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In recent years, harnessing renewable energy from different sources of energies readily available to us in different forms such as solar, wind, wave, hydro, tidal, biomass and hydrogen has gained popularity among researchers in different fields to counter the emissions released into the atmosphere by utilization of fossil fuels. Amongst these, wave energy is driving researchers to develop efficient systems due to its remarkably high potential providing a reliable and sustainable energy source both onshore and offshore. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the developments, various design innovations, and performance optimization techniques in the recent years of the two most common wave energy converters installed across the globe i.e., point absorber wave energy converter and oscillating water column wave energy converter. The research papers on numerical modeling, experimental analysis on laboratory scaled models, and hydrodynamic performance simulations using various softwares on both the types of wave energy converters are tabulated in a year wise format. Moreover, a list of all the installed point absorber wave energy converters and oscillating water column wave energy converters are tabulated in a year wise format along with their installed capacities, location of deployment and the country of deployment. Lastly the key advantages of both the wave energy converters are outlined below.

The etoxazole metabolite R13, systematic name 4-(4-tert-butyl-2-ethoxyphenyl)-2-(2,6-difluorophenyl)oxazole (C21H21F2NO2), results from the oxidation of etoxazole, a chitin synthesis inhibitor belonging to the oxazoline class, widely used as an insecticide/acaricide since 1998. The structure of R13 features a central oxazole ring with attached 2,6-difluorophenyl and 4-t-butyl-2-ethoxyphenyl moieties. The overall conformation gives dihedral angles between these rings and the oxazole of 24.91 (5)° (with difluorophenyl) and 15.30 (6)° (with t-butyl-ethoxyphenyl), indicating an overall deviation from planarity. Additionally, torsion angles of the ethoxy and t-butyl groups define the orientation of these substituents relative to their benzene ring. In the crystal packing, no significant hydrogen bonds are present, but a Hirshfeld surface analysis highlights weak intermolecular contacts leading to π–π-stacked dimers linked by weak C—H...N contacts. The packing analysis confirms that most intermolecular interactions involve hydrogen atoms.

This study presents the synthesis, crystal structure, and a Hirshfeld-surface analysis of the bioactive compound 5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl 4-nitrobenzenesulfonate(C10H9N3O5S), a pyrazole derivative with pharmacological potential. Pyrazoles are known for diverse bioactivities, and recent research emphasizes their role as a ‘privileged structure’ in drug design. Here, the asymmetric unit of the title compound contains two distinct molecules, A and B, exhibiting differences in conformation resulting from variation in key torsion angles. These distinctions influence the molecular orientation and intermolecular interactions, with strong N—H...N and N—H...O hydrogen bonds forming a centrosymmetric tetramer stabilized by π–π stacking. Hirshfeld surface analysis readily confirms differing intermolecular contacts for A and B, primarily involving hydrogen atoms and differences in their close contacts to nitrogen and oxygen. This study offers further insight into the molecular architecture and potential interactions of pyrazole-based drug candidates.

Introduction: Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injuries are common, particularly among athletes and can significantly affect an individual’s functional abilities and sports career. ACL reconstruction using a four-strand hamstring tendon graft has become the gold standard for restoring knee stability and function. Aim: To assess the functional outcomes resulting from arthroscopic ACL reconstruction using a four-strand hamstring tendon graft. Materials and Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted at SRM Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, including 33 patients with Grade II and Grade III ACL tears with or without associated meniscal injuries, who underwent ACL reconstruction using a four-strand hamstring tendon graft. The study population included patients aged 20-55 years, with follow-up assessments conducted at three and six months postoperatively. Knee function was measured using the Tegner Lysholm Knee Score, and pain levels were assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0, employing Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to evaluate clinical outcomes. Results: The majority of patients, i.e., 18 (54.55%), were between 21 and 30 years of age. Most of the participants were male, 29 (87.88%). The involvement of the right knee was slightly higher, with 17 (51.52%) compared to the left knee, which had 16 (48.48%). Isolated ACL tears were diagnosed in 21 (63.64%) of the patients. The Tegner Lysholm Knee Score improved significantly from a preoperative mean of 35.97 to 71.97 at three months and 88.85 at six months (p-value

Abstract Background The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), is a devastating global pest of cotton that has caused substantial economic damage to Bt Bollgard-II® cotton plants in recent years due to the evolution of Bt resistance. The associated fitness cost is assumed to be one of the factors delaying the development of resistance against Bt transgenic crops. Hence, the present study was undertaken to assess the biological performance of pink bollworms by comparing the life history and demographic parameters of a resistant (Field-R) and susceptible (Lab-S) population. Results Prolonged larval duration (23.40 days in Field-R vs 18.80 days in Lab-S population), total life cycle (male = 50.00 vs 42.80 days; female = 53.60 vs 46.20 days), reduced fecundity (100.60 vs 154.20 eggs/female) and fertility (88.00 vs 138.00 fertile eggs/female) was observed. The demographic parameters indicated a significant reduction in the net reproductive rate (184.27 vs 276.72), innate capacity for increase in number (0.11 vs 0.15), finite rate of increase in number (1.12 vs 1.16 female progenies produced/female/day), weekly multiplication rate (2.16 vs 2.86), potential fecundity (545.06 vs 634.11 eggs), number of hypothetical F2 females (33 955.65 vs 76 572.41), but longer mean length of generation (47.54 vs 37.74 days) and population doubling time (6.30 vs 4.62 days) in Field-R compared with Lab-S population. A stage-specific life table demonstrated the differences in survival rates between susceptible and resistant populations at various life stages, with the resistant population having higher generation mortality (0.22 vs 0.19). Conclusions The study confirms the involvement of fitness costs associated with Bt resistance in P. gossypiella. Despite reduced reproductive fitness, the resistant population tried prolonging the larval stage as a compensatory mechanism to repair the damaged host tissues due to Bt intoxication and for accumulation of enough nutrient reserves for normal pupation and adult emergence. Presence of a high proportion of double Bt-resistant larvae in the field coupled with continued noncompliance with refug planting certainly favours the flaring up of this monophagous pest despite the observed fitness costs. The resistance cannot be effectively reversed unless suitable alternative management strategies are deployed.

Introduction: Ankle sprains remain one of the most commonly reported injuries in athletes. These injuries occur as a result of forced plantar flexion and inversion causing failure of the anterior talofibular ligament followed by the calcaneofibular ligament. Acute ankle sprains are generally treated conservatively. Nevertheless, 20%–40% of patients with an acute ankle sprain might develop chronic ankle instability (CAI). Surgical treatment is advocated for active young patients who develop CAI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is a case series of 10 cases of CAI treated by the modified open Brostrom-Gould procedure from 2014 to 2021. The AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score and visual analog scores were used to evaluate the patient preoperatively and at regular intervals postoperatively. Results: All the patients had good-to-excellent results. There was a significant improvement in the mean AOFAS ankle-hindfoot scores from a preoperative 59.9 to a postoperative value of 91.3. The mean visual analog scores significantly dropped from a preoperative value of 5.9 to a postoperative value of 1.2. The minimum follow-up duration is around 1 year, while the maximum is around 8 years. Conclusion: The open modified Brostrom-Gould lateral ligament repair provides excellent results for chronic lateral ankle instability in active young individuals.

The remote sensing satellites have now a days been used for creation of geospatial databases of the earth surface features and natural resources as the land use land cover mapping and monitoring periodically at the local, regional, and global levels using geospatial technologies. The Land cover consider to the type of features present on the surface of the earth. Whereas, the land use considers to the human activity or the economic function associated with a specific piece of land. The supervised classification based on the maximum likelihood classifier technique has been applied to process the digital multi-spectral imagery for LULC classification. The built-up area was about 11.95 per cent in 1977 which increased to 19.74 per cent in 1999 and further increased to about 24.54 per cent in 2009. So, the urban landscape’s urban built-up land was composed by areas of intensive use with much of land covered by built-up structures. The cities, towns, villages, strip development along highways; transportation, power, and communication facilities; shopping centres, industrial and commercial complexes, and institutions found located in the urban areas have been developed over the periods. The forests cover area accounted to about 1.43 per cent in 1977 which increased to about 10.04 per cent in 1999. The forest cover regeneration over the Delhi Ridge recognized as a significant contributor to carbon sequestration, micro-climate change, biodiversity restoration for the Delhi’s urban development and rejuvenation of environmental landscape. So, the remote sensing imagery have commonly been used for urban landscape monitoring and environmental modelling for sustainable development of Delhi and adjoining city regions.

During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Caesarean Sections (CS) were prioritised over other elective surgeries, leading to the identification and management of asymptomatic COVID-19 positive parturients. The present case series aimed to explore the possibility of laboratory abnormalities and adverse events that can occur in asymptomatic COVID-19 positive cases in the post-pandemic era when routine screening is no longer in place. Out of 141 asymptomatic COVID-19 positive CS patients, 15 cases were selected based on specific criteria. Demographic characteristics and clinical indicators were analysed, including age, gravidity, indications for CS, laboratory values {such as D-dimer, C Reactive Protein (CRP), and platelet count}, blood transfusion requirements, and obstetric outcomes. Indications for CS were predominantly previous CS and failure to progress. Laboratory abnormalities included elevated D-dimer, CRP, leukocyte count, and thrombocytopenia in some cases. Haemodynamic stability was maintained in all patients. The use of prophylactic anticoagulation was noted, potentially offering protection against thrombosis. Asymptomatic COVID-19 positive parturients can exhibit significant laboratory abnormalities. Thromboprophylaxis may play a role in mitigating thrombotic risks. The significance of the present case series lies in the fact that the laboratory abnormalities could only be detected since all positive patients were investigated as per hospital protocol, which will be missed in the post-COVID-19 era where routine investigations are not performed on asymptomatic patients. Therefore, healthcare workers should be aware of this possibility.

In this manuscript, we look at fractional evolution integrodifferential systems with infinite delay of order r∈(1,2) with control problems. To begin, we establish the mild solution for the given system. Further, we look at the approximate controllability outcomes utilizing multivalued functions, Sobolev-type, nonlocal circumstances, fractional analysis, fixed point technique, and cosine families. Finally, an application for generating the primary outcome theory has been created.

The crystal structure and a Hirshfeld surface analysis of the substituted anilinium salt 4-(dimethylazaniumyl)-2-hydroxyanilinium dichloride monohydrate, C8H14N2O+·2Cl−·H2O, at low temperature (90 K) are presented. The organic cation is essentially planar: the r.m.s. deviation of its non-hydrogen atoms (aside from the two methyl groups) is 0.0045 Å. The methyl carbons are 1.3125 (12) Å and 1.1278 (12) Å either side of the mean plane. The crystal packing involves extensive hydrogen bonding of types O—H...Cl, N—H...Cl, N—H...OW, and OW—HW...Cl (where W = water), which arrange into chains of R24(12) motifs that combine to form corrugated layers parallel to (10\overline{1}). Atom–atom contacts for the cation primarily involve hydrogen, leading to the most abundant coverage percentages being 51.3% (H...H), 23.0% (H...Cl), 12.9% (H...O), and 9.7% (C...H).

Abstract Background Among all the coconut pests, rhinoceros beetle causes acute and serious damage to coconut palm. Management of this pest is very difficult due to its nocturnal activity, and also, it damages the emerging leaf inside the bud. Management of rhinoceros beetle using entomopathogens will be of great importance as it is economical and ecofriendly. Studies were carried out to decipher the biocontrol potential of indigenous entomopathogenic bacterium (Bacillus thuringiensis) and entomopathogenic fungi (Metarhizium robertsii and M. majus) against Oryctes rhinoceros in the field, individually as well as in combination, by soil drench as well as by topical spray method. Results The study showed that B. thuringiensis strain NBAIR-BTAN4 showed 24.8% mortality at 5th week in soil drench method and 24% mortality in topical spray method. M. robertsii showed 24% mortality at 5th week in soil drench method as well as topical spray method. Similarly, M. majus showed 24% mortality in soil drench method and 23.2% in topical spray method at 5th week. In combination, NBAIR-BTAN4 + M. robertsii showed 40.8 and 44% in soil drench and topical spray method at 5th week, respectively. Combination of NBAIR-BTAN4 + M. majus showed 44.8 and 40.8% in soil drench and topical spray method at 5th week, respectively. Combination of NBAIR-BTAN4 + M. robertsii + M. majus showed 52.8 and 57.6% mortality at 5th week in soil drench and topical spray method, respectively. Conclusion The present study showed application B. thuringiensis in combination with M. robertsii and M. majus is effective in management rhinoceros beetle in coconut orchard. Study also indicated that soil drench method is more promising strategy than topical spray method in managing larval population of the beetles and also confirmed that B. thuringiensis, M. robertsii and M. majus are compatible and they seemed to have a synergistic effect in controlling the pest in coconut orchard.

Many plants and plant-derived products have been used in the preparation of traditional medicine to prevent and treat various diseases. Even though medicinal plants are rich sources of bioactive compounds, analysis of their composition is a prerequisite along with an evaluation of their cytotoxicity. The haemolytic test determines the ability of any compound to destroy red blood cells, leading to the release of haemoglobin. Plants Chrysopogon zizanioides and Acorus calamus have been reported to exhibit several medicinal properties. Hence this study was designed to elucidate the medicinal plant extracts by phytochemical analysis and to evaluate the haemolytic potential of methanolic extracts of the root of Chrysopogon zizanioides and rhizome of Acorus calamus, towards the human erythrocytes, using spectrophotometer. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids and carbohydrates in the crude extract of both plants. From the results of this study, it is clear that the percentage of haemolysis increases with an increase in the concentration of crude extract of the root of Chrysopogon zizanioides and rhizome of Acorus calamus treatments. However, in both the treated groups, the haemolysis percentage was very less; indicating that these extracts are safe for human erythrocytes.

The synthesis and crystal structure of C3HF3N2OS, systematic name 5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2(3H)-one (5-TMD-2-one), a compound containing the pharmacologically important heterocycle 1,3,4-thiadiazole, is presented. The asymmetric unit comprises six independent molecules (Z′ = 6), all of which are planar. The r.m.s. deviations from each mean plane range from 0.0063 to 0.0381 Å, not including the CF3 fluorine atoms. Within the crystal, two of the molecules form hydrogen-bonded dimers that in turn combine with inversion-related copies to form tetrameric constructs. Similar tetramers, but lacking inversion symmetry, are formed by the remaining four molecules. The tetramers are linked into tape-like motifs by S...O and O...O close contacts. The environments of each symmetry-independent molecule were compared via a Hirshfeld surface analysis. The most abundant atom–atom contacts are between fluorine atoms, while the strongest result from N—H...O hydrogen bonds.

The syntheses and crystal structures of four salts of amitriptynol (C20H25NO) with different carboxylic acids are described. The salts formed directly from solutions of amitriptyline (which first hydrolysed to amitriptynol) and the corresponding acid in acetonitrile to form amitriptynolium [systematic name: (3-{2-hydroxytricyclo[9.4.0.03,8]pentadeca-1(11),3,5,7,12,14-hexaen-2-yl}propyl)dimethylazanium] 4-methoxybenzoate monohydrate, C20H26NO+·C8H7O3−·H2O, (I), amitriptynolium 3,4-dimethoxybenzoate trihydrate, C20H26NO+·C9H9O4−·3H2O, (II), amitriptynolium 2-chlorobenzoate, C20H26NO+·C7H4ClO2−, (III), and amitriptynolium thiophene-2-carboxylate monohydrate, C20H26NO+·C5H3O2S−·H2O, (IV). Compound (III) crystallizes with two cations, two anions and six water molecules in the asymmetric unit. The different conformations of the amitriptynolium cations are determined by the torsion angles in the dimethylamino-propyl chains and the –CH2–CH2- bridge between the benzene rings in the tricyclic ring system, and are complicated by disorder of the bridging unit in II and III. The packing in all four salts is dominated by N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds. Hirshfeld surface analyses show that the amitriptynolium cations make similar inter-species contacts, despite the distinctly different packing in each salt.

The synthesis and crystal structure of the title compound, C12H16FNO3S, which is related to the herbicide flufenacet, are presented. The dihedral angle between the amide group and the fluorinated benzene ring is 87.30 (5)° and the N—C—C—S torsion angle defining the orientation of the methylsulfonyl substituent relative to the amide group is 106.91 (11)°. In the crystal, inversion-related molecules form dimers as a result of pairwise C—H...O hydrogen bonds, which appear to be reinforced by short O...π contacts [O...Cg = 3.0643 (11) Å]. A Hirshfeld surface analysis was used to quantify the various types of intermolecular contacts, which are dominated by H atoms.

The article analyzes the existence of Caputo fractional evolution integrodifferential equations of order 1

Introduction Rubber band ligation (‘banding’) is a common approach for the management of symptomatic haemorrhoids. However, up to 90% of patients experience postprocedural pain, and there is no consensus regarding the optimal analgesic strategy. In practice, patients may receive submucosal local anaesthetic, pudendal nerve block or routine periprocedural analgesia. The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of submucosal local anaesthetic, pudendal nerve block and routine analgesia for postprocedural pain in patients undergoing haemorrhoid banding.Methods and analysis This is a multicentre, prospective, three-arm, double-blind randomised controlled trial of adults booked for haemorrhoid banding. Participants will be randomised to one of three groups in a 1:1:1 ratio: (1)submucosal bupivacaine injection; (2) pudendal nerve ropivacaine injection and (3) no local anaesthetic. The primary outcome is patient reported postprocedural pain (scored 0–10) from 30 min to 2 weeks. Secondary outcomes include postprocedural analgesia use, time to discharge, patient satisfaction, time to return to work and complications. A sample size of 120 patients is required to achieve statistical significance.Ethics and dissemination This study received Human Research Ethics Approval from the Austin Health Human Research Ethics Committee (March 2022). Trial results will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal, and presented at academic meetings. A summary of the trial results will be made available to study participants on request.Trial registration number ACTRN12622000006741p.

Introduction: Sexual violence against women is a major public health problem around the world. Globally, around 7% of women have experienced sexual violence by a non-partner in their lifetime. Women who have experienced sexual violence are more likely to suffer from a sleep disorder, anxiety disorder, high blood pressure, and symptoms of depression. Sexual violence has been the predecessor of poor mental health of a woman and needs to be addressed by primary care physicians. Objectives: To assess the prevalence and associated factors of non-partner sexual violence in female medical undergraduates. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 109 female medical undergraduates over two months. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic data and the WHO violence against women instrument Version 10 was used to assess sexual violence. Analysis: Data analyzed using SPSS version 23 (trial version) independent t test, Chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test was applied for inferential purpose. Results: Non-partner sexual violence was reported by 8.3% of the students. It was found that in 33.3% of cases, the perpetrators were other male family members, and in 44.4% of cases male friends of the family. Conclusion: Such a high prevalence of sexual violence is alarming. It is shocking that even in non-partner sexual violence, the perpetrator is not completely unknown to the victims.

Objective: To study the Influence of Auditory Training on acceptable noise level (ANL) scores in elderly persons with hearing impairment. Design: Quasi-experimental study design. Study sample: A total of 20 bilateral mild to moderately severe sensorineural hearing loss participants with “high” ANL scores were taken into the study and randomly allocated to experimental and control groups. In the time frame, the experimental group provided 12 sessions of speech in noise training with a hearing aid and the baseline measures were repeated in both groups. Results: The Acceptable noise level and Speech in Noise scores significantly improved post-training only in the experimental group. They also showed a significant difference “Client Oriented Scale of Improvement (COSI)” scale in the domain “Conversation in Noise”. Conclusions: Acceptable noise level is susceptible to training similar to that of speech in noise score. It provides hope to the individuals who are poor candidates to the hearing aids.

Covid Protocol Monitoring with Multiprocessor Architecture (CPMMA) is proposed in this study as an approach for implementing a Distributed Sensor System (DSS) for covid protocol monitoring utilising multiprocessor architecture. OpenMP and MPI were used to implement the distributed system's parallel programmes, with the OpenMP code working best when used with 60–100 threads in use. CPMMA distributed sensor data was efficiently processed by a multiprocessor with 16 cores. According to the results, using a multithreaded-multiprocessing architecture and optimised Support Vector Machine classifier, the proposed design greatly enhances computing efficiency. The results of our experiments suggest that our approach may significantly enhance computing performance while also delivering adequate outcomes in a short period of time.

Since the outbreak of the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic many elective cases were postponed worldwide. But emergency Lower Segment Caesarean Sections (LSCS) is one surgery which can’t be postponed at any cause, since two lives are at risk. The present case series reports 16 symptomatic COVID-19 patients in whom emergency LSCS was performed. The aim of presenting the series was to analyse how far the clinical and laboratory findings were deranged in such patients and to find out whether the current anaesthetic techniques were safe in these patients. Out of a total of 157 COVID-19 positive patients who had undergone LSCS in the study, 16 presented with symptoms such as fever, cough, dyspnoea, rhinitis, headache and palpitation. Six (37.5%) were preterm. Seven patients had elevated C-Reactive Protein (CRP) (>5 mg/L). Liver function tests abnormalities were seen in 5 (31.25%). Most of the patients had elevated D-dimer of which (>1500 ng/mL) were seen in seven. The most common indication was foetal distress. COVID pneumonia was an indication for LSCS in 3 (18.75%). All the surgeries were performed under subarachnoid block. Of the four patients who had fall in oxygen saturation two were admitted in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and one required Non Invasive Ventilation (NIV). There were no mortalities. Thus, LSCS can be done safely under subarachnoid block even in symptomatic COVID-19 parturients. Elevation of D-dimer is common in pregnancy and it does not always indicate severe COVID-19 disease.