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Geomorphological classification is affected by classification principles, indicators, methods, and data resolution, which can lead to uncertainty in the results. Such uncertainty directly affects the quality and subsequent applications of geomorphological classification. To quantify and control the uncertainty, it is important to select an appropriate and effective method for evaluating the uncertainty of geomorphological classification. This study evaluated the uncertainty of geomorphological classification of Shaanxi Province at the ground‐feature class and image scales, which derived from rough set theory: rough entropy, approximate classification quality, and approximate classification accuracy. The three indicators helped effectively assess the uncertainty of geomorphological classification at multi‐scale and measured the degree to which different factors affected the uncertainty of geomorphological classification. The relative impacts of three factors on the uncertainty of classification decreased in the order of classification methods, data resolution, and classification indicators. This finding is helpful to objectively evaluate and control the uncertainty generated in the process and results of geomorphological classification, and can provide targeted reference and guidance for future geomorphological classification work, which is more conducive to decision‐making and application. At the same time, this study is also a beneficial supplement to the geomorphological research based on digital terrain analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every two years groups worldwide participate in the Critical Assessment of Protein Structure Prediction (CASP) experiment to blindly test the strengths and weaknesses of their computational methods. CASP has significantly advanced the field but many hurdles still remain, which may require new ideas and collaborations. In 2012 a web-based effort called WeFold, was initiated to promote collaboration within the CASP community and attract researchers from other fields to contribute new ideas to CASP. Members of the WeFold coopetition (cooperation and competition) participated in CASP as individual teams, but also shared components of their methods to create hybrid pipelines and actively contributed to this effort. We assert that the scale and diversity of integrative prediction pipelines could not have been achieved by any individual lab or even by any collaboration among a few partners. The models contributed by the participating groups and generated by the pipelines are publicly available at the WeFold website providing a wealth of data that remains to be tapped. Here, we analyze the results of the 2014 and 2016 pipelines showing improvements according to the CASP assessment as well as areas that require further adjustments and research.

NZCCs aim to minimise urban carbon emissions for healthier cities in line with national and international low-carbon targets and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Many countries have recently adopted Net-Zero Carbon City (NZCC) policies and strategies. While there are many studies available on NZCC cities' definitions and policymaking, currently, research is rare on understanding the role of urban data-driven technologies such as Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), as well as AI, for achieving the goals of NZCCs in relation to sustainable development goals (SDGs), e.g., SDGs 3, 7,11, 13, and 17. This paper aims to fill this gap by establishing a systematic review and ascertaining the opportunities and barriers of data-driven approaches, analytics, digital technologies, and AI for supporting decision-making and monitoring progress toward achieving NZCC development and policy/strategy development. Two scholarly databases, i.e., Web of Science and Scopus databases, were used to find papers based on our selected relevant keywords. We also conducted a desktop review to explore policies, strategies, and visualisation technologies that are already being used. Our inclusion/exclusion criteria refined our selection to 55 papers, focusing on conceptual and theoretical research. While digital technologies and data analytics are improving and can help in the move from net-zero carbon concepts and theories to practical analysis and the evaluation of cities' emission levels and in monitoring progress toward reducing carbon, our research shows that these capabilities of digital technologies are not used thoroughly yet to bridge theory and practice. These studies ignore advanced tools like city digital twins and GIS-based spatial analyses. No data, technologies, or platforms are available to track progress towards a NZCC. Artificial Intelligence, big data collection, and analytics are required to predict and monitor the time it takes for each city to achieve net-zero carbon emissions. GIS and BIM can be used to estimate embodied carbon and predict urban development emissions. We found that smart city initiatives and data-driven decision-making approaches are crucial for achieving NZCCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important part of urban vitality, street vitality is an external manifestation of street economic prosperity and is affected by the built environment and the surrounding street vitality. However, existing research on the formation mechanism of street vitality focuses only on the built environment itself, ignoring the spatial spillover effect on street vitality. This study uses 5290 street segments in Shenzhen as examples. Utilizing geospatial and other multisource big data, this study creates spatial weight matrices at varying distances based on different living circle ranges. By combining the panel threshold model (PTM) and the spatial panel Durbin model (SPDM), this study constructs a spatial autoregressive threshold model to explore the spatial nonlinear effects of street vitality, considering various spatial weight matrices and thresholds of construction intensity and functional diversity. Our results show the following: (1) Street vitality exhibits significant spatial spillover effects, which gradually weaken as the living circle range expands (Moran indices are 0.178***, 0.160***, and 0.145*** for the 500 m, 1000 m, and 1500 m spatial weight matrices, respectively). (2) Construction intensity has a threshold, which is 0.1466 under spatial matrices of different distances. Functional diversity has two thresholds: 0.6832 and 2.2065 for the 500 m spatial weight matrix, and 0.6832 and 1.4325 for the 1000 m matrices, and 0.6832 and 1.2724 for 1500 m matrices. (3) As an international metropolis, street accessibility in Shenzhen has a significant and strong positive impact on its street vitality. This conclusion provides stakeholders with spatial patterns that influence street vitality, offering a theoretical foundation to further break down barriers to street vitality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice is one of the most important staple crops in the world; therefore, the improvement of rice holds great significance for enhancing agricultural production and addressing food security challenges. Although there have been numerous studies on the role of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in rice improvement with the development of next-generation sequencing technologies, research on the role of presence/absence variations (PAVs) in the improvement of rice is limited. In particular, there is a scarcity of studies exploring the traits and genes that may be affected by PAVs in rice. Here, we extracted PAVs utilizing resequencing data from 148 improved rice varieties distributed in Asia. We detected a total of 33,220 PAVs and found that the number of variations decreased gradually as the length of the PAVs increased. The number of PAVs was the highest on chromosome 1. Furthermore, we identified a 6 Mb hotspot region on chromosome 11 containing 1091 PAVs in which there were 29 genes related to defense responses. By conducting a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using PAV variation data and phenotypic data for five traits (flowering time, plant height, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, and panicle number) across all materials, we identified 186 significantly associated PAVs involving 20 cloned genes. A haplotype analysis and expression analysis of candidate genes revealed that important genes might be affected by PAVs, such as the flowering time gene OsSFL1 and the flag leaf width gene NAL1. Our work investigated the pattern in PAVs and explored important PAV key functional genes associated with agronomic traits. Consequently, these results provide potential and exploitable genetic resources for rice breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a highly contagious human herpes virus responsible for causing chickenpox (varicella) and shingles (herpes zoster). Despite the approval of a highly effective vaccine, Shingrix®, the global incidence of herpes zoster is increasing and the economic burden to the health care system and society are substantial due to significant loss of productivity and health complications, particularly among elderly and immunocompromised individuals. This is primarily because access to the vaccines remains mostly limited to countries within developed economies, such as USA and Canada. Therefore, similarly effective vaccines against VZV that are more accessible to the rest-of-the-world are necessary. In this study, we aimed to evaluate immunogenicity and memory response induced by three mRNA-LNP-based vaccine candidates targeting VZV's surface glycoprotein E (gE). C57BL/6 mice were immunized with each candidate vaccine, and humoral and cellular immune responses were assessed. Our results demonstrate that the mRNA-LNP-based vaccine candidates elicited robust and durable humoral responses specific to the gE antigen. Notably, mice vaccinated with the mRNA-LNP vaccines exhibited significantly higher antigen-specific T-cell cytokine production compared to the group receiving Shingrix®, the current standard of care vaccine. Additionally, mRNA-LNP vaccines induced long-lasting memory response, as evidenced by detection of persistent gE-specific Long-Lived Plasma Cells (LLPCs) and memory T cells four months after final immunization. These findings underscore the potential of our mRNA-LNP-based vaccine candidates in generating potent immune responses against VZV, offering promising prospects for their clinical development as an effective prophylactic vaccine against herpes zoster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]