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Pain is a multidimensional sensation that arises from a physiologic and psychological response to an unpleasant experience. Pain is an alarm signal that causes an organism to pull away from potentially harmful stimuli, thereby protecting itself from potential damage. In most cases, it is associated with an injury or the possibility of an injury. Here we develop and carry out drug utilization evaluations concerning the analgesics and adjuvants in pain management. The analgesics and adjuvants were further classified to include in the program standards and criteria for the selected drugs and compared with the actual drug utilization. Cross-sectional, observational case study with 377 patients. Patients aged > 18 years and < 80 years experiencing pain were included in the study. Age < 18 years, > 80 years. Pregnant or lactating women were excluded from the study. Out of the total drugs (1362), total antibiotics prescribed were about 45 (3.30%). Among them, 35(2.6%) were prescribed in tablet form, (0.44%) were prescribed in injection form either i.v or i.m, 3(0.22%) were prescribed in powder form (gastolac sachets), 1 (0.07%) was prescribed in ointment form. Cefuroxime + clavulanic acid prescribed was the most commonly used 13 (0.95%). This study reveals a pattern of analgesic use that includes the administration of extensive oral analgesic preparations, a high generic naming of medications, and the appropriate use of these pharmaceuticals concerning the dosage strength, the frequency of treatment, and the duration of therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sonochemistry under controlled conditions has proven effective in medicinal chemistry and drug development. It can substantially shorten reaction timelines from days or hours to minutes. A convenient one-pot synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives catalyzed by PTSA and benzenesulfonic acid in ethanol as solvent, under ultrasonic irradiation and without ultrasound irradiation at 50° C has been achieved successfully. These 2,4,5-trisubstituted and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives synthesis were also accomplished using different solvents viz., Methanol, Ethanol, DCM, DMF, Acetonitrile and THF and PTSA as the catalyst. This method yielded the highest % synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives with PTSA as the catalyst in solvent ethanol. These reactions were also optimized for % of PTSA catalyst required to obtain the maximum yield of 2,4,5-trisubstituted and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives with and without ultrasound irradiation at 50° C. Synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted Imidazole derivatives reaction follows first-order rate kinetics while that of 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted Imidazole derivatives reaction follows the second-order rate kinetics. Furthermore, sonochemistry has higher yields, lower cost, easier workups, and higher purity than conventional thermal organic synthesis, which has lower yields, tedious workups, longer reaction periods, lower purity, and numerous byproducts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]