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Enhanced kinetic stability of vapor-deposited glasses has been established for a variety of glass organic formers. Several recent reports indicate that vapor-deposited glasses can be orientationally anisotropic. In this work, we present results of extensive molecular simulations that mimic a number of features of the experimental vapor deposition process. The simulations are performed on a generic coarse-grained model and an all-atom representation of N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N'- diphenylbenzidine (TPD), a small organic molecule whose vapor-deposited glasses exhibit considerable orientational anisotropy. The coarse-grained model adopted here is found to reproduce several key aspects reported in experiments. In particular, the molecular orientation of vapor-deposited glasses is observed to depend on substrate temperature during deposition. For a fixed deposition rate, the molecular orientation in the glasses changes from isotropic, at the glass transition temperature, Tg, to slightly normal to the substrate at temperatures just below Tg. Well below Tg, molecular orientation becomes predominantly parallel to the substrate. The all-atom model is used to confirm some of the equilibrium structural features of TPD interfaces that arise above the glass transition temperature. We discuss a mechanism based on distinct orientations observed at equilibrium near the surface of the film, which get trapped within the film during the non-equilibrium process of vapor deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This section examines the impact of corruption and bad management on the effectiveness of educational reform and the acquisition of new technologies and human capital in Russia. It describes the quality of the Russian education system and its role in the country's diversification goal. It also explores the negative impact of the over-involvement of the state in the economy and poor property right protections in Russia.

This section examines the negative impact of the presence of weak institutions on the incentives for firms to invest in new technology. It describes the introduction of low-quality institutions into the baseline growth model by assuming that the business owners are required to pay a share of their income to receive a license, permit etc. It also discusses the effect of corruption on the effectiveness of educational reform.

This section describes a baseline growth model which examines how economic agents invest in the acquisition of new technology and accumulate human capital. It explores how a reform of the education system might result in a higher fraction of the human capital endowment actually being invested in education. It also discusses the finding that the presence of weak institutions reduces the incentives for firms to invest in new technology.

The article introduces a paper which examined the impact of corruption and bad management on the effectiveness of educational reform and the acquisition of new technologies and human capital.

In this short paper, we emphasize the importance of reforms sequencing and discuss it in the context of potential educational and institutional reforms in Russia. As weak institutions correspond to a more binding constraint on economic growth than a stagnant education system, we argue that an educational policy is likely to be effective only if it takes place after broader institutional reform is implemented. Otherwise, even a properly implemented education reform might fail to boost economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An appendix is presented for the paper "Corrupt Bureaucrats, Bad Managers, and the Slow Race Between Education and Technology."