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Background: Lysimachia christinae Hance (LCH) is a traditional medicine used to treat gallstone disease and cholecystitis. Despite its known anti-inflammatory and choleretic effects, its quality has not been extensively evaluated., Objective: In this study, we aimed to establish a reliable quality evaluation method for LCH via fingerprint, spectrum-effect relationship, and quantitative analyses of multicomponents by a single marker (QAMS)., Methods: First, the fingerprints and anti-inflammatory and choleretic activities of 14 LCH batches were determined. Then, the gray relation analysis method was used to analyze the peak areas of the fingerprint profile and pharmacodynamic data. Subsequently, the characteristic peaks were tentatively identified using high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Finally, rutin was selected as the internal reference material, and QAMS was used to analyze the LCH components., Results: Pharmacodynamic experiments confirmed that LCH exerted anti-inflammatory and choleretic effects. Moreover, 15 flavonoids related to the anti-inflammatory and choleretic effects of LCH were identified. Notably, relative error percentage between the QAMS and external standard method was less than 5%., Conclusion: This study successfully established a comprehensive evaluation method for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of LCH., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Phytochemical investigation on aerial parts of Lysimachia atropurpurea L. (Myrsinaceae), guided by NMR methods, resulted in the isolation and characterization of three previously undescribed triterpenoid saponins named stralysaponins A-C along with five known compounds. Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and HR-ESI-MS. Stralysaponins A-C were categorized into 13β-28-epoxyoleanane-type triterpenoid saponins, reaffirming their prevalent presence of this type in the Myrsinaceae family and the genus Lysimachia. The identified derivatives share a common four-unit branched sugar chain, with rhamnose as the terminal sugar linked at C-3 of the aglycone. The presence of triterpenoid saponins in L. atropurpurea is reported herein for the first time. This study enriched the chemical diversity of triterpenoid saponins of the genus Lysimachia. Additionally, it demonstrates the effectiveness of NMR-profiling in isolating previously undescribed triterpenoid saponins from Lysimachia spp., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Abstract Background Polymorphisms are common in nature, but they are rarely shared among closely related species. Polymorphisms could originate through convergence, ancestral polymorphism, or introgression. Although shared neutral genomic variation across species is commonplace, few examples of shared functional traits exist. The blue-orange petal color polymorphisms in two closely related species, Lysimachia monelli and L. arvensis were investigated with UV-vis reflectance spectra, flavonoid biochemistry, and transcriptome comparisons followed by climate niche analysis. Results Similar color morphs between species have nearly identical reflectance spectra, flavonoid biochemistry, and ABP gene expression patterns. Transcriptome comparisons reveal two orange-specific genes directly involved in both blue-orange color polymorphisms: DFR-2 specificity redirects flux from the malvidin to the pelargonidin while BZ1-2 stabilizes the pelargonidin with glucose, producing the orange pelargonidin 3-glucoside. Moreover, a reduction of F3’5’H expression in orange petals also favors pelargonidin production. The climate niches for each color morph are the same between the two species for three temperature characteristics but differ for four precipitation variables. Conclusions The similarities in reflectance spectra, biochemistry, and ABP genes suggest that a single shift from blue-to-orange shared by both lineages is the most plausible explanation. Our evidence suggests that this persistent flower color polymorphism may represent an ancestrally polymorphic trait that has transcended speciation, yet future analyses are necessary to confidently reject the alternative hypotheses.

Background: Polymorphisms are common in nature, but they are rarely shared among closely related species. Polymorphisms could originate through convergence, ancestral polymorphism, or introgression. Although shared neutral genomic variation across species is commonplace, few examples of shared functional traits exist. The blue-orange petal color polymorphisms in two closely related species, Lysimachia monelli and L. arvensis were investigated with UV-vis reflectance spectra, flavonoid biochemistry, and transcriptome comparisons followed by climate niche analysis., Results: Similar color morphs between species have nearly identical reflectance spectra, flavonoid biochemistry, and ABP gene expression patterns. Transcriptome comparisons reveal two orange-specific genes directly involved in both blue-orange color polymorphisms: DFR-2 specificity redirects flux from the malvidin to the pelargonidin while BZ1-2 stabilizes the pelargonidin with glucose, producing the orange pelargonidin 3-glucoside. Moreover, a reduction of F3'5'H expression in orange petals also favors pelargonidin production. The climate niches for each color morph are the same between the two species for three temperature characteristics but differ for four precipitation variables., Conclusions: The similarities in reflectance spectra, biochemistry, and ABP genes suggest that a single shift from blue-to-orange shared by both lineages is the most plausible explanation. Our evidence suggests that this persistent flower color polymorphism may represent an ancestrally polymorphic trait that has transcended speciation, yet future analyses are necessary to confidently reject the alternative hypotheses., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The abuse of antibiotics leads to the rapid spread of bacterial resistance, which seriously threatens human life and health. Now, 8 resorcylic acid derivatives, including 4 new compounds (1-4) were isolated from Lysimachia tengyuehensis by bio-guided isolation, and they inhibited both methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) (MIC = 4-8 μg/mL). Notably, 1 and 2 rapidly killed MRSA and VRE within 40 min without drug resistance in 20 days. Mechanically, they potently disrupted biofilm and cell membrane by interfering with bacterial metabolic imbalance. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) revealed that the lipophilic long carbon chains (C-5/C-6) and hydrophilic hydroxyl/carboxyl groups were essential for the anti-MRSA and VRE bioactivity. Additionally, they effectively recovered MRSA-infected skin wounds and VRE-infected peritoneal in vivo. Resorcylic acid derivatives showed significant anti-MRSA and VRE bioactivity in vitro and in vivo with potential application for the first time., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Seven new oleanane-type triterpene saponins, lysimaponins A-G, were isolated from aerial parts of Lysimachia laxa Baudo. Their chemical structures have been elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic and chemical methods. All compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial effects against Microcystis aeruginosa, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. harveyi, V. vulinificus, V. cholerae, and V. alginolyticus. All compounds showed potent antibacterial activities against the cyanobacteria M. aeruginosa with IC50 values ranging from 14.4 ± 1.2 to 35.3 ± 2.2 µg/mL. Compounds 1, 2, 4-7 inhibited V. parahaemolyticus with MIC values ranging from 64 to 256 µg/mL. The results suggested that saponins from L. laxa could be potential anti-cyanobacteria agents., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry.)

A novel acidic heteropolysaccharide (LCP-90-1) was isolated and purified from a traditional "heat-clearing" Chinese medicine, Lysimachia christinae Hance. LCP-90-1 ( Mw , 20.65 kDa) was composed of Man, Rha, GlcA, Glc, Gal, and Ara, with relative molar ratios of 1.00: 3.00: 11.62: 1.31: 1.64: 5.24. The backbone consisted of 1,4- α -D-Glc p A, 1,4- α -D-Glc p , 1,4- β -L-Rha p , and 1,3,5- α -L-Ara f , with three branches of β -D-Gal p -(1 → 4)- β -L-Rha p -(1→, α -L-Ara f -(1→ and α -D-Man p -(1→ attached to the C-5 position of 1,3,5- α -L-Ara f . LCP-90-1 exhibited potent anticomplement activity (CH 50 : 135.01 ± 0.68 µg/mL) in vitro , which was significantly enhanced with increased glucuronic acid (GlcA) content in its degradation production (LCP-90-1-A, CH 50 : 28.26 ± 0.39 µg/mL). However, both LCP-90-1 and LCP90-1-A were inactivated after reduction or complete acid hydrolysis. These observations indicated the important role of GlcA in LCP-90-1 and associated derivatives with respect to anticomplement activity. Similarly, compared with LCP-90-1, the antioxidant activity of LCP-90-1-A was also enhanced. Thus, polysaccharides with a high content of GlcA might be important and effective substances of L. christinae ., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Lysimachia capillipes Hemsl., a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is commonly prescribed for its anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated that Lysimachia capillipes Hemsl. saponins (LCS) are the primary bioactive component. However, its mechanism for treating colorectal cancer (CRC) is still unknown. Increasing evidence suggests a close relationship between CRC, intestinal flora, and host metabolism. Thus, this study aims to investigate the mechanism of LCS amelioration of CRC from the perspective of the gut microbiome and metabolome. As a result, seven gut microbiotas and fourteen plasma metabolites were significantly altered between the control and model groups. Among them, one gut microbiota genera (Monoglobus) and six metabolites (Ureidopropionic acid, Cytosine, L-Proline, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, Cyclic AMP and Suberic acid) showed the most pronounced callback trend after LCS administration. Subsequently, the correlation analysis revealed significant associations between 68 pairs of associated metabolites and gut microbes, with 13 pairs of strongly associated metabolites regulated by the LCS. Taken together, these findings indicate that the amelioration of CRC by LCS is connected to the regulation of intestinal flora and the recasting of metabolic abnormalities. These insights highlight the potential of LCS as a candidate drug for the treatment of CRC., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

A new species, Lysimachia ailaoshanensis is described and illustrated. In gross morphology it is evidently allied to subgen. Palladia sect. Chenopodiopsis and is most similar to L. chenopodioides and L. remotiflora, but is distinguished from L. chenopodioides by narrower lanceolate leaf blade and longer pedicel, and longer stamens and styles, and from L. remotiflora by narrower leaf blade and longer stamens.

Genetic divergence between species depends on reproductive isolation (RI) due to traits that reduce interspecific mating (prezygotic isolation) or are due to reduced hybrid fitness (postzygotic isolation). Previous research found that prezygotic barriers tend to be stronger than postzygotic barriers, but most studies are based on the evaluation of F 1 hybrid fitness in early life cycle stages. We combined field and experimental data to determine the strength of 17 prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive barriers between two Lysimachia species that often co-occur and share pollinators. We assessed postzygotic barriers up to F 2 hybrids and backcrosses. The two species showed near complete RI due to the cumulative effect of multiple barriers, with an uneven and asymmetric contribution to isolation. In allopatry, prezygotic barriers contributed more to reduce gene flow than postzygotic barriers, but their contributions were more similar in sympatry. The strength of postzygotic RI was up to three times lower for F 1 progeny than for F 2 or backcrossed progenies, and RI was only complete when late F 1 stages and either F 2 or backcrosses were accounted for. Our results thus suggest that the relative strength of postzygotic RI may be underestimated when its effects on late stages of the life cycle are disregarded., (© 2023 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2023 New Phytologist Foundation.)

Abstract Background Lysimachia ramosa (Wall. ex Duby) is a traditionally used medicinal plant in Meghalaya, a northeastern state of India. The people use the leaves of the plant to cure gastrointestinal worm infection. Kaempferol derivative, isolated from the leaves of the plant L. ramosa, was found to be the active anthelmintic compound in previous studies. The phytochemical present in the leaves causes alterations in the ultrastructure of the tegument of cestode, its glycogen content and tegumental enzymes. However, it has been found in the review of the literature that phytoproduct should be consumed in a limited dose during longtime treatment period to avoid any potential ill effects on the health of the consumers as many plant-based products are found to be toxic beyond a safe dose limit. Thereby, it becomes necessary to check the potential toxic effects of the active compound taking an animal model. Hence, the present study had been carried out to evaluate the toxicity of the active component on Wistar rats to find out the safe dose of the test compound for oral consumption through observations, if any, on chromosomal abnormalities, ultrastructural changes in bone marrow cells and apoptosis in liver and kidney. Results The result shows kaempferol derivative causes a significant rise in chromosomal abnormalities (2.83 ± 0.19%, 3.83 ± 0.11%) and a significant decline in mitotic indices (3.17 ± 0.02%, 3.10 ± 0.01%) upon treatment with 500 mg and 1000 mg/kg b.w. dosages. At this level, the number of micronucleated erythrocytes increases significantly in the animals (2.33 ± 0.33%, 3.15 ± 0.24%). Intercellular integrity and eosinophil in the bone marrow are observed to be deformed and damaged on treatment with 1000 mg compound/kg b.w. of animals. Apoptotic indices are seen to be increased significantly (3.12 ± 0.18%, 6.17 ± 0.17%) and (2.43 ± 0.13%, 4.17 ± 0.17%) for the liver and kidney, respectively, in the animals of higher-dose treatment groups. Conclusions The compound, kaempferol derivative in the present study, has been found to have cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects on the test animals beyond a certain dose, if consumed for longer period of time. Therefore, it can be concluded that kaempferol derivative extracted from Lysimachia ramosa should be tested for future trials on animals/humans at dose below 250 mg/kg body weight.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a common gastrointestinal disorder worldwide, is characterized by chronic abdominal pain, bloating, and disordered defecation. IBS is associated with several factors, including visceral hypersensitivity, gut motility, and gut-brain interaction disorders. Because currently available pharmacological treatments cannot adequately improve symptoms and may cause adverse effects, the use of herbal therapies for managing IBS is increasing. Lysimachia vulgaris var. davurica (LV) is a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine to treat diarrhea. However, information on whether LV can effectively improve diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) remains limited. In this study, using an experimental mouse model of IBS-D, we elucidated the effects of the LV extract. The methanol extract of LV decreased fecal pellet output in the restraint stress- or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-induced IBS mouse model and inhibited 5-HT-mediated [Ca 2+ ] i increase in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we developed and validated a high-performance liquid chromatography method using two marker compounds, namely, chlorogenic acid and rutin, for quality control analysis. Our study results suggest the feasibility of the methanol extract of LV for developing therapeutic agents to treat IBS-D by acting as a 5-HT 3 receptor antagonist.

Background: Lysimachia ramosa (Wall. ex Duby) is a traditionally used medicinal plant in Meghalaya, a northeastern state of India. The people use the leaves of the plant to cure gastrointestinal worm infection. Kaempferol derivative, isolated from the leaves of the plant L. ramosa, was found to be the active anthelmintic compound in previous studies. The phytochemical present in the leaves causes alterations in the ultrastructure of the tegument of cestode, its glycogen content and tegumental enzymes. However, it has been found in the review of the literature that phytoproduct should be consumed in a limited dose during longtime treatment period to avoid any potential ill effects on the health of the consumers as many plant-based products are found to be toxic beyond a safe dose limit. Thereby, it becomes necessary to check the potential toxic effects of the active compound taking an animal model. Hence, the present study had been carried out to evaluate the toxicity of the active component on Wistar rats to find out the safe dose of the test compound for oral consumption through observations, if any, on chromosomal abnormalities, ultrastructural changes in bone marrow cells and apoptosis in liver and kidney. Results: The result shows kaempferol derivative causes a significant rise in chromosomal abnormalities (2.83 ± 0.19%, 3.83 ± 0.11%) and a significant decline in mitotic indices (3.17 ± 0.02%, 3.10 ± 0.01%) upon treatment with 500 mg and 1000 mg/kg b.w. dosages. At this level, the number of micronucleated erythrocytes increases significantly in the animals (2.33 ± 0.33%, 3.15 ± 0.24%). Intercellular integrity and eosinophil in the bone marrow are observed to be deformed and damaged on treatment with 1000 mg compound/kg b.w. of animals. Apoptotic indices are seen to be increased significantly (3.12 ± 0.18%, 6.17 ± 0.17%) and (2.43 ± 0.13%, 4.17 ± 0.17%) for the liver and kidney, respectively, in the animals of higher-dose treatment groups. Conclusions: The compound, kaempferol derivative in the present study, has been found to have cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects on the test animals beyond a certain dose, if consumed for longer period of time. Therefore, it can be concluded that kaempferol derivative extracted from Lysimachia ramosa should be tested for future trials on animals/humans at dose below 250 mg/kg body weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Lysimachia L., the second largest genus within the subfamily Myrsinoideae of Primulaceae, comprises approximately 250 species worldwide. China is the species diversity center of Lysimachia, containing approximately 150 species. Despite advances in the backbone phylogeny of Lysimachia, species-level relationships remain poorly understood due to limited genomic information. This study analyzed 50 complete plastomes for 46 Lysimachia species. We aimed to identify the plastome structure features and hypervariable loci of Lysimachia. Additionally, the phylogenetic relationships and phylogenetic conflict signals in Lysimachia were examined. Results These fifty plastomes within Lysimachia had the typical quadripartite structure, with lengths varying from 152,691 to 155,784 bp. Plastome size was positively correlated with IR and intron length. Thirteen highly variable regions in Lysimachia plastomes were identified. Additionally, ndhB, petB and ycf2 were found to be under positive selection. Plastid ML trees and species tree strongly supported that L. maritima as sister to subg. Palladia + subg. Lysimachia (Christinae clade), while the nrDNA ML tree clearly placed L. maritima and subg. Palladia as a sister group. Conclusions The structures of these plastomes of Lysimachia were generally conserved, but potential plastid markers and signatures of positive selection were detected. These genomic data provided new insights into the interspecific relationships of Lysimachia, including the cytonuclear discordance of the position of L. maritima, which may be the result of ghost introgression in the past. Our findings have established a basis for further exploration of the taxonomy, phylogeny and evolutionary history within Lysimachia.

The present study evaluated the therapeutic potential of the medicinal plant Lysimachia candida Lindl. against metabolic syndrome in male SD rats fed with a high-fat high-fructose (HFHF) diet. Methanolic extract of Lysimachia candida Lindl. (250 mg kg -1 body weight p.o.) was administrated to the HFHF-fed rats daily for 20 weeks. Blood samples were collected, and blood glucose levels and relevant biochemical parameters were analysed and used for the assessment of metabolic disease phenotypes. In this study, Lysimachia candida decreased HFHF diet-induced phenotypes of metabolic syndrome, i.e. , obesity, blood glucose level, hepatic triglycerides, free fatty acids, and insulin resistance. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics was done to study the dynamics of metabolic changes in the serum during disease progression in the presence and absence of the treatment. Furthermore, multivariate data analysis approaches have been employed to identify metabolites responsible for disease progression. Lysimachia candida Lindl. plant extract restored the metabolites that are involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of amino acids, fatty acid metabolism and vitamin metabolism. Interestingly, the results depicted that the treatment with the plant extract restored the levels of acetylated amino acids and their derivatives, which are involved in the regulation of beta cell function, glucose homeostasis, insulin secretion, and metabolic syndrome phenotypes. Furthermore, we observed restoration in the levels of indole derivatives and N -acetylgalactosamine with the treatment, which indicates a cross-talk between the gut microbiome and the metabolic syndrome. Therefore, the present study revealed the potential mechanism of Lysimachia candida Lindl. extract to prevent metabolic syndrome in rats.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a common gastrointestinal disorder worldwide, is characterized by chronic abdominal pain, bloating, and disordered defecation. IBS is associated with several factors, including visceral hypersensitivity, gut motility, and gut–brain interaction disorders. Because currently available pharmacological treatments cannot adequately improve symptoms and may cause adverse effects, the use of herbal therapies for managing IBS is increasing. Lysimachia vulgaris var. davurica (LV) is a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine to treat diarrhea. However, information on whether LV can effectively improve diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) remains limited. In this study, using an experimental mouse model of IBS-D, we elucidated the effects of the LV extract. The methanol extract of LV decreased fecal pellet output in the restraint stress- or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-induced IBS mouse model and inhibited 5-HT-mediated [Ca2+]i increase in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we developed and validated a high-performance liquid chromatography method using two marker compounds, namely, chlorogenic acid and rutin, for quality control analysis. Our study results suggest the feasibility of the methanol extract of LV for developing therapeutic agents to treat IBS-D by acting as a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist.

Species can respond to environmental pressures through genetic and phenotypic variation. Lysimachia maritima (L.) Galasso, Banfi & Soldano, a perennial halophyte, is distributed sporadically along the east coast in south Korea and is designated as an endangered plant species in Korea and ‘Least Concern’ in the IUCN Red List. To understand the phenotypic and genetic variations of L. maritima among sites and the environmental factors contributing to these differences, field surveys and genetic analyses were conducted. The principal component analysis of the environmental characteristics revealed that soil type, temperature, soil moisture content, and organic matter content were major factors determining variations among sites. L. maritima in Goseong (GS) and Yangyang (YY) sites faced significant limitations in its distribution due to competition with Phragmites australis for limited soil water and nutrients. There were significant phenotypic differences of L. maritima among sites. In sand-based sites of GS and YY, studied growth characteristics of L. maritima except stem length in YY and the number of seed-bearing individuals were smaller than those in organic soil substrate sites of US and PH, where L. maritima grew vigorously and were almost exclusively in the sexual reproductive phase. Genetic diversity at species level was high (h= 0.31, I= 0.46) but genetic diversities at site level were low, varying among sites (h= 0.133 ∼ 0.244). Also, genetic variation of L. maritima was higher within sites (58.32%) than among sites (41.68%). This indicates that L. maritima might prefer outcrossing more than selfing. L. maritima were strongly differentiated among sites (Gst= 0.336) because of limited gene flow (Nm= 0.987). Geographical isolation might have led to differentiated genetic structure in L. maritima, contributing to the formation of its spatial genetic structure. This high genetic diversity is crucial for the biodiversity of L. maritima at its global distribution limit, and this study emphasize the necessity of conserving distribution limit in the sense of soil characteristics.

Lysimachia danxiashanensis, a new Primulaceae species, endemic to the Danxia landscape in Guangdong Province, China, is described and illustrated. This new species is morphologically similar to L. pseudohenryi, L. phyllocephala, L. congestiflora and L. kwangtungensis, but it differs from the similar species by its purplish-red plants, petiole without wings, calyx with orange glandular and the corolla margin serrated on upper half with orange-red glandular punctates. This new species belongs to Lysimachia subgen. Lysimachia sect. Nummularia. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that L. danxiashanensis is a distinct clade, based on the combined data of ITS and rbcL sequences. The conservation status of the new species was evaluated as Endangered (EN) according to IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria.

Polysaccharides are one of the most abundant and active components of Lysimachia christinae (L. christinae), which is widely adopted for attenuating abnormal cholesterol metabolism; however, its mechanism of action remains unclear. Therefore, we fed a natural polysaccharide (NP) purified from L. christinae to high-fat diet mice. These mice showed an altered gut microbiota and bile acid pool, which was characterized by significantly increased Lactobacillus murinus and unconjugated bile acids in the ileum. Oral administration of the NP reduced cholesterol and triglyceride levels and enhanced bile acid synthesis via cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase. Additionally, the effects of NP are microbiota-dependent, which was reconfirmed by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Altered gut microbiota reshaped bile acid metabolism by modulating bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity. Therefore, bsh genes were genetically engineered into Brevibacillus choshinensis, which was gavaged into mice to verify BSH function in vivo. Finally, adeno-associated-virus-2-mediated overexpression or inhibition of fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) was used to explore the farnesoid X receptor-fibroblast growth factor 15 pathway in hyperlipidemic mice. We identified that the NP relieves hyperlipidemia by altering the gut microbiota, which is accompanied by the active conversion of cholesterol to bile acids., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction. Natural sources, especially plants, have been used in folk medicine of various countries for many centuries and appears as rich sources of natural compounds. One of the interesting plants for study is the yellow loosestrife (Lysimachia vulgaris L.), the information on the chemical composition of which is scarce.Aim. Carry out a phytochemical research of the L. vulgaris aerial part, by isolation of individual secondary metabolites and elucidation of their structure.Material and methods. Aerial part of L. vulgaris, was collected in the Leningrad region (Vsevolozhsk district, Morozov village, the shore of Lake Ladoga) in July 2021. Fraction analysis was performed through analytical high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a LC-20 Prominence (Shimadzu corp., Japan) equipped with a SPD-M20A diode-array detector. The isolation of compounds was carried out by open column chromatography using sorbent Dianion HP-20, as well as by preparative HPLC using a Smartline system (Knauer, Germany) equipped with a spectrophotometric detector. The structures of the isolated compounds were established by NMR experiments (Bruker Avance III 400 MHz, Germany).Results and discussion. As a result of L. vulgaris aerial part phytochemical research, the structures of seven individual compounds (1–7) were elucidated. Compounds 1 and 2 are luteolin and quercetin, respectively, while compounds 3–7 are glycosides of quercetin, myricitin and kaempferol, namely myricetin-3-O-β-D-rutinoside (3), myricetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), quercetin-3-O-β-D-rutinoside (rutin) (5), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-rutinoside (7).Conclusion. As a result of L. vulgaris aerial part phytochemical research, seven individual compounds were isolated. Compounds 1 and 4 have been found in the aerial part of L. vulgaris for the first time, and all compounds (1–7) have been isolated for the first time from the yellow loosestrife herb.

Objective:Lysimachia genus has been recorded to be used in diabetes, traditionally and to have antidiabetic effect and antioxidant effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of aqueous extract of Lysimachia verticillaris (LV) and its isolated compounds, the percentage of apoptosis and histological changes in pancreatic β-cells in rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus.Methods:Male Spraque Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups. STZ (40 mg/kg) induced diabetic rats were treated orally with aqueous extract (400 mg/kg) and isolated compounds (20 mg/kg). To interpret antidiabetic effect, serum glucose and insulin levels were measured and morphological changes of pancreas were examined. Serum samples were analysed for catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) levels to investigate antioxidant effect. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TDT)-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assays were performed to reveal apoptosis of pancreatic β-cells.Results:Oral administration of the extract and isolated compounds reduced high blood glucose levels (p

Lysimachia foenum-graecum Hance (Primulaceae) is a medicinal plant used for cold, pain, ascariasis, etc., in China. Triterpenoid saponins have been found to be the main components of this genus. In this work, a pair of oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins with an unprecedented 4/5/6 fused tricyclic skeleton, foegraecumoside O ( 1 ) and foegraecumoside P ( 2 ) were isolated from the butanol fraction of the aerial parts of L. foenum-graecum . Their structures were determined using chemical methods and extensive spectroscopic analyses, along with quantum chemical calculations. Compound 2 displayed moderate cytotoxicity against HepG2, MGC-803, T24, NCI-H460, A549, and A549/CDDP (drug-resistant lung-cancer cell line) with IC 50 at 12.4-19.2 μM in an MTT assay, comparing with the positive control doxorubicin, which had IC 50 at 0.53-4.92 μM, but was inactive for A549/CDDP. Furthermore, a possible biosynthetic pathway for forming compounds 1 and 2 was proposed.

Lysimachia cavicola (Subgen. Idiophyton, Primulaceae), a new species from Guangxi, China, is here described and illustrated based on morphological data. Although it shares similarities with L. microcarpa, L. fooningensis, and L. capillipes, there are distinguishing characteristics that set it apart. These include erect stems either solitary or in clusters of 1 to 2, herbaceous, terete, and densely glandular hairy. The leaves are either ovate or elliptical lanceolate, with inconspicuously reticulate veins. The petiole measures 2–4 mm in length covered with minute glandular hairy. The corolla is deeply parted, measuring 6–8 mm in length, with narrowly elliptic or narrowly oblong lobes that are 1–2 mm wide. The capsule is globose, measuring 2–3 × 2–3 mm, and possesses a chalky, brittle texture, which splits into 5-valved segments. The calyx of the plant appears yellowish-white during fruiting. This newly discovered species is endemic to limestone areas in Fengshan County, Guangxi, China.

Phytochemical investigation of the methanol extract of the aerial parts of Lysimachia laxa led to the isolation of four new oleanane-type saponins, lysimosides A-D (1-4) and one known compound, lysimachigenoside B (5). Their structures were elucidated using a combination of HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D-NMR spectral data, chemical methods, and comparison with previous literature. The cytotoxic activity of these compounds was evaluated against human lung cancer (A-549) and human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines. All compounds exhibited cytotoxic activity against A-549 and MCF-7 cell lines with IC 50 values ranging from 6.1-16.0 μM, comparable to the positive control, mitoxantrone. Interestingly, oleanane-type saponins with an acetyl group (2-4) exhibited increased cytotoxic activities compared to those without an acetyl group (1)., (© 2024 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

Drug-induced organ injury is one of the key factors causing organ failure and death in the global public. Triptolide (TP) is the main immunosuppressive component of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. (Leigongteng, LGT) for the first-line management of autoimmune conditions, but it can cause serious multi-organ injury. Lysimachia christinae (Jinqiancao, JQC) is a detoxifying Chinese medicine and could suppress LGT's toxicity. It contains many immune enhancement and organ protection components including chlorogenic acid (CA), rutin (Rut), and quercetin (Que). This study aimed to explore the protection of combined treatments of these organ-protective ingredients of JQC on TP-induced liver, kidney, and heart injury and initially explore the mechanisms. Molecular docking showed that CA, Rut, and Que bounded protein kinase B (AKT)/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway-related molecules intimately and might competitively antagonize TP. Corresponding in vivo results showed that the combination activated TP-inhibited protein of AKT/mTOR pathway, and reversed TP-induced excessive ferroptosis (excessive Fe 2+ and lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde accumulation, decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-s transferase, reduced glutathione, and superoxide dismutase, and down-regulated P62/nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 pathway), and apoptosis (activated apoptotic factor Fas and Bax and inhibited Bcl-2) in the organ of mice to varying degrees. In conclusion, the combined treatments of CA, Rut, and Que from JQC inhibited TP-induced multi-organ injury in vivo, and the mechanism may largely involve immunomodulation and activation of the AKT/mTOR pathway-mediated cell death reduction including ferroptosis and apoptosis inhibition., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of the endemic Lysimachia baviensis were investigated for the first time in this study. A phytochemical fractionation of the methanol extract of L. baviensis resulted in the isolation of a new stilbene (bavienside A , 1 ) and two new chalcone glycosides (baviensides B and C, 2 and 3 ). Their structures were elucidated via the interpretation of NMR and HRESIMS spectroscopic data. Compounds 1 - 3 strongly inhibited the production of nitric oxide in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells with the IC 50 values of 6.23, 2.86 and 3.51 μM, respectively. The C -acetylstilbene and carbomethyl chalcone structures in compound 1 and 3 were found for the first time from natural source and could be important markers for chemotaxonomy of Lysimachia baviensis .

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) usually acts in the form of compound prescriptions in the treatment of complex diseases. The herbs contained in each prescription have the dual nature of efficiency and toxicity due to their complex chemical component, and the principle of prescription is usually to increase efficiency and reduce toxicity. At present, the studies on prescriptions have mainly focused on the consideration of the material basis and possible mechanism of the action mode, but the quantitative research on the compatibility rule of increasing efficiency and reducing toxicity is still the tip of the iceberg. With the extensive application of computational pharmacology technology in the research of TCM prescriptions, it is possible to quantify the mechanism of synergism and toxicity reduction of the TCM formula. Currently, there are some classic drug pairs commonly used to treat complex diseases, such as Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. with Lysimachia christinae Hance for lung cancer, Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux with Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. in the treatment of coronary heart disease, but there is a lack of systematic quantitative analysis model and strategy to quantitatively study the compatibility rule and potential mechanism of synergism and toxicity reduction. To address this issue, we designed an integrated model which integrates matrix decomposition and shortest path propagation, taking into account both the crosstalk of the effective network and the propagation characteristics. With the integrated model strategy, we can quantitatively detect the possible mechanisms of synergism and attenuation of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. and Lysimachia christinae Hance in the treatment of lung cancer. The results showed the compatibility of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. and Lysimachia christinae Hance could increase the efficacy and decrease the toxicity of lung cancer treatment through MAPK pathway and PD-1 checkpoint pathway in lung cancer.

Lysimachia foenum-graecum Hance (Primulaceae) is a medicinal plant used for cold, pain, ascariasis, etc., in China. Triterpenoid saponins have been found to be the main components of this genus. In this work, a pair of oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins with an unprecedented 4/5/6 fused tricyclic skeleton, foegraecumoside O (1) and foegraecumoside P (2) were isolated from the butanol fraction of the aerial parts of L. foenum-graecum. Their structures were determined using chemical methods and extensive spectroscopic analyses, along with quantum chemical calculations. Compound 2 displayed moderate cytotoxicity against HepG2, MGC-803, T24, NCI-H460, A549, and A549/CDDP (drug-resistant lung-cancer cell line) with IC50 at 12.4–19.2 μM in an MTT assay, comparing with the positive control doxorubicin, which had IC50 at 0.53–4.92 μM, but was inactive for A549/CDDP. Furthermore, a possible biosynthetic pathway for forming compounds 1 and 2 was proposed.

Several species of the genus Lysimachia L. (Primulaceae) are well known in folk medicine, but very few studies have been conducted on them. The aim of our study was to investigate the microscopical characteristics and chemical composition of Lysimachia insignis Hemsl., L. decurrens G. Forst., and L. congestiflora Hemsl. as well as to evaluate some biological activities of their methanol extracts. The transverse sections of stem and powder characteristics of the three Lysimachia species shared some similarities. Also, some differences were indicated. The chemical investigation of three aforesaid species including the preliminary phytochemical screening, the quantification of the total polyphenol content and total flavonoid content, as well as the determination of metabolites. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins and sterols in all the three species. On the other hand, coumarins were detected in L. insignis while anthranoids were present in L. decurrens and L. congestiflora. The total polyphenol content and the total flavonoid content of the aforesaid species were determined by the spectrometric method. The metabolite profiling approach of three species was performed by LC-Q-ToF-HRMS and HPTLC. The methanol extract of L. insignis showed a weak inhibitory effect on NO production (I% = 57.4 at the concentration of 100 µg/ml) while the extract of L. decurrens exhibited moderate anti-oxidant activity in vitro (SC% = 62.5 at the concentration of 100 µg/mL).

A new species, Lysimachia fenghwaiana G.Hao & H.F.Yan (Primulaceae), from Hunan Province, China, is described and illustrated. This new species belongs to Lysimachia subgen. Lysimachia sect. Nummularia and is morphologically similar to L. crista-galli and L. carinata, but is distinctive in its leaf shape and arrangement of flowers. It can be further distinguished from L. crista-galli by the absence of calyx lobule spur, and from L. carinata by the black glandular striates in the corolla lobes, rather than punctate.

A new species, Lysimachia coriacea, from Chongqing, China, is described and illustrated. It is assigned to subgen. Lysimachia sect. Nummularia ser. Paridiformes and resembles L. paridiformis var. stenophylla, but is characterised by smaller leathery leaves with black glandular striations near the margin. It is also similar to L. nanpingensis in its two to three pairs of leaves sub-whorled at the stem apices, but differs by smaller leathery leaves and densely glandular stem, petiole and pedicel, and calyx lobes with sparse black glandular stripes.

Lysimachia nummularia L. is a plant belonging to the Primulaceae family, which is particularly valuable as a medicinal raw material used in folk medicine in many countries. It has excellent antibacterial and antioxidant capacity of metabolites. That is why the microclonal propagation of Lysimachia nummularia L. is a relevant issue. The purpose of this paper is to develop approaches to microclonal propagation of L. nummularia. For microclonal reproduction of L. nummularia, the method of activation of isolated tissues and organs already present in the plant meristem and induction of direct regeneration directly by explant tissues was used. To select highly productive cell lines of representatives of the genus Lysimachia, callus culture was obtained by indirect morphogenesis from stem and leaf explants. It was found that the formation of tissues and organs of L. nummularia into in vitro culture depended on the composition of the nutrient medium and the quantitative and qualitative ratio of growth regulators in it. Active proliferation of L. nummularia microshoots into in vitro culture was noted on the variants of Murashige and Skoog, and Driver and Kuniyuki nutrient medium with 6-benzylaminopurine 4.0 mg∙l -1, indolyl butyric acid 0.03 mg∙l -1, gibberellic acid 0.1 mg∙l -1. It was established that for microclonal reproduction, induction, and proliferation of the root system and obtaining regenerating plants of L. nummularia, the most effective is the use of nutrient media according to Murashige and Skoog with the addition of thidiazuron 0.5 mg∙l -1 and 0.25 mg∙l -1 kinetin. The optimal conditions for the induction of callusogenesis and obtaining the culture of cells and callus tissues of L. nummularia and its passage in vitro were selected. It has been shown that the modified nutrient medium of Murashige and Skoog, with 2.4-dichlorophenacetic acid 1.5 mg∙l -1 and indole-3-acetic acid 0.2 mg∙l -1, is optimal for the accumulation of callus tissue biomass of L. nummularia, which ensured the frequency of callusogenesis for the first and second passages up to 98.0 ± 0.2%. 5 cell lines that actively synthesize stilbenoids and the highly productive LN-EE 02/19 cell line, which is capable of synthesizing and accumulating in callus tissues up to 10-12 mg∙g-1 of myricetrin, were selectively isolated. As a result of the analysis, the callus culture cell line LN-EE 02/19 was obtained, which allows obtaining myricetrin in amounts up to 10.0-12.0 mg∙l -1 of raw biomass. The developed protocol can be used both for L. nummularia plants and other representatives of the Primulaceae family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a liver disease caused by a nonalcoholic fatty liver, is increasing in incidence worldwide. Owing to the complexity of its pathogenic mechanisms, there are no therapeutic agents for this disease yet. The ideal drug for NASH needs to concurrently decrease hepatic lipid accumulation and exert anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and antioxidative effects in the liver. Because of their multipurpose therapeutic effects, we considered that medicinal herbs are suitable for treating patients with NASH. Methods We determined the efficacy of the alcoholic extract of Lysimachia vulgaris var. davurica (LV), an edible medicinal herb, for NASH treatment. For inducing NASH, C57BLKS/J lar-Leprdb/Leprdb (db/db) male mice were fed with a methionine-choline deficient (MCD) diet ad libitum. After 3 weeks, the LV extract and a positive control (GFT505) were administered to mice by oral gavage for 3 weeks with a continued MCD diet as needed. Results In mice with diet-induced NASH, the LV extract could relieve the disease symptoms; that is, the extract ameliorated hepatic lipid accumulation and also showed antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. The LV extract also activated nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression, leading to the upregulation of antioxidants and detoxification signaling. Moreover, the extract presented remarkable efficacy in alleviating liver fibrosis compared with GFT505. This difference was caused by significant LV extract-mediated reduction in the mRNA expression of fibrotic genes like the alpha-smooth muscle actin and collagen type 3 alpha 1. Reduction of fibrotic genes may thus relate with the downregulation of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)/Smad signaling by LV extract administration. Conclusions Lipid accumulation and inflammatory responses in the liver were alleviated by feeding LV extract to NASH-induced mice. Moreover, the LV extract strongly prevented liver fibrosis by blocking TGFβ/Smad signaling. Hence, LV showed sufficient potency for use as a therapeutic agent against NASH.

The Lysimachia foenumgraecum Hance extract (LHE) was used for silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesis. In this study, the herbal plant of Lysimachia foenumgraecum Hance (LH) was extracted with deionized water and we are the first to successfully use LHE as reducing and stabilizing agents for the green synthesis of AgNPs. The concentration of LHE used in this study was in the range of 0.003 to 1.0 wt%. Aqueous colloidal solutions of AgNPs reduced and stabilized by LHE show long-term stability due to the steric stabilization effect. This can be confirmed by zeta potential measurements which afforded values approximately of 0 mV, indicating the steric stability of AgNPs colloidal solutions synthesized by LHE. Furthermore, the obtained AgNPs colloidal solutions show superior antibacterial effect to gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) comparing to Chloramphenicol (positive control). AgNPs with LHE 0.003 wt% affords the highest antibacterial effect to S. aureus showing an inhibition zone diameter of 19.08 ± 0.67 mm; which is superior to Chloramphenicol.

Lysimachia nummularia L. is a perennial herbaceous plant rich in bioactive compounds, which can be utilized for medicinal purposes. The present work aims to analyze the phenolic compounds from different parts of the Lysimachia nummularia L. plant using the HPLC technique: Lysimachiae radix (the root part), Lysimachiae herba (the aerial part), Lysimachiae flores (flowers). In order to determine the phenolic compounds, extraction from the three categories of vegetable products was performed with ethanol 70% (v/v) using three extraction methods: (i) Soxhlet extraction, (ii) maceration and (iii) ultrasonic-assisted extraction. The content of polyphenols was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method, and the antioxidant activity was evaluated by the DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and CUPRAC methods. The antioxidant activity was correlated with the content of phenolic compounds in the analyzed extracts. The following phenolic compounds were separated, identified and quantified: 3-O-methylgallic, gallic, ferulic, caffeic, chlorogenic, p-coumaric acids and trans-resveratrol. According to the experimental data, the highest content of total polyphenols was observed in the hydroethanolic extract from Lysimachiae flores (22.10 ± 1.48 mg gallic acid/g), which also presented remarkable antioxidant activity.

The breast cancer has become a threat to women's lives at an increasing rate. The inadequate treatments of surgical procedures and chemotherapy affect negatively quality of patient life. Therefore, there has been an increase in demand for alternative and supportive agents, especially for the use of herbal products. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the in vitro anti-tumor activity of Lysimachia savranii in breast cancer cell lines compared to normal adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells. The adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells as normal cells with MCF-7 and, MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were cultured. IC50 doses of Lysimachia savranii extract for each cells were determined via MTT assay. The immunocytochemical staining was performed for the oxidative stress by eNOS, whereas apoptosis were analyzed by TUNEL method. The data exhibited with H-score and apoptotic index. The plant extract inhibited the proliferation and survival in the breast cancer cells compared to the stem cells. Lysimachia savranii extract caused the increase of eNOS staining for oxidative stress and the TUNEL labeling for apoptosis. The further molecular techniques should be used to determine the biologic activity of Lysimachia savranii extract and its content should be investigated.

Here, we describe an unusual new species, Lysimachia brevianthera X.W. Li, in Lysimachia subgen. Idiophyton from China. It has the filaments longer than the basifixed anthers, at the base fused into a narrow ring connate with the corolla; leaves congested at the upper part of the stem; and grayish black capsules. Lysimachia brevianthera is similar to L. laxa in having a winged stem and the free part of filaments longer than 2 mm, but differs from it by the unbranched stems (vs. many branched stems), larger flowers and grayish black capsules (vs. light brown capsules). A phylogenetic analysis supports the placement of L. brevianthera in subgen. Idiophyton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on literature review, molecular phylogenetics of ITS sequences, and chromosome cytology, the taxonomy of Lysimachia s.l. (Primulaceae) of Taiwan is updated. Amongst the 15 taxa recognized in the most recent work of the genus in Taiwan, L. ardisioides is synonymized under L. simulans that has long been neglected, L. arvensis var. caerulea is elevated to specific status and replaced with the name L. loeflingii, the specific status of the newly described L. ravenii is reaffirmed, and L. congestiflora, a misapplied name, is corrected to L. taiwaniana. We also identify references that represent the genuine first reports of the genus Lysimachia and L. candida of Taiwan, respectively, and reveals L. taiwaniana as an isonym that was published independently twice by two different authors based on the same type. To stabilize the taxonomy of Lysimachia of Taiwan, L. capillipes Hemsl., L. consobrina Hance, L. decurrens var. recurvata Matsum., L. formosana Honda, L. mauritiana Lam., L. lineariloba Hook. & Arn., and L. nigropunctata are lectotypified, and L. candida Lindl. is neotypified. The recently described L. lalashanensis S.S.Ying and L. nanhutashanensis S.S.Ying are synonymized under L. capillipes Hemsl. and L. taiwaniana Suzuki, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]