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Abstract Background The allergenicity of pollen of Poaceae family members is a well‐known and confirmed fact. Using the data of component‐resolved molecular diagnostics of allergy, we set a goal to establish the population and individual characteristics of sensitization to grass pollen and assess the patterns of its development. Methods Multiplex allergy Alex2 test results of 20,033 patients were used. In addition to descriptive statistics to uncover traits of the sensitized population, statistical inference was utilized to establish the conditional probability of sensitisation, the nature of links between allergens, and the most frequent combinations of allergens in individual patient profiles. Results Sensitivity to grass pollen comprised 30.79% of the studied sample. Children accounted for 62.21%, adults—37.79%. Sensitisation to Phl p 1, Lol p 1, and Cyn d 1 was the most frequent in all age groups. Among them, Phl p 1 and Lol p 1 were the major ones. Phl p 2, Phl p 5.0101, and Phl p 6 were also responsible for primary sensitization; Phl p 5.0101 promoted the highest sIgE levels. A combination “Lol p 1—Phl p 1”, where Lol p 1 might play a leading role, was most frequent in individual profiles. Monosensitization to Phl p 2 was the second most frequent and Bayesian Network suggested its independent development. Monosensitization to Cyn d 1, especially among children, may indicate the impact of climate change, promoting the spread of the subtropical grasses to the temperate region. Conclusions Descriptive statistics and known clinical data coincide well with statistical inference results and can provide for new clinical insights.

Critical values of meteorological factors were identified for improvement of ecological and public health prognosis of the concentration of pollen grains in the air that increase the risk of allergy in the human population. Risk of allergy symptoms from Ambrosia, Artemisia, or Poaceae pollen arise when the pollen grain concentration in the air increases over threshold values. In this study, an integrated indicator – the “weather factor” WF, was developed. It was based on measurements of air temperature, relative humidity, and atmospheric pressure. The results of the study can be used to assess the prognosis of the appearance of potentially dangerous concentrations of pollen grains in the atmosphere to predict the occurrence of pollinosis in the population of the central region of Ukraine, based upon weather factors.

The control of plant pollen season patterns is especially important in the expectation of climate change, as the timing of potential varying pollen seasons affects the human population. An ever-increasing number of people suffer from hay fever symptoms with varying severity during the pollen season. This paper presents data on the seasonal variations of pollen concentration and the factors which are the likely causes of these variations in Vinnytsya, a city in Central Ukraine, in order to establish the apparent pattern of this variation and so improve the efficiency of hay fever control in Ukraine. Pollen counts were obtained by gravimetric and volumetric methods employing a Hirst-type volumetric spore trap. Alder (Alnus) and birch (Betula) peaks of pollen release occurred approximately 1 month earlier than was observed at the end of the twentieth century. This was due to the seasonal heat accumulation related to the appropriate temperature regimen registered in January and February prior to the growing season. Other trees – including poplar (Populus), maple (Acer), walnut (Juglans), common hazel (Corylus) – did not show distinct changes in pollen season pattern over the past decades. Mean daily temperature seems to be the leading factor promoting early season onset and a seasonal pollen peak shift of the grass and herb flora such as ragweed (Ambrosia). The shift of the ragweed seasonal pollen maximum towards later in the season correlated with higher temperatures during September. Our study has shown that droughts may also significantly decrease the ragweed pollen concentration.