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Herein, basel on novel data gathered by citizens scientists and specialists, we contribute to the improvement of scientific knowledge and conservation of the Near Threatened Proceratophrys paviotii in order to: 1) test for the first time the phylogenetic position and a species delimitation of P. paviotii through a molecular approach; 2) describe a larger sample of its advertisement call to properly encompass the species intraspecific variation; 3) describe for the first time the P. paviotii release call; and 4) provide novel insights on the species conservation status. Our 16S tree confidently grouped P. paviotii with P. cururu , P. renalis , and P. laticeps . The average sequence divergence between P. paviotii and its congeners ranged from 2.2% ( P. laticeps ) to 9.1% ( P. redacta ). Advertisement calls consisted of a single note with duration of 0.26-0.58 s, 17-41 pulses emitted at rate of 54.19-77.49 pulses/s and peak frequency of 775.19-947.46 Hz. Release calls consisted of a single note with duration of 0.04-0.43 s, 2-13 pulses emitted at rate of 21.17-81.58 pulses/s and peak frequency of 689.1-1,722.6 Hz. Additionally, our study strongly supports the notion that Citizen Science approaches can yield invaluable information concerning species' geographic distribution and conservation., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2024 Lacerda et al.)

The genus Crossodactylus has taxonomic problems due to the difficulty in properly identifying some populations to the species level. The deficient species diagnosis rises mostly due to high intraspecific variation and lack of information on topotypes. Crossodactylus timbuhy was described based only on external morphology of preserved adult specimens. Based on topotypic specimens, we provide further information on C. timbuhy regarding color in life (both adult and larvae), tadpole external morphology, vocal repertoire, natural history, and geographic distribution. The species identification was confirmed through comparison to the type series, 16S rRNA analysis, and bioacoustics. Crossodactylus timbuhy vocalizes during daylight along shallow slow-flowing streams. The advertisement call has ascendant amplitude modulation, duration of 2.18.4 s, 2375 pulsed notes, and peak frequency of 3.64.8 kHz. Our report on male unilateral sac inflation is the first within Crossodactylus. Although overall tadpole external morphology and coloration resemble other species of hylodids, we report ventral depression and golden iridophores also for the first time within Crossodactylus. Adult males display five antipredator mechanisms (interrupt calling, escape, aggression, posture, and aposematism). Finally, we restrict its geographic distribution to the Municipality of Santa Teresa, State of Esprito Santo, Southeastern Brazil.

The Neotropical tribe Sphaenorhynchini is composed of 15 recognized species commonly named as lime treefrogs. Gabohyla pauloalvini occurs in Atlantic Forest lowlands through the states of Bahia and Esprito Santo, Brazil. Based on field observation, literature review, and evaluation of audio files, we conclude that previous bioacoustic descriptions were erroneously assigned to G. pauloalvini. Here, we describe for the first time the advertisement call of G. pauloalvini from two disjunct populations. In addition, we provide new distribution records and an updated map for this species. The advertisement call of G. pauloalvini is composed of 15 closely spaced notes, with duration of 0.0161.976 s, inter-note intervals of 0.3401.25 s, and an average dominant frequency (= fundamental frequency) of 4966.0 Hz. Harmonics are visible in the spectrogram. Three new populations of G. pauloalvini have been recorded and extended the distribution by 60 km south. Nevertheless, G. pauloalvini is still known only from few localities. We highlight the importance of depositing audio recordings and specimens in scientific collections to promote systematics and natural history studies.

We describe a new species of Thoropa, previously identified as T. lutzi, from the northern region of the Serra da Mantiqueira in the Atlantic Forest domain in Southeast Brazil. The new species is diagnosed by the following combination of characters: small size; slender body; head longer than wide; dark colored nuptial pads on the inner side of the Finger I and on the internal carpal tubercle; nuptial pads with epidermic cone-shaped papillae measuring of 53.191.6 m in diameter, and at a density of 1432 papillary epidermic projections/mm2; presence of vocal sac and vocal slits; and advertisement call with 510 harmonics, duration of 0.230.42 s, and peak of frequency of 20604470 Hz. With the description of the new species, T. lutzi is now only known for the state of Rio de Janeiro.

We describe a new species of the Scinax catharinae group from one of the last remaining fragments of Atlantic Forest in northeastern Minas Gerais. The new species is distinguished from most species of the group mainly by having the mucronate snout in dorsal view, the unique light-yellow coloration on the gular surface in life contrasting with its overall color pattern, and the m. depressor mandibulae with an origin on the dorsal fascia at the level of the m. dorsalis scapulae. These two latter features are novelties in the diagnosis of Scinax species. The new species is currently known only from municipality of Santa Maria do Salto, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. This locality is a remaining fragment of Atlantic Forest and has a peculiar geomorphic feature that has been poorly sampled so far.

Bokermannohyla ibitipoca is a small-sized hylid frog (males reaching up to 43 mm in snout-vent length) of the B. circumdata group (Faivovich et al. 2005). This species was described from the Ibitipoca State Park (Municipality of Lima Duarte) in southern Minas Gerais, at the elevation of 1200 m. Bokermannohyla ibitipoca is restricted to the Mantiqueira Complex area (Caramaschi Feio, 1990), where it occurs in primary and secondary gallery forests. This species is found on the ground or on the leaf-litter near water and uses permanent streams for calling and reproduction. Here, we quantitatively describe the release call of B. ibitipoca, with comments on similarity to its advertisement call. Although used less frequently than advertisement calls, release calls have been used to diagnose species and infer phylogenetic relationships (Sullivan Malmos, 1994; Stöck et al. 2000; di Tada et al. 2001; Wogel et al. 2004; Márquez Eekhout 2006; Oliveira et al. 2012; Sanabria Quiroga 2012; Grenat Martino 2013).