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Objective: The present study developed a measure assessing the emotional responses, "Displacement Imposition," of cigarette and e-cigarette users on a college campus with a smoking/vaping ban. It also examined the relationship between "Displacement Imposition" and readiness to quit smoking/ vaping, and how this relationship differed between cigarette and e-cigarette users. Participants: Participants (N=297) were from a large, Midwestern university. Methods: Participants completed online questionnaires assessing demographics, cigarette and e-cigarette use, "Displacement Imposition," and readiness to quit. Results: All six "Displacement Imposition" items loaded onto a single factor. A significant interaction emerged between "Displacement Imposition" and product use in predicting readiness to quit. At high levels of "Displacement Imposition," cigarette users were less ready to quit than e-cigarette users. Conclusions: Findings suggest restrictions imposed on cigarette and e-cigarette users were associated with reduced readiness to quit. Findings inform tobacco control policies as tobacco denormalization may increase the burden placed on tobacco users.

Objectives: Sexual Strategies Theory suggests people fall on a continuum between having short-term mating orientation (STMO) and long-term mating orientation. One way STMO individuals signal mating goals is via risky drinking. The current study therefore aims to investigate drinks per week (DPW) as a mediator between STMO and risky sexual behavior (RSB), with gender as a moderator between STMO and DPW. Participants: Undergraduate students (N = 300) from a Midwestern university during Fall 2019. Method: Participants completed questionnaires assessing STMO, DPW, and RSB frequency. Results: A moderated-mediation model indicated DPW significantly mediated the relationship between STMO and RSB. Positive associations were found among all three variables. Gender was not a moderator between STMO and DPW. Conclusions: Mating orientation was a correlate of alcohol use and RSB for women and men, contributing to the literature identifying STMO as an indicator of those in need of substance use and RSB intervention.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between unrealistic optimism (UO) and risky sexual behavior (RSB) and related consequences in a college student sample. Participants believed they had significantly lower "personal" risk of engagement in alcohol-related sexual activity, unintended pregnancy, and STIs than the average college student ("ps" < 0.01). Compared to national data, participants significantly underestimated likelihood of HPV and sexual engagement with four or more partners in the next year ("ps" < 0.01). Findings support evidence of UO relating to RSB-related consequences, indicating need for improvements in sexual health education and intervention.

ObjectiveThe current study aimed to inform future interventions for heavy alcohol use and problems among college students by examining the utility of normative perceptions and coping strategies in predicting alcohol use among student service members/Veterans (SSM/Vs).MethodsSSM/Vs and civilian students (N=319) at a large university in the Southern Plains completed self-report measures of demographics, alcohol use and related behaviors, and coping strategies.ResultsBoth SSM/Vs and civilian students significantly overestimated the typical weekly drinking quantities and frequencies of same-sex students on campus. Among SSM/Vs, normative perceptions of typical student (not military-specific) drinking and substance-related coping strategies significantly predicted drinks consumed per week, while substance-related coping predicted alcohol-related consequences.ConclusionsDespite the theoretical importance of similarity to normative referents, military-specific norms did not significantly improve the prediction of SSM/Vs' personal drinking behavior. Moreover, neither typical student nor military-specific norms predicted alcohol-related consequences among SSM/Vs after accounting for substance-related coping strategies. Future research may examine the efficacy of descriptive normative feedback and the importance of military-specific norms in alcohol interventions for SSM/Vs.

Objective: Research suggests college students rate some alcohol-related consequences less negatively than others, yet it is unclear how or when these differences in perception develop. The current study compared college students' subjective evaluations of alcohol-related consequences that they had and had not experienced in order to test the hypothesis that students become desensitized to the consequences they experience. Participants: Participants were 269 undergraduate students enrolled at a large, public, Midwestern university. Methods: Participants completed measures of drinking behaviors, consequences experienced, and subjective evaluations of consequences via an online survey. Results: Participants rated the consequences they had personally experienced more positively than those they had not experienced. Similarly, individuals who reported experiencing consequences rated them as significantly more positive than those who had not experienced the same consequences. Conclusions: Experience with consequences is associated with more positive evaluations of those consequences. Therefore, it may be important to consider individuals' experiences with, and evaluations of, alcohol-related consequences in college student drinking interventions.

Sexual Strategies Theory suggests people fall on a continuum between having short-term mating orientation (STMO) and long-term mating orientation. One way STMO individuals signal mating goals is via risky drinking. The current study therefore aims to investigate drinks per week (DPW) as a mediator between STMO and risky sexual behavior (RSB), with gender as a moderator between STMO and DPW. Undergraduate students (N = 300) from a Midwestern university during Fall 2019. Participants completed questionnaires assessing STMO, DPW, and RSB frequency. A moderated-mediation model indicated DPW significantly mediated the relationship between STMO and RSB. Positive associations were found among all three variables. Gender was not a moderator between STMO and DPW. Mating orientation was a correlate of alcohol use and RSB for women and men, contributing to the literature identifying STMO as an indicator of those in need of substance use and RSB intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study developed a measure assessing the emotional responses, "Displacement Imposition," of cigarette and e-cigarette users on a college campus with a smoking/vaping ban. It also examined the relationship between Displacement Imposition and readiness to quit smoking/vaping, and how this relationship differed between cigarette and e-cigarette users. Participants (N = 297) were from a large, Midwestern university. Participants completed online questionnaires assessing demographics, cigarette and e-cigarette use, Displacement Imposition, and readiness to quit. All six Displacement Imposition items loaded onto a single factor. A significant interaction emerged between Displacement Imposition and product use in predicting readiness to quit. At high levels of Displacement Imposition, cigarette users were less ready to quit than e-cigarette users. Findings suggest restrictions imposed on cigarette and e-cigarette users were associated with reduced readiness to quit. Findings inform tobacco control policies as tobacco denormalization may increase the burden placed on tobacco users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary aim of the current study is to determine the incremental efficacy of adding a novel values component to a personalized feedback intervention for young adult drinking. Undergraduate students (N = 254) were randomized to receive either traditional, traditional with values assessment, or values enhanced feedback. Results showed significant decreases in drinks per week (p <.01) and alcohol-related consequences (p <.05) across all feedback conditions. Further research is needed to determine whether using values-based feedback could enhance intervention effects and how best to incorporate feedback in a way that is feasible and acceptable to recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suicide is the second leading cause of death for American Indian (AI) young adults. Alcohol use is a well-established risk factor for suicide. On average, AIs ages 12 to 20 exhibit the second-highest rate of binge drinking compared to all other ethnic groups. The current study investigated the relation between alcohol use and suicide ideation in an AI sample and examined these relations in the context of the interpersonal theory of suicide (ITS). It was hypothesized that perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness would each significantly moderate the relations between alcohol use and suicide ideation in an AI sample. College students who self-identified as American Indian (N = 84) completed measures of alcohol use and associated problems, perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness, and suicidality. Results indicated that perceived burdensomeness significantly moderated the relation between alcohol use and suicide ideation, and this interaction was significant at high levels of perceived burdensomeness. However, thwarted belongingness was not a significant moderator of the relation between alcohol use and suicide ideation. Findings suggest that AI young adults who engage in increased alcohol use may be at increased risk for suicide, especially if they also experience stronger perceptions of being a burden on others. The current study provides support for continued examinations of the relationship between alcohol use and suicide to inform culturally appropriate interventions for AI young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor sleep health is associated with numerous health concerns, and sleep problems are exacerbated by cigarette smoking. Although rates of traditional tobacco use are declining, rates of electronic cigarette (e‐cigarette) use are comparatively high and growing. Given that nicotine is a primary mechanism by which smoking negatively impacts sleep health, e‐cigarette use may also be linked to poor sleep health; however, no research has investigated this association. Participants were 1,664 college students, 40.9% of whom reported ever trying or currently using an e‐cigarette. Questionnaires assessed demographic information, sleep health and e‐cigarette use status and patterns. All measures were completed remotely via a secure online survey. Analysis of covariance was used to compare the sleep health of daily/non‐daily e‐cigarette users to (a) non‐users and (b) users of combustible cigarettes. Gender and drinks per week were included as covariates in analyses. Current combustible and e‐cigarette users reported significantly more sleep difficulties than never users. Users of e‐cigarettes reported greater use of sleep medication than combustible cigarette users. Similar to combustible cigarette smoking, e‐cigarette use (vs. non‐use) was associated with worse sleep health, even among non‐daily e‐cigarette users. These findings may indicate a need for assessment of and education on the role of e‐cigarette use in sleep health among individuals who report experimentation with or current use of e‐cigarettes. Future research should examine these relationships prospectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Relative to non-waterpipe (WP) smokers, WP smokers are more than twice as likely to use alcohol and frequently consume alcohol before or during smoking sessions. Co-use of alcohol and WP may result in greater toxicant exposure compared to WP smoking alone. To date, no study systematically has investigated the impact of acute alcohol intoxication on WP smoking topography, exposure to tobacco-related toxicants, or abuse liability. Methods Dyads of current WP smokers and drinkers (N = 42; age = 21–32 years) completed two in-laboratory ad libitum smoking sessions (≤2 hours) following 12-hour nicotine abstinence in a double-blind, randomized crossover design in which they consumed a placebo versus active drink (sustained breath alcohol concentration =.08). Exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) and plasma nicotine concentration were assessed. Questionnaires assessed smoking experience and smoking urge. Smoking topography was measured continuously throughout each smoking session. Results The alcohol session was associated with increased inhaled volume, flow rate, and WP session duration compared to placebo. Compared to placebo, participants reported a more positive overall smoking experience following the alcohol session and greater smoking urges pre- and post-smoking session. Although both sessions resulted in significant increases in eCO and plasma nicotine, no significant differences emerged in eCO or nicotine exposure between the active and placebo sessions. Conclusions Co-use of alcohol and WP may contribute to the maintenance of WP smoking through enhanced smoking experiences, increased urge to smoke, and significant exposure to addictive nicotine. Regulations may be necessary to limit the sale of alcohol in WP smoking lounges and reduce exposure to secondhand smoke. Implications The findings suggest co-use of alcohol and WP tobacco likely maintain WP use and dependence by enhancing the smoking experience and increasing urges to smoke. These findings have implications for regulations aimed at limiting co-use of alcohol and WP tobacco in WP lounges and limiting exposure to secondhand smoke. Clinical trials registration NCT03096860 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Research suggests college students rate some alcohol-related consequences less negatively than others, yet it is unclear how or when these differences in perception develop. The current study compared college students' subjective evaluations of alcohol-related consequences that they had and had not experienced in order to test the hypothesis that students become desensitized to the consequences they experience. Participants: Participants were 269 undergraduate students enrolled at a large, public, Midwestern university. Methods: Participants completed measures of drinking behaviors, consequences experienced, and subjective evaluations of consequences via an online survey. Results: Participants rated the consequences they had personally experienced more positively than those they had not experienced. Similarly, individuals who reported experiencing consequences rated them as significantly more positive than those who had not experienced the same consequences. Conclusions: Experience with consequences is associated with more positive evaluations of those consequences. Therefore, it may be important to consider individuals' experiences with, and evaluations of, alcohol-related consequences in college student drinking interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HIV treatment requires lifelong adherence to medication regimens that comprise inconvenient scheduling, adverse side effects, and lifestyle changes. Antiretroviral adherence and treatment fatigue have been inextricably linked. Adherence in HIV-infected populations has been well investigated; however, little is known about treatment fatigue. This review examines the current state of the literature on treatment fatigue among HIV populations and provides an overview of its etiology and potential consequences. Standard systematic research methods were used to gather published papers on treatment fatigue and HIV. Five databases were searched using PRISMA criteria. Of 1557 studies identified, 21 met the following inclusion criteria: (a) study participants were HIV-infected; (b) participants were prescribed antiretroviral medication; (c) the article referenced treatment fatigue; (d) the article was published in a peer-reviewed journal; and (e) text was available in English. Only seven articles operationally defined treatment fatigue, with three themes emerging throughout the definitions: (1) pill burden; (2) loss of desire to adhere to the regimen; and (3) nonadherence to regimens as a consequence of treatment fatigue. Based on these studies, treatment fatigue may be defined as “decreased desire and motivation to maintain vigilance in adhering to a treatment regimen among patients prescribed long-term protocols.” The cause and course of treatment fatigue appear to vary by developmental stage. To date, only structured treatment interruptions have been examined as an intervention to reduce treatment fatigue in children and adults. No behavioral interventions have been developed to reduce treatment fatigue. Further, only qualitative studies have examined treatment fatigue conceptually. Studies designed to systematically assess treatment fatigue are needed. Increased understanding of the course and duration of treatment fatigue is expected to improve adherence interventions, thereby improving clinical outcomes for individuals living with HIV. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]