not significantly associated with an optimal outcome perioperatively (p = 0.056)., Conclusions: While staged and same-day combined-approach surgeries yield comparable radiographic and patient-reported outcomes, certain subsets of complex ASD patients may benefit from staged surgery despite the invariably increased hospital length of stay. Individuals with increased frailty, moderate to severe PI-LL mismatch, and increased anticipated number of levels fused may experience a lower risk of perioperative adverse events if they undergo a staged procedure. Clinical trial registration no.: NCT04194138 (ClinicalTrials.gov).

Understanding the dynamic assembly process of amyloid β (Aβ) during fibril formation is essential for developing effective therapeutic strategies against Alzheimer's disease. Here, we employed high-speed atomic force microscopy to observe the growth of Aβ fibrils at the single-molecule level, focusing specifically on their interaction with anti-Aβ antibodies. Our findings show that fibril growth consists of intermittent periods of elongation and pausing, which are dictated by the alternating addition of Aβ monomers to protofilaments. We highlight the distinctive interaction of antibody 4396C, which specifically binds to the fibril ends in the paused state, suggesting a unique mechanism to hinder fibril elongation. Through real-time visualization of fibril growth and antibody interactions combined with molecular simulation, this study provides a refined understanding of Aβ assembly during fibril formation and suggests novel strategies for Alzheimer's therapy aimed at inhibiting the fibril elongation.

Background: Glioblastoma is an aggressive cancer that originates from abnormal cell growth in the brain and requires metabolic reprogramming to support tumor growth. Metabolic reprogramming involves the upregulation of various metabolic pathways. Although the activation of specific metabolic pathways in glioblastoma cell lines has been documented, the comprehensive profile of metabolic reprogramming and the role of each pathway in glioblastoma tissues in patients remain elusive., Methods: We analyzed 38 glioblastoma tissues. As a test set, we examined 20 tissues from Kyushu University Hospital, focusing on proteins related to several metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, the one-carbon cycle, glutaminolysis, and the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle. Subsequently, we analyzed an additional 18 glioblastoma tissues from Kagoshima University Hospital as a validation set. We also validated our findings using six cell lines, including U87, LN229, U373, T98G, and two patient-derived cells., Results: The levels of mitochondria-related proteins (COX1, COX2, and DRP1) were correlated with each other and with glutaminolysis-related proteins (GLDH and GLS1). Conversely, their expression was inversely correlated with that of glycolytic proteins. Notably, inhibiting the glutaminolysis pathway in cell lines with high GLDH and GLS1 expression proved effective in suppressing tumor growth., Conclusions: Our findings confirm that glioblastoma tissues can be categorized into glycolytic-dominant and mitochondrial-dominant types, as previously reported. The mitochondrial-dominant type is also glutaminolysis-dominant. Therefore, inhibiting the glutaminolysis pathway may be an effective treatment for mitochondrial-dominant glioblastoma., Competing Interests: Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The use of glioblastoma tissues for this study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, and Kagoshima University. Written informed consent was obtained by all patients. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objective: To examine the correlations amongst center of pressure (COP) trajectories, foot morphology, and knee symptoms in older women with medial knee deformity., Design: This was a cross-sectional study., Setting: Participants were recruited from 2 local orthopedic clinics., Participants: Female patients with medial knee deformity (Kellgren-Lawrence grade ≥1) aged 60 years or older (N=84)., Interventions: Not applicable., Main Outcome Measures: COP trajectories during comfortable gait were obtained using a plantar pressure distribution platform. As foot morphology metrics, hallux valgus angle, navicular/foot ratio, and leg-heel alignment were measured. The knee society scoring system was used to evaluate knee symptom severity. We used statistical parametric mapping for COP trajectory analysis to reduce the bias caused by data extraction. Multiple linear regression in statistical parametric mapping was used to determine the correlations amongst foot morphology, knee symptom severity, and COP trajectories., Results: There was a correlation between higher navicular/foot ratio and medial shift on COP at initial contact (0%∼3.0% stance phase, P<.05) and at toe-off (95.3%∼100% stance phase, P=.04). Also, higher navicular/foot ratio was associated with lateral shift of COP during single leg stance phase (8.3%∼80.1% stance phase, P<.01). We also found a significant correlation between lateral shift of COP during loading response phase (6.8%∼19.0% stance phase) and knee symptom severity (P=.03)., Conclusions: Our results indicated that patients with severe knee symptoms may benefit from intervention to modify the foot arch and to medially shift the COP, which may be capable of relieving knee symptoms. Although our results do not directly show pain reduction, a medial COP shift could indeed reduce pain in cases where knee adduction moment is responsible for pain. These findings may contribute to the further development of conservative intervention, which focus on foot morphology of patients with knee osteoarthritis., (Copyright © 2024 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A laser pulse focused to relativistic intensity inside a magnetically confined fusion (MCF) plasma plows away all electrons in its path. The ensuing Coulomb explosion of the ions leaves behind a cavity of microscopic size, with gradients in the electric potential and plasma density orders of magnitude stronger than anything the plasma could generate spontaneously. When posing questions concerning the practical utility of such an exotic perturbation, the life time and structural evolution of the cavity are of interest. Our simulations in a simplified 1D + 2D setting and otherwise realistic parameters suggest that a sub-mm wide seed cavity (meant to resemble the laser wake channel) collapses or disintegrates within 10 ns. The dynamics are sensitive to the relative scales of the cavity, Debye shielding and gyration. We find evidence for the possibility that the collapsing seed cavity spawns solitary micro-cavities. It remains to be seen whether such structures form and survive long enough in a 3D setting to alter the local plasma conditions (e.g., as micro-cavity clusters) in ways that may be utilized for practical purposes such as plasma initiation, diagnostics or control., Competing Interests: Declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Encapsulation of a single protein within a confined space can lead to distinct properties compared to bulk solutions, but controlling the number of encapsulated proteins and their environment remains challenging. This study demonstrates the encapsulation of single proteins within well-defined, tunable cavities of self-assembled coordination cages, thereby enhancing protein stability. Within uniform cavities of size-tunable coordination cages, 15 different proteins of varying sizes (3-6 nm in diameter) and properties (e.g., isoelectric points and hydrophobicity) were successfully confined. Various analytical techniques confirmed that the proteins maintained their secondary structures and enzymatic activities under denaturing conditions such as exposure to organic solvents, heat, and buffers. These findings suggest that such coordination cages have the potential to serve as synthetic hosts for precisely controlling protein functions within their customizable cavities., (© 2024 The Author(s). Angewandte Chemie International Edition published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)