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This special issue of the Journal of Rural Social Sciences (JRSS) focuses on rural population health and aging. It showcases the work of scholars from several backgrounds and social science disciplines to advance knowledge in a critical field of investigation. Assembled through an open call for submissions coordinated through the National Institute on Aging (NIA) funded Interdisciplinary Network on Rural Population Health and Aging (INRPHA), the collection of articles helps inform a more nuanced understanding of the factors associated with rural places, which often have different health outcomes and aging patterns than their urban counterparts. The authors achieve this through application of innovative analytical strategies used with a combination of data sources. This introductory essay provides background and an overview of the four articles, followed by discussion of future opportunities to advance an agenda for rural population health and aging research.

The rapid growth of income inequality in the United States has unfolded unevenly across the country. Levels of, and changes in, income inequality within local economies have been spatially and temporally heterogeneous. While previous research has identified the correlates of subnational inequality, it has given less attention to the contribution of compositional changes. Drawing on commuting zone (CZ)-level estimates produced from U.S. Census and American Community Survey data, we extend the literature on subnational income inequality by addressing four main objectives. First, we track changes in the prevalence of five sets of inequality risk factors. Second, we measure the associations between these factors and within-CZ income inequality in 1980 and 2019 and describe changes in these relationships over time. Third, we decompose changes in within-CZ income inequality (1980-2019) into components attributable to changes in the prevalence of risk factors (i.e., composition effects) and changes in the penalties (i.e., coefficient effects) associated with each factor. Fourth, we compare the South to other regions in these respects to explore relevant patterns of socioeconomic change unique to the South. We find substantively large shifts in the prevalence of all five sets of risk factors and significant changes in the penalties associated with many factors, especially the age and industrial structures of CZs. Shifts in penalties explained the largest overall share of changing inequality between 1980 and 2019, but these overall effects mask considerable heterogeneity in the strength and direction of changing penalties We also find significant regional variation in the size of coefficient effects and the relative contributions of composition and coefficient effects. Together, these analyses underscore the importance of simultaneously accounting for the prevalence of and penalties to inequality risk factors.

The rural United States is sometimes viewed as a paragon of stability, but demographic change has been a constant. Rural and small-town America is diverse, dynamic, and relational to (rather than separate from) urban places. Dominant demographic trends in the rural U.S. over recent decades include depopulation (driven by population aging and youth out-migration), increasing ethnoracial diversity (especially as linked to Hispanic population growth), and in-migration to select areas associated with metropolitan adjacency (i.e., exurban growth), retirement destinations, and natural amenities. This special issue of Population Research and Policy Review assembled a group of papers focused squarely on the changing demography of rural and small-town America in the early twenty-first century that address issues of broad interest to demographers: population growth and decline, fertility, mortality, migration, ethnoracial composition, and economic inequality. The prospect is for a rural America marked by ever more diversity and inequality within and between places. Our hope is that these articles, and the broader spectrum of scholarship on rural demography they represent, will inspire the next generation of research in this area.

The unique health and aging challenges of rural populations often go unnoticed. In fact, the rural United States is home to disproportionate shares of older and sicker people, there are large and growing rural–urban and within-rural mortality disparities, many rural communities are in population decline, and rural racial/ethnic diversity is increasing. Yet rural communities are not monolithic, and although some rural places are characterized by declining health, others have seen large improvements in population health. We draw on these realities to call for new research in five areas. First, research is needed to better describe health disparities between rural and urban areas and, because rural places are not monolithic, across rural America. Second, research is needed on how trends in rural population health and aging are affecting rural communities. Third, research is needed on the ways in which economic well-being and livelihood strategies interact with rural health and aging. Fourth, we need to better understand the health implications of the physical and social isolation characterizing many rural communities. Finally, we argue for new research on the implications of local natural environments and climate change for rural population health and aging.

A broad literature has made it clear that geographic units must be selected with care or they are likely to introduce error and uncertainty into results. Nevertheless, researchers often use data “off the shelf” with the implicit assumptions that their observations are consistent with the geographical concept relevant for their research question, and that they are of uniformly high quality in capturing this geographic identity. In this paper, we consider the geographical concept of “labor market” and offer a template for both clarifying its meaning for research and testing the suitability of extant labor-market delineations. We establish a set of metrics for comparing the quality of existing labor-market delineations with respect to the diverse meanings that researchers apply to the concept. Using the fit metrics established here, researchers can explore how delineations vary geographically, how they vary over time, and how this variation may shape research outcomes. Our assessment is that the quality of the extant delineations is relatively high overall. However, we find that different delineations vary significantly in the types of labor markets they represent, and that regional variations in fit within any given delineation may introduce noise or regional bias that merits consideration in any analysis conducted with these units. More broadly, the kinds of metrics we propose here have applicability for many other geographic entities where boundaries and scale can be only imperfectly defined.

High underemployment has been a chronic structural feature of the rural United States for decades. In this paper, we assess whether and how inequalities in underemployment between metropolitan (metro) and nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) areas have changed over the course of the last five decades. Drawing on data from the March Current Population Survey (CPS) from 1968 to 2017, we analyze inequality in the prevalence of underemployment between metro and nonmetro areas of the United States, paying special attention to differences between white, black, and Hispanic workers. Our results show that the underlying risk of underemployment has increased in both metro and nonmetro areas over the last fifty years. Nonmetro workers have consistently faced greater employment hardship compared to their metro counterparts, and these differences cannot be fully explained by differences in population characteristics. Nonmetro ethnoracial minorities have experienced particularly poor labor market outcomes. The disadvantage of ethnoracial minority status and rural residence is especially pronounced for nonmetro black workers, among whom underemployment has remained persistently high with only modest convergence with other workers. Hispanic workers also face elevated risk of underemployment, but we observe a unique convergence between metro and nonmetro workers within this population.

Recent cohorts of U.S. children increasingly consist of immigrants or the immediate descendants of immigrants, a demographic shift that has been implicated in high rates of child poverty. Analyzing data from the 2014–2018 Current Population Survey (CPS) and using the U.S. Census Bureau’s Supplementary Poverty Measure (SPM), we describe differences in child poverty rates across immigrant generations and assess how these disparities are rooted in generational differences in the prevalence of, and penalties associated with, five key poverty risk factors. Our estimates show that poverty rates among Hispanic children are disproportionately high, particularly among the first generation and second-generation children with two foreign-born parents. Low parental employment is a much greater risk factor for child poverty than having a young or poorly-educated parent, living in a single-headed family, or residence in a new immigrant destination. However, there is little variation in the prevalence of low parental employment across immigrant generations. Differences in parental education account for the greatest share of observed inter-generational disparities in child poverty. Supplemental comparisons with the non-Hispanic white third+ generation reveal disadvantages faced by all Hispanic children, highlighting the continued salience of race and ethnicity within the U.S. stratification system. Understanding the role of immigrant generation vis-à-vis other dimensions of inequality has significant policy implications as America’s population continues to grow more diverse along multiple social axes.

Using a unique national-level household survey of informal labor in the United States, this paper examines the extent that rural versus urban residence influences the types and forms of participation in informal work activities. The informal economy consists of work activities that generate income or reduce expenditures outside the scope of state regulation in contexts where these activities otherwise would be regulated. Often associated with developing and transition economies, past research using both qualitative and quantitative methods demonstrate its prevalence in industrial and postindustrial economies. In the U.S., most of this research is geographically constrained or limited to specific subpopulations and sectors. Our analysis employs descriptive and multivariate techniques to analyze a national-level household survey on informal economic activity to explore rural-urban variation in the prevalence, forms, importance and correlates of participation in the informal economy.

There is a growing body of evidence on the correlation between women’s empowerment and nutritional and other development goals. To date, little of this research has focused on Latin America, where women’s disempowerment, poverty and food insecurity are generally less severe. In western Honduras, however, more than two-thirds of women are disempowered and lack adequate dietary diversity, and nearly half of children are stunted. We surveyed 953 individuals in 562 households to identify association between aspects of women’s empowerment and food security and dietary diversity. Those who live in households where women have access to credit or control over income have a somewhat more diverse diet, and those with women’s access to credit are also less likely to experience moderate to severe food insecurity.

The Routledge Handbook of Gender and Agriculture covers major theoretical issues as well as critical empirical shifts in gender and agriculture Gender relations in agriculture are shifting in most regions of the world with changes in the structure of agriculture, the organization of production, international restructuring of value chains, climate change, the global pandemic, and national and multinational policy changes This book provides a cutting-edge assessment of the field of gender and agriculture, with contributions from both leading scholars and up-and-coming academics as well as policymakers and practitioners The handbook is organized into four parts: part 1, institutions, markets, and policies;part 2, land, labor, and agrarian transformations;part 3, knowledge, methods, and access to information;and part 4, farming people and identities The last chapter is an epilogue from many of the contributors focusing on gender, agriculture, and shifting food systems during the coronavirus pandemic The chapters address both historical subjects as well as ground-breaking work on gender and agriculture, which will help to chart the future of the field The handbook has an international focus with contributions examining issues at both the global and local levels with contributors from across the world With contributions from leading academics, policymakers, and practitioners, and with a global outlook, the Routledge Handbook of Gender and Agriculture is an essential reference volume for scholars, students, and practitioners interested in gender and agriculture © 2021 selection and editorial matter, Carolyn E Sachs, Leif Jensen, Paige Castellanos, and Kathleen Sexsmith

Mycobacterial spindle cell pseudotumor (MSP) is a rare benign spindle cell lesion containing acid-fact mycobacteria. These lesions are most commonly identified in the lymph nodes, skin, spleen, or bone marrow of immunocompromised patients and only rarely involve the lungs. We report 3 cases of pulmonary MSP, which include 2 patients who are known to be HIV-positive. The histopathological diagnosis of MSP in the lung lends itself to many challenges due to its rare incidence and its spindled tumor-like appearance. The differential diagnosis is broad and includes both benign and malignant entities. We highlight the importance of the clinical context in which these lesions typically present and the morphologic spectrum of features seen, and we offer a practical approach to the workup of pulmonary mycobacterial pseudotumor. Appropriate recognition of this entity should lead to an accurate diagnosis of a treatable benign condition despite the clinical presentation often favoring malignancy.

Objectives: Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) has been established as an important imaging method in cardiac ablation procedures. In pulmonary vein (PV) isolation procedures, MRA has the potential to minimize the risk of severe complications, such as atrio-esophageal fistula, by providing detailed information on esophageal position relatively to cardiac structures. However, traditional non-gated, first-pass (FP) MRA approaches have several limitations, such as long breath-holds, non-uniform signal intensity throughout the left atrium (LA), and poor esophageal visualization. The aim of this observational study was to validate a respiratory-navigated, ECG-gated (EC), saturation recovery-prepared MRA technique for simultaneous imaging of LA, LA appendage, PVs, esophagus, and adjacent anatomical structures. Methods: Before PVI, 106 consecutive patients with a history of AF underwent either conventional FP-MRA (n = 53 patients) or our new EC-MRA (n = 53 patients). Five quality scores (QS) of LA and esophagus visibility were assessed by two experienced readers. The non-parametric Mann–Whitney U-test was used to compare QS between FP-MRA and EC-MRA groups, and linear regression was applied to assess clinical contributors to image quality. Results: EC-MRA demonstrated significantly better image quality than FP-MRA in every quality category. Esophageal visibility using the new MRA technique was markedly better than with the conventional FP-MRA technique (median 3.5 [IQR 1] vs median 1.0, p < 0.001). In contrast to FP-MRA, overall image quality of EC-MRA was not influenced by heart rate. Conclusion: Our ECG-gated, respiratory-navigated, saturation recovery-prepared MRA technique provides significantly better image quality and esophageal visibility than the established non-gated, breath-holding FP-MRA. Image quality of EC-MRA technique has the additional advantage of being unaffected by heart rate. Advances in knowledge: Detailed information of cardiac anatomy has the potential to minimize the risk of severe complications and improve success rates in invasive electrophysiological studies. Our novel ECG-gated, respiratory-navigated, saturation recovery-prepared MRA technique provides significantly better image quality of LA and esophageal structures than the traditional first-pass algorithm. This new MRA technique is robust to arrhythmia (tachycardic, irregular heart rates) frequently observed in AF patients.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze data from the first-ever national-level study of informal work in the USA to test two prominent points of focus in the literature: how participation in informal work relates to social embeddedness and formal labor supply. This paper also provides a comparative test of the factors associated with exchange-based informal work (i.e. money/barter) vs self-provisioning activities. Design/methodology/approach The study draws on data from a national-level household telephone survey and uses descriptive statistics and logistic regression models. Findings The data show that participation in the informal economy is widespread in the USA. Consistent with theory, it is found that measures of social embeddedness and formal labor supply are much more salient for predicting participation in informal work for money/barter compared to self-provisioning. Originality/value Drawing on unique data from the first national-level household survey of informal work in the USA, this study provides generalizable support for the contention that the informal sector stands as a persistent structural feature in modern society. The results build on the wealth of information produced by qualitative case studies examining informal economic activity as well as a smaller number of regionally targeted surveys to provide important theoretical insights.

Background: This study addresses the important issue of whether extended family networks can meet the educational needs of orphans in Nigeria. The theory behind this paper is based on Hamilton's rule, which holds that individuals are less altruistic toward those with whom they have distant kinship ties. Objective: Our objective is to determine whether orphans experience an educational advantage if they reside in households headed by blood relatives rather than non-relatives, paying attention to age and household income differences. Methods: We use logistic regression to estimate models of children's school attendance based on data from the 2010 Nigeria Education Data Survey (NEDS). The analyses examine the associations of paternal (father died) and maternal/double orphans (mother or both parents died) and child's relation to the household head with school attendance. It also investigates how the pattern of relationships differs by age of children and household income. Results: The results indicate that paternal and maternal/double orphans who are distantly related to their household heads have lower chances of attending school than those who have close biological ties, specifically when they reside in poor households. This finding is consistent with Hamilton's rule. Conclusions: Our analysis suggests that orphanhood is problematic for those more distantly related to their guardians and in poor households. Since the disadvantages of orphanhood carry on into later life, ameliorative policies and programs need to be attentive to the double disadvantages faced by children in such circumstances. Contribution: This study contributes to the literature by showing that while close kinship ties to household head produce educational advantage for orphans, the willingness of household heads to display altruism regardless of degree of kinship is highly dependent on their economic resources.

Nonuniform contrast opacification of vasculature is frequently encountered on thoracic computed tomographic angiography. The purpose of this pictorial essay is to discuss the appearance of, and factors underlying mixing artifacts, which we term "smoke." We provide an approach to distinguish it from pathology including pulmonary embolism, aortic dissection, and thrombus. Smoke results from a combination of technical factors, abnormal physiology, or inflow of unopacified blood. Smoke produces ill-defined filling defects that may be confidently diagnosed in many cases if these fundamentals are applied.

The eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains in India are dominated by small farms, low levels of agricultural mechanization, irrigation and consequently low productivity and incomes. Even though women have traditionally contributed large proportions of agricultural labour in these farming systems, their contributions have remained invisible. The current study was designed to understand the gender dynamics, particularly gendered participation in a rice value chain over a period of 10 years. It was conducted in 2015 in three states of eastern India – Bihar, Odisha and West Bengal. The results, based on a survey of 1484 women farmers reveal that while men continue to participate in activities along the chain, the participation of woman exhibits a declining trend except in post-harvest activities and marketing. The results also established a change in norms and perceptions of women and, their control over decision making. The study concludes that even though we see decreased women’s participation in agricultural activities except post-harvest and marketing and increased decision-making authority, but the question arises, does it truly reflect that women are now having emerging opportunities to ‘decide’.

Social structures, as embodied in traditions, institutions, moral codes, and norms, shape the different roles of men and women in the diverse contexts of Sub-Saharan Africa. The study investigated the influence of ‘kinship structure’ in shaping gendered differences in groundnut production in Malawi. Depending on region, Malawian communities have unique matrilineal and patrilineal kinships where land and land rights are passed through either female or male lineages. Data were collected in three districts in Malawi, where groundnut is farmed, but where the kindship structures differ. We show that kinship structures shape household headship, which in turn shapes access to and control of resources, women’s and men’s agency, and groundnut production outcomes. Key findings show that cultural norms through kinship structures of patriarchal and matrilineal lineages are still key institutions that determine gender roles and influence intra-household power relations in all three districts. These kinship structures shape residency and household headship which in turn uniquely shape women’s and men’s agency, further determining gendered productivity differentials. Kinship systems further lead to gender-specific and gender-intensified constraints that are systemic for both men and women. Feminisation of agriculture is on the rise in the southern region of Malawi due to out-migration of men to South Africa. Lastly, an untapped youth dividend exists that can boost overall groundnut productivity. To rationalise development interventions, we recommend efforts that are informed by local realities and social structures, as well as their implications for the development agenda.

Purpose Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI of the heart typically acquires 2-4 short-axis (SA) slices to detect and characterize coronary artery disease. This acquisition scheme is limited by incomplete coverage of the left ventricle. We studied the feasibility of using radial simultaneous multi-slice (SMS) technique to achieve SA, 2-chamber and/or 4-chamber long-axis (2CH LA and/or 4CH LA) coverage with and without electrocardiography (ECG) gating using a motion-robust reconstruction framework. Methods 12 subjects were scanned at rest and/or stress, free breathing, with or without ECG gating. Multiple sets of radial SMS k-space were acquired within each cardiac cycle, and each SMS set sampled 3 parallel slices that were either SA, 2CH LA, or 4CH LA slices. The radial data was interpolated onto Cartesian space using an SMS GRAPPA operator gridding method. Self-gating and respiratory states binning of the data were done. The binning information as well as a pixel tracking spatiotemporal constrained reconstruction method were applied to obtain motion-robust image reconstructions. Reconstructions with and without the pixel tracking method were compared for signal-to-noise ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio. Results Full coverage of the heart (at least 3 SA and 3 LA slices) during the first pass of contrast at every heartbeat was achieved by using the radial SMS acquisition. The proposed pixel tracking reconstruction improves the average SNR and CNR by 21% and 30% respectively, and reduces temporal blurring for both gated and ungated acquisitions. Conclusion Acquiring simultaneous multi-slice SA, 2CH LA and/or 4CH LA myocardial perfusion images in every heartbeat is feasible in both gated and ungated acquisitions. This can add confidence when detecting and characterizing coronary artery disease by revealing ischemia in different views, and by providing apical coverage that is improved relative to SA slices alone. The proposed pixel tracking framework improves the reconstruction while adding little computational cost.

Resonators made of high-resistivity silicon (HRS) have been manufactured, and their characteristics were measured at a frequency range from 20 to 50 GHz. To study the influence of the material resistivity on Q-factor values, two HRSs were used. The first one was as-grown high-purity floating zone (FZ) silicon with a resistivity of $\sim 70~\text{k}\Omega ~\cdot $ cm. The second was FZ silicon irradiated with high-energy protons. The resistivity of the irradiated silicon was essentially the same as that of intrinsic silicon with a resistivity of $\sim 400~\text{k}\Omega ~\cdot $ cm at room temperature. Several whispering gallery modes were identified and measured on disk shape samples made on both materials. At room temperature and at a frequency of 50 GHz, the Q-factor values for the resonators made of the as-grown and the irradiated silicon are up to $1.8 \times 10^{4}$ and up to $6 \times 10^{4}$ , respectively.

The complex permittivity of as-grown and proton-irradiated samples of high purity silicon obtained by the floating zone method was measured as a function of temperature at a few frequencies in microwave spectrum by employing the quasi TE 011 and whispering gallery modes excited in the samples under test. The resistivity of the samples was determined from the measured imaginary part of the permittivity. The resistivity was additionally measured at RF frequencies employing capacitive spectroscopy as well as in a standard direct current experiment. The sample of as-grown material had the resistivity of ∼85 kΩ cm at room temperature. The sample irradiated with 23-MeV protons had the resistivity of ∼500 kΩ cm at 295 K and its behavior was typical of the intrinsic material at room and at elevated temperatures. For the irradiated sample, the extrinsic conductivity region is missing and at temperatures below 250 K hopping conductivity occurs. Thermal cycle hysteresis of the resistivity for the sample of as-grown material is observed. After heating and subsequent cooling of the sample, its resistivity decreases and then slowly (∼50 h) returns to the initial value.

Float zone silicon (FZ-Si) is typically assumed to be an extremely high quality material, with high minority carrier lifetimes and low concentrations of recombination active defects. However, minority carrier lifetime in FZ-Si has previously been shown to be unstable following thermal treatments between 450 and 700 °C, with a range of unidentified deep level states being linked to reduced carrier lifetime. There are suspicions that nitrogen doping, which occurs from the growth atmosphere, and intrinsic point defects play a role in the degradation. This study aims to address this by using deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS), minority carrier transient spectroscopy, Laplace DLTS, and photoluminescence lifetime measurements to study recombination active defects in nitrogen-doped and nitrogen-lean n-type FZ-Si samples. We find that nitrogen-doped samples experience increased degradation due to higher concentrations of deep level defects during thermal treatments compared to nitrogen-lean samples. In an attempt to explain this difference, in-diffusion of nickel has been used as a marker to demonstrate the existence of higher vacancy concentrations in the nitrogen-doped samples. The origin of the recombination active defects responsible for the thermally induced lifetime degradation in FZ-Si crystals is discussed.Float zone silicon (FZ-Si) is typically assumed to be an extremely high quality material, with high minority carrier lifetimes and low concentrations of recombination active defects. However, minority carrier lifetime in FZ-Si has previously been shown to be unstable following thermal treatments between 450 and 700 °C, with a range of unidentified deep level states being linked to reduced carrier lifetime. There are suspicions that nitrogen doping, which occurs from the growth atmosphere, and intrinsic point defects play a role in the degradation. This study aims to address this by using deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS), minority carrier transient spectroscopy, Laplace DLTS, and photoluminescence lifetime measurements to study recombination active defects in nitrogen-doped and nitrogen-lean n-type FZ-Si samples. We find that nitrogen-doped samples experience increased degradation due to higher concentrations of deep level defects during thermal treatments compared to nitrogen-lean samples. In an a...

As the population of the United States grows increasingly diverse, health care disparities become vital to understand and mitigate. The ethical and financial implications of how groups of Americans gain access to health care have evolved into some of today's most challenging socioeconomic problems. Educators in radiology are just beginning to tackle the concepts of health care disparities, unconscious bias, and cultural competency. In July 2017, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education required that all trainees and teaching faculty of accredited training programs receive training and experience in new areas of quality improvement to include an understanding of health care disparities as part of the core competencies. To our knowledge, there is no centralized curriculum regarding health care disparities for radiology residents and fellows. Many programs, in fact, have yet to introduce the concept to their trainees, who may have difficulty recognizing that this is even a problem affecting radiology. This manuscript serves as a primer for radiology trainees on health care disparities, with the goal of defining major concepts and providing examples of how variable access to radiological care can have substantial impact on patient outcomes.

We explicate the development of cystic lung disease from the deposition of protein in the lung. The protein may be in the form of amyloid or non-amyloid (typically immunoglobulin-associated light chains) and is usually seen in the context of three entities: idiopathic light-chain deposition disease, Sjogren’s syndrome, and clonal lymphoplasmacytic proliferative disorders. A commonly observed and distinctive feature of the circumscribed cystic spaces is the presence of internal tissue septations. The traditional causal association of lung cysts and the pathologic entity of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis is untenable. Instead, the development of cysts as a consequence of the degradation of lung extracellular matrix by metalloproteinases, the process initiated with the accumulation of macrophages around deposited protein, is a compelling alternative explanation. Lung cysts may be a consequence of parenchymal protein deposition. When internal septations are present, this particular pathogenesis should explicitly be considered, and the presence of associated clinical disorders further pursued.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, relapsing immune-mediated inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. IBD includes two major disease entities: Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis. Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and surveillance of these complex disorders. Computed tomographic and magnetic resonance enterographic techniques have been refined in recent years to provide a superb means of evaluating the gastrointestinal tract for suspected IBD. Although the intestinal imaging manifestations of IBD have been extensively discussed in the radiology literature, extraintestinal imaging manifestations of IBD have received less attention. Multiple extraintestinal manifestations may be seen in IBD, including those of gastrointestinal (hepatobiliary and pancreatic), genitourinary, musculoskeletal, pulmonary, cardiac, ocular, and dermatologic disorders. Although many associations between IBD and extraintestinal organ systems have been well established, other associations have not been fully elucidated. Some extraintestinal disorders may share a common pathogenesis with IBD. Other extraintestinal disorders may occur as a result of unintended treatment-related complications of IBD. Although extraintestinal disorders within the abdomen and pelvis may be well depicted with cross-sectional enterography, other musculoskeletal and thoracic disorders may be less evident with such examinations and may warrant further investigation with additional imaging examinations or may be readily apparent from the findings at physical examination. Radiologists involved in the interpretation of IBD imaging examinations must be aware of potential extraintestinal manifestations, to provide referring clinicians with an accurate and comprehensive profile of patients with these complex disorders.