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RESUMO Óleos essenciais (EO) e extratos brutos aquosos (EBA) de Syzygium aromaticum e Cymbopogon nardus, e seus principais componentes químicos foram investigados para controle in vitro e in vivo de doenças causadas por Phytophthora nicotianae em tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum) e berinjela (Solanum melongena). Experimentos in vitro foram conduzidos pelo método de diluição em ágar com diferentes concentrações de óleos essenciais (OE’s) (0,1; 0,5; 1,0 ?L/mL) e extratos aquosos brutos (EBA’s) (1,0; 10,0 20,0%) para avaliar o potencial inibitório sobre o crescimento micelial e germinação de zoósporos. Com as porcentagens de inibição e concentrações inibitórias mínimas encontradas, realizou-se testes em frutos e plântulas sob ambiente controlado. As variáveis avaliadas foram o diâmetro médio das lesões formadas na superfície dos frutos e a incidência e morte de plântulas ao longo de seis e 15 dias de avaliação, respectivamente. Os produtos que mais inibiram o crescimento micelial e a germinação de zoósporos foram obtidos de S. aromaticum, nas concentrações de 0,5 ?L/mL e 10% de OE e EBA, respectivamente. Os tratamentos que mais retardaram a progressão da doença em frutos e plântulas, em comparação com o controle, foram o OE e EBA de C. nardus a 1,0 ?L/mL e 20%, respectivamente. Portanto, os produtos obtidos de S. aromaticum e C. nardus, têm potencial para reduzir o ataque deste patógeno em tomate e berinjela. ABSTRACT Essential oils (OE) and crude aqueous extracts (EBA) from apple-style-spanSyzygiumapple-style-spanapple-style-spanapple-style-span apple-style-spanaromaticumapple-style-span and apple-style-spanCymbopogonapple-style-spanapple-style-spanapple-style-span apple-style-spannardusapple-style-span and their major chemical components were investigated for in vitro and in vivo control of diseases caused by Phytophthora nicotianae in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and eggplant (Solanum melongena). In vitro experiments were conducted using the agar dilution method with different concentrations of OE (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 ?L/mL) and EBA (1.0, 10.0, 20.0%) to evaluate their inhibitory potential on mycelial growth and zoospore germination. The obtained percent inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentrations were used to performed tests in fruits and seedlings under controlled conditions. The evaluated variables were mean lesion diameter on the surface of fruits and incidence and death of seedlings over six and 15 days of evaluation, respectively. The products that most inhibited mycelial growth and zoospore germination were obtained from S. aromaticum, at the concentrations of 0.5 ?L/mL and 10% OE and EBA, respectively. The treatments that most delayed the disease progress in fruits and seedlings, compared to control, were OE and EBA of C. naudus at 1.0 ?L/mL and 20%, respectively. Thus, products obtained from S. aromaticum and C. nardus have the potential to reduce the attack by this pathogen in tomato and eggplant.

The objective of this study was to optimize the enzymatic pretreatment process of extracting menthol, a major component of the essential oil stored in the trichomes of fresh leaves of Mentha arvens...

Colleters are structures functionally active in the secretion of sticky substances, occurring in 67 angiosperm families, which not includes Rutaceae, a diverse family with pharmacological and ecological importance but poorly characterized structurally and histochemically. The main purpose of this study was to characterize the leaf colleters observed for the first time for Rutaceae species. Leaves at several developmental stages were obtained from naturally growing specimens of Zanthoxylum minutiflorum Tul. and Z. nemorale Mart. Fresh and fixed samples were structurally studied using both light, and scanning electron microscopes. The main chemical compounds of the colleter were recognized using specific tests and their controls. In both Zanthoxylum species, the colleters were exclusively epidermal in origin. They were composed of a non-secretory stalk and a lobed secretory head which contains a mixture of hydrophilic and lipophilic substances, mainly pectin and oleoresin. Their secretory phase was restricted to the early developmental stages of the leaves and leaflets, after which they became senescent and shrink. Besides the structural and histochemical characterization of a secretory structure new to Rutaceae, our findings emphasize the importance of an integrative interpretation of ontogenetic and chemical data for both structural and functional aspects of the species-rich plant families.

The quality and content of essential oils extracted from medicinal plants can be affected by storage conditions. The present work evaluated the influence of different storage conditions of Ocimum gratissimum leaves on essential oils. The study was conducted in two environments (controlled and natural), in two types of packaging (plastic and paper) during five storage times (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months). Also evaluated was the damage caused to the glandular trichomes and the fungal contamination of the stored leaves. For this data set, the study was done using multivariate exploratory analysis PCA, HCA and K-means. Among the environments, the use of paper storage in a natural environment presented a reduction of up to 74.3% in essential oil content and greater damage to the trichomes. The plastic packaging prevented the proliferation of fungi. The best storage condition proved to be a controlled environment from 6 months to 9 months in plastic packaging.

EnglishMedicinal plants are generally commercialized dried. However, temperatures used in their drying processes may interfere with the content and chemical composition of their essential oils. The Lippia origanoides possesses thymol in the essential oil that is stored in glandular trichomes. Thymol is a major component of economic importance in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the drying temperatures of L. origanoides leaves regarding trichome integrity, content, and chemical composition of the essential oil. The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments defined by oven drying temperatures (40, 50, 60, and 70oC) and four replications. Essential oil was extracted by hydro distillation and the essential oil contents were determined (%). Chemical composition of the oil was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Scanning electron microscopy was carried out to determine trichome integrity. Drying the L. origanoides leaves in a forced ventilation oven at 40°C minimized the loss of extracted essential oil content (17.5g kg-1) and relative thymol percentage. Leaves dried at the temperatures of 60 and 70oC exhibited a higher percentage of ruptured trichomes and reduced essential oil content to 13.7g kg-1 and 11.8g kg-1, respectively. Key words: Lippia origanoides; medicinal plant; secretory structures; drying; thymol portuguesAs plantas medicinais sao geralmente comercializadas secas, no entanto, as temperaturas utilizadas nos processos de secagem podem interferir no teor e composicao quimica dos oleos essenciais destas plantas. A Lippia origanoides possui timol em seu oleo essencial, que se encontra armazenado em tricomas glandulares. O timol e um componente majoritario de importância economica na industria quimica e farmaceutica. O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar o efeito das temperaturas de secagem de folhas de L. origanoides na integridade dos tricomas, teor e composicao quimica do oleo essencial. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos definidos por temperaturas de secagem em estufa (40oC, 50oC, 60oC e 70oC) e quatro repeticoes. Foram realizadas extracoes por hidrodestilacao e determinacao dos teores dos oleos essenciais (%), analise de composicao quimica do oleo por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas e microscopia eletronica de varredura para determinacao da integridade dos tricomas. A secagem das folhas de L. origanoides em estufa de ventilacao forcada a 40oC minimizou a perda do teor de oleo essencial extraido (17,5g kg-1) e porcentagem relativa de timol. Folhas secas em temperatura de 60 e 70oC exibiram maior porcentagem de tricomas rompidos e reducao do teor de oleo essencial para 13,7g kg-1 e 11,8g kg-1, respectivamente. Palavras-chave: Lippia origanoides; planta medicinal; estruturas secretoras; secagem; timol

Este artigo tem como objetivo central analisar os principais desafios ao desenvolvimento do Assentamento Rural Coroa Verde. Associado a esse objetivo geral tem-se os seguintes objetivos específicos: caracterizar socioeconomicamente o assentamento; identificar as principais dificuldades do assentamento no âmbito produtivo; analisar os principais desafios ao desenvolvimento do assentamento no âmbito econômico (produtivo) e social. A pergunta de investigação que norteou a pesquisa se concentra na seguinte questão: quais os principais desafios atuais existentes para o desenvolvimento do Assentamento Rural Coroa Verde? Como metodologia utilizou-se de técnicas de documentação direta (pesquisa de campo), e técnicas de documentação indireta (pesquisa bibliográfica e documental). Fez-se levantamento do índice pluviométrico da região de inserção do assentamento correspondente aos anos de 2010 a 2014, através de dados levantados junto ao INMET – Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia, e levantamento de dados em campo e observações in loco.Como tratamento dos dados e informações, procedeu-se a construção de gráficos, quadros e tabelas – e posterior análise e interpretação.A partir dos resultados puderam-se constatar desafios a serem superados no assentamento no que se refere ao processo produtivo, dentre os quais a substituição de práticas prejudiciais como a utilização de fertilizantes, adubos químicos e inseticidas, por práticas consideradas limpas (manejo natural). Constatou-se a necessidade de se trabalhar o cooperativismo entre os assentados tanto no processo de produção quanto de comercialização dos produtos e, também, a adoção de artifícios para melhor aproveitamento do recurso “água”, de forma especial a água da chuva, através do desenvolvimento de sistemas de captação e armazenamento nas áreas produtivas. Importante se faz ainda o acompanhamento aos assentados desde o apoio técnico à produção, à capacitação, ao acesso a crédito, e para a agregação de valor aos seus produtos, e melhorar o senso de coletivismo e cooperação, além de mais oportunidades aos jovens.Palavras chave: Desenvolvimento Rural. Sustentabilidade. Produção Agrícola. Cooperativismo. Realidade Socioeconômica

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary Brazilian red pepper ( Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) essential oil and an antimicrobial agent on weanling pig growth performance, diarrhea occurrence, pH of the digestive content, small intestine histology, and intestine microbial counts. Ninety weanling castrated male pigs (5.6±0.78 kg BW and 21-d old) were used in a randomized complete block design experiment with five treatments, six replications per treatment, and three animals per experimental unit (pen). The treatments were a basal diet supplemented with 0 (negative control), 500, 1000, and 1500 mg/kg Brazilian red pepper essential oil vs with 120 mg/kg chlorohydroxyquinoline (antibiotic treatment). At the end of the experimental period one animal from each pen was slaughtered to record the pH of digestive contents, small intestine histology, and intestine microbial counts. Treatments had no effect ( P> 0.05) on growth performance, diarrhea occurrence, pH of the digestive content, villus height, crypt depth, and intestinal microbial counts of weanling pigs. However, pigs fed the diet containing 500 mg/kg essential oil had greater villi density ( P 0.05) than those fed diets containing the antibiotic or 1000 and 1500 mg/kg essential oil. Thus, both Brazilian red pepper essential oil and the antibiotic are of limited benefit for enhancing the growth of weanling pigs. However, the effectiveness of growth enhancer additives may be reduced in low challenging situations as demonstrated by the current study.

One feature of the Protium genus is the presence of secretory ducts associated with the phloem. These ducts are characterized by the production of essential oils with different classes of secondary metabolites. In light of this observation, the purpose of this study was to determine which secondary metabolites are present in the secretory ducts of P. aracouchini, P. heptaphyllum, P. icicariba and P. warmingianum using histochemical tests and essential oil chemical analysis. The essential oils are present at different levels and compositions in the four studied species; other metabolites also varied from species to species. Variation was observed among the essential oil classes with oxygenated sesquiterpenes being the most representative class found in the species studied. The major component of all species was caryophyllene oxide; thus, it may be regarded as a genus characteristic. Through the results obtained, characteristics common to all species were defined, enabling the segregation of the spe...

Contamination of medicinal plants with heavy metals as Pb and Cd can affect the growth and the essential oil production of the plants and represent a risk to those who consume as medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of absorption and localization of Pb and Cd on growth, ultrastructural aspects of leaves and essential oil yield and composition of Mentha arvensis, applied on the soil with increasing concentrations (8, 16, 32, 64 and 128mg kg-1). There was a differential absorption of Pb and Cd by M. arvensis mainly concentrated in the roots. Pb was found in small amounts in the leaves while Cd largely exceeded the safety limit without symptoms of toxicity. The ultrastructural analysis revealed the metal accumulation on vesicles surrounding the mitochondria and the presence of electron dense deposits surrounding the mitochondria, nucleus and chloroplasts. Little changes caused by Pb and Cd application were not enough to affect the growth and essential oil yield and composition of M. arvensis

The aim of this study was to provide scientific knowledge to support the use of Vernonia condensata Baker, Asteraceae, beverages for their alleged hypocholesterolemic properties by testing their action as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and their capacity to lower dietary cholesterol permeation. Chlorogenic acid, and other caffeoylquinic acids derivatives were identified as the main components of these beverages by LC–MS/MS. No changes in the composition were notice after the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and no toxicity against Caco-2 and HepG2 cell lines was detected. Cholesterol permeation through Caco-2 monolayers was reduced in 37% in the presence of these herbal teas, and the caffeoylquinic acids permeated the monolayers in 30–40% of their initial amount in 6 h. HMG-CoA reductase activity was reduced with these beverages, showing an IC50 of 217 μg ml−1. It was concluded that caffeoylquinic acids, the major components, justified 98% of the enzyme inhibition measured. Keywords: Vernonia condensata, HMG-CoA reductase, Chlorogenic acid, Cynarin, Cholesterol, Caco-2 cells

The ef ficacy of Ocimum selloi essential oil was evaluated for controlling the growth of mycelia and spores germination Moniliophthora perniciosa. Six compounds (99.89%) of the total oil were identified by GC-MS, of which methyl chavicol, methyl eugenol, �� -caryophyllene, germacrene-D, bicyclogermacrene and spathulenol. Essential oil was tested for anti- fungal activity, which was determined by disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination methods. Application of the oil reduced mycelial growth in a dose dependent manner, with maximum inhibition being observed at concentration of 1,000 ppm. Such antifungal activity could be attributed to methyl chavicol since the pure compound was shown to be similarly effective against Moniliophthora perniciosa at 1,000 ppm. The oil when applied at a concentration of 1,000 ppm, reduced the spore germination of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and M. perniciosa by 93 and 87%, respectively, but had no effect on the Alternaria alternata. It is concluded that the oil from O. selloi and its major constituent, methyl chavicol, are efficient in inhibiting M. perniciosa, but less effective against C. gloeosporioides and A. alternata. The results obtained from this work may contribute to the development of alternative anti-fungal agents to protect the cacao crop from fungal disease.